I'm having the same issue. It seems we have the same laptop, based on what you 
attached. 
I think I have found some interesting details about this bug:
1) In my case, i'm dual booting with windows 10, the problem only occurs after 
booting into windows and then rebooting into ubuntu. A shutdown + start 
straight to ubuntu fixes the problem (I think this is why your sound came 
back). So, although this is a workaround, there is definitely something wrong. 
I describe the problem here in more detail 
https://askubuntu.com/q/1032543/172846
2) I think the problem is the windows Realtek drive putting the sound card in 
some kind of stand-by state that the linux driver cannot wake up from. Some 
people have reported with similar problems that downgrading the windows Realtek 
driver fixes the issue, but to me it is still clear that the problem is the 
linux driver not waking up correctly the device, not the windows driver using a 
feature intended to save power
3) With this idea that the problem is power-saving, I enabled the power-save 
feature in the linux driver: `echo 10 
>/sys/module/snd_hda_intel/parameters/power_save`
If I wait 10 seconds and then trigger a sound (i'm using a terminal's bell), 
the sound now works, it sounds weird at first (crackling) but it keeps 
improving after like 2 seconds where it sounds AFAICT normal, but then 2 
seconds later the volume starts to decrease like when speakers are running out 
of battery until sound is completely gone again. So it seems the linux drivers 
are somewhat capable of waking up the sound card, but not permanently


** Attachment added: "alsa-info-not-working"
   
https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/alsa-driver/+bug/1742852/+attachment/5138104/+files/alsa-info-not-working

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You received this bug notification because you are a member of Desktop
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https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/1742852

Title:
  [hostname, Realtek ALC294, Speaker, Internal] No sound at all after
  windows update

Status in alsa-driver package in Ubuntu:
  Confirmed

Bug description:
  After a windows update I lost all the sound on my ubuntu machine. It's the 
second time that this happends.
  My sound is unmuted and at a loud level and nothing is comming out of my 
speakers.

  ProblemType: Bug
  DistroRelease: Ubuntu 16.04
  Package: alsa-base 1.0.25+dfsg-0ubuntu5
  ProcVersionSignature: Ubuntu 4.13.0-26.29~16.04.2-generic 4.13.13
  Uname: Linux 4.13.0-26-generic x86_64
  ApportVersion: 2.20.1-0ubuntu2.15
  Architecture: amd64
  AudioDevicesInUse:
   USER        PID ACCESS COMMAND
   /dev/snd/controlC0:  gbergeron   2408 F.... pulseaudio
                        gbergeron   3656 F.... alsamixer
  CurrentDesktop: Unity
  Date: Thu Jan 11 22:21:23 2018
  InstallationDate: Installed on 2017-11-29 (43 days ago)
  InstallationMedia: Ubuntu 16.04.3 LTS "Xenial Xerus" - Release amd64 
(20170801)
  PackageArchitecture: all
  SourcePackage: alsa-driver
  Symptom: audio
  Symptom_AlsaPlaybackTest: ALSA playback test through plughw:PCH failed
  Symptom_Card: Built-in Audio - HDA Intel PCH
  Symptom_DevicesInUse:
   USER        PID ACCESS COMMAND
   /dev/snd/pcmC0D0p:   gbergeron   2408 F...m pulseaudio
   /dev/snd/controlC0:  gbergeron   2408 F.... pulseaudio
                        gbergeron   3656 F.... alsamixer
  Symptom_Jack: Speaker, Internal
  Symptom_Type: No sound at all
  Title: [hostname, Realtek ALC294, Speaker, Internal] No sound at all
  UpgradeStatus: No upgrade log present (probably fresh install)
  dmi.bios.date: 08/23/2017
  dmi.bios.vendor: American Megatrends Inc.
  dmi.bios.version: UX430UAR.203
  dmi.board.asset.tag: ATN12345678901234567
  dmi.board.name: UX430UAR
  dmi.board.vendor: ASUSTeK COMPUTER INC.
  dmi.board.version: 1.0
  dmi.chassis.asset.tag: No Asset Tag
  dmi.chassis.type: 10
  dmi.chassis.vendor: ASUSTeK COMPUTER INC.
  dmi.chassis.version: 1.0
  dmi.modalias: 
dmi:bvnAmericanMegatrendsInc.:bvrUX430UAR.203:bd08/23/2017:svnASUSTeKCOMPUTERINC.:pnUX430UAR:pvr1.0:rvnASUSTeKCOMPUTERINC.:rnUX430UAR:rvr1.0:cvnASUSTeKCOMPUTERINC.:ct10:cvr1.0:
  dmi.product.family: UX
  dmi.product.name: UX430UAR
  dmi.product.version: 1.0
  dmi.sys.vendor: ASUSTeK COMPUTER INC.

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