Mapping the Knowledge <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/index.htm> Structures in Patents using Co-classifications
Paper to be presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society for the Social Studies of Science (4S), Montreal, October 2007. In this study, I explore the options to use co-classifications as an alternative means to map the technological content of the patent system. The USA, the EU, Japan, and other countries use different rules for the application and different classification regimes. However, the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) has developed an international classification which is not biased regionally and maintains a database of patents with international designations (insofar as these are filed under the regime of the Patent Cooperation Treaty which is currently undersigned by 135 nations). Using the 138,751 patents published by the WIPO in 2006, national profiles are constructed in terms of co-classification maps. The files for the visualizations are brought online in the <http://vlado.fmf.uni-lj.si/pub/networks/pajek/> Pajek format so that users can choose their specific visualization techniques. (The size of the nodes is made proportionate to the logarithm of the number of patents in the corresponding category; the co-classification matrix is normalized using the cosine as the similarity criterion.) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/AD.txt> Andorra (47 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/AE.txt> United Arab Emirates (61 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/AF.txt> Afghanistan (5 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/AG.txt> Antigua and Barbuda (168 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/AI.txt> Anguilla (124 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/AL.txt> Albania (7 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/AM.txt> Armenia (465 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/AN.txt> Netherlands Antilles (382 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/AO.txt> Angola (11 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/AP.txt> African Regional Intellectual Property (4 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/AR.txt> Argentina (158 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/AT.txt> Austria (1220 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/AU.txt> Australia (1093 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/AW.txt> Aruba (168 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/AZ.txt> Azerbaijan (4 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/BA.txt> Bosnia and Herzegovina (20 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/BE.txt> Belgium (914 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/BG.txt> Bulgaria (21 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/BH.txt> Bah rain (3 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/BI.txt> Burundi (6 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/BR.txt> Brazil (190 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/BY.txt> Belarus (15 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/CA.txt> Canada (2051 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/CG.txt> Congo (4 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/CH.txt> Switzerland (1728 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/CL.txt> Chile (24 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/CM.txt> Cameroon (3 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/CN.txt> China (1677 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/CO.txt> Colombia (8 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/CR.txt> Costa Rica (5 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/CU.txt> Cuba (14 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/CY.txt> Cyprus (5 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/CZ.txt> Czech Republic (82 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/DE.txt> Germany (3) (11861 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/DK.txt> Denmark (685 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/EA.txt> Eurasian Patent Organization (EAPO)(1) (4 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/EC.txt> Ecuador (2 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/EE.txt> Estonia (9 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/EG.txt> Egypt (32 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/EH.txt> Western Sahara(5) (3 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/EM.txt> Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market (17 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/ER.txt> Eritrea (41 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/ES.txt> Spain (718 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/ET.txt> Ethiopia (24 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/FI.txt> Finland (1046 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/FR.txt> France (4642 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/GA.txt> Gabon (82 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/GB.txt> United Kingdom (3991 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/GE.txt> Georgia (9 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/GI.txt> Gibraltar (11 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/GR.txt> Greece (50 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/HK.txt> The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (20 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/HN.txt> Honduras (14 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/HR.txt> Croatia (28 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/HT.txt> Haiti (31 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/HU.txt> Hungary (157 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/IB.txt> International Bureau of the World Intellectual (9 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/ID.txt> Indonesia (38 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/IE.txt> Ireland (240 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/IL.txt> Israel (1183 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/IM.txt> Isle of Man (84 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/IN.txt> India (915 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/IR.txt> Iran (Islamic Republic of) (118 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/IS.txt> Iceland (222 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/IT.txt> Italy (1677 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/JO.txt> Jordan (6 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/JP.txt> Japan (15093 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/KE.txt> Kenya (57 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/KI.txt> Kiribati (24 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/KP.txt> Democratic People's Republic of Korea (4 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/KR.txt> Republic of Korea (2962 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/KY.txt> Cayman Islands (3 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/KZ.txt> Kazakhstan (7 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/LA.txt> Lao People's Democratic Republic (9 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/LB.txt> Lebanon (2 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/LI.txt> Liechtenstein (10 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/LS.txt> Lesotho (5 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/LT.txt> Lithuania (11 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/LU.txt> Luxembourg (40 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/LV.txt> Latvia (16 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/MA.txt> Morocco (75 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/MC.txt> Monaco (5 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/MD.txt> Republic of Moldova (9 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/ME.txt> Montenegro (52 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/MO.txt> Macao (10 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/MU.txt> Mauritius (4 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/MX.txt> Mexico (92 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/MY.txt> Malaysia (57 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/NA.txt> Namibia (27 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/NG.txt> Nigeria (4 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/NI.txt> Nicaragua (10 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/NL.txt> Netherlands (2261 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/NO.txt> Norway (492 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/NZ.txt> New Zealand (224 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/OM.txt> Oman (112 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/PE.txt> Peru (4 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/PH.txt> Philippines (18 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/PK.txt> Pakistan (2 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/PL.txt> Poland (91 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/PT.txt> Portugal (33 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/RO.txt> Romania (38 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/RU.txt> Russian Federation (501 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/SA.txt> Saudi Arabia (84 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/SE.txt> Sweden (1482 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/SG.txt> Singapore (387 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/SH.txt> Saint Helena (125 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/SI.txt> Slovenia (63 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/SK.txt> Slovakia (25 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/SO.txt> Somalia (14 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/TH.txt> Thailand (33 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/TN.txt> Tunisia (5 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/TO.txt> Tonga (98 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/TR.txt> Turkey (129 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/TW.txt> Taiwan, Province of China (101 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/UA.txt> Ukraine (65 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/UG.txt> Uganda (63 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/US.txt> United States of America (33791 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/UY.txt> Uruguay (9 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/UZ.txt> Uzbekistan (80 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/VE.txt> Venezuela (2 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/VN.txt> Viet Nam (3 patents) <http://www.leydesdorff.net/wipo06/ZA.txt> South Africa (167 patents) Loet Leydesdorff Amsterdam School of Communications Research (ASCoR) Kloveniersburgwal 48, 1012 CX Amsterdam Tel.: +31-20- 525 6598; fax: +31-20- 525 3681 <mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED]> [EMAIL PROTECTED] ; <http://www.leydesdorff.net/> http://www.leydesdorff.net/ Now available: <http://www.universal-publishers.com/book.php?method=ISBN&book=1581129378> The Knowledge-Based Economy: Modeled, Measured, Simulated. 385 pp.; US$ 18.95 <http://www.universal-publishers.com/book.php?method=ISBN&book=1581126956> The Self-Organization of the Knowledge-Based Society; <http://www.universal-publishers.com/book.php?method=ISBN&book=1581126816> The Challenge of Scientometrics
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