Re: backspace shows ^? in serial communication

2013-02-28 Thread Giorgos Keramidas
On 2013-02-26 23:40, s m sperado_n...@yahoo.com wrote: hello all, i have problem with backspace in freebsd 8.2. when i run a serial program to communicate via a serial port to the other system, backspace shows ^? in opened terminal. i use termios and fcntl to open, read, write and close

Re: backspace shows ^? in serial communications

2013-02-11 Thread s m
thanks Robert, i try it before but nothing happened. do you know how i can set erase and erase2 for stty via termios structure? and what should be their value to backspace correct well? On Wed, Feb 6, 2013 at 3:13 PM, Robert Bonomi bon...@mail.r-bonomi.comwrote: From

Re: backspace shows ^? in serial communications

2013-02-06 Thread s m
thanks for your answer. you know, i have a freebsd box (something like router) which i connect to it by putty or other terminal programs (cu,...). this router has a serial card and i have a c program to open and manage serial ports. now when i run this c program and connect to the third freebsd

Re: backspace shows ^? in serial communications

2013-02-06 Thread Robert Bonomi
From owner-freebsd-questi...@freebsd.org Wed Feb 6 00:19:04 2013 Date: Wed, 6 Feb 2013 09:44:37 +0330 Subject: backspace shows ^? in serial communications From: s m sam.gh1...@gmail.com To: freebsd-questions freebsd-questions@freebsd.org hi all i have a problem with backspace in serial

Re: backspace shows ^? in serial communications

2013-02-05 Thread Polytropon
On Wed, 6 Feb 2013 09:44:37 +0330, s m wrote: hi all i have a problem with backspace in serial communications. i have a freebsd8.2 box with a serial card on it. when i connect to other freebsd box via serial port backspace does not act as i expected. backspace shows ^? on screen. i searched

Re: backspace-key and ^H when ssh -X remote.

2009-05-23 Thread Thomas Dickey
On Fri, May 22, 2009 at 11:04:05PM -0700, Gary Kline wrote: guys, here's a bug with how the backspace key doesn't work across computers. i'm not sure if there were troubles going from FBSD to FBSD, but there is when i ssh from my ubuntu platform to my main desktop. i do this to edit files

Re: backspace-key and ^H when ssh -X remote.

2009-05-23 Thread Polytropon
On Sat, 23 May 2009 06:35:56 -0400, Thomas Dickey dic...@radix.net wrote: probably (outside of Linux and a few special cases such as Cygwin, everyone else uses ^H for backspace - all of the BSD's and all of the vendor Unix's). As far as I know, ^? indicates the delete key... Maybe the delete

Re: backspace-key and ^H when ssh -X remote.

2009-05-23 Thread Thomas Dickey
On Sat, May 23, 2009 at 03:03:00PM +0200, Polytropon wrote: On Sat, 23 May 2009 06:35:56 -0400, Thomas Dickey dic...@radix.net wrote: probably (outside of Linux and a few special cases such as Cygwin, everyone else uses ^H for backspace - all of the BSD's and all of the vendor Unix's).

Re: backspace-key and ^H when ssh -X remote.

2009-05-23 Thread Gary Kline
On Sat, May 23, 2009 at 12:25:50PM -0400, Thomas Dickey wrote: On Sat, May 23, 2009 at 03:03:00PM +0200, Polytropon wrote: On Sat, 23 May 2009 06:35:56 -0400, Thomas Dickey dic...@radix.net wrote: probably (outside of Linux and a few special cases such as Cygwin, everyone else uses ^H for

Re: Backspace Key Not Working

2008-08-02 Thread Michael P. Soulier
On 26/07/08 Schiz0 said: Hey, I have an annoying problem that I'm not sure how to solve. Here's my setup: PuTTy = My FreeBSD 6.2 box = Production FreeBSD 7.0 box All via SSH, of course. Now, on my FreeBSD 6.2 box, the backspace key works fine all the time. However, when I connect from

Re: Backspace Key Not Working

2008-07-26 Thread Sahil Tandon
Schiz0 [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: I have an annoying problem that I'm not sure how to solve. Here's my setup: PuTTy = My FreeBSD 6.2 box = Production FreeBSD 7.0 box All via SSH, of course. Now, on my FreeBSD 6.2 box, the backspace key works fine all the time. However, when I connect from

Re: Backspace Key Not Working

2008-07-26 Thread Schiz0
.vimrc on the 7.0 box: --- set autoindent set background=dark set backspace=indent,eol,start set cmdheight=2 set ignorecase set number set numberwidth=2 set report=0 set restorescreen=on set ruler set scrolloff=3 set showbreak=++ set showmatch set showmode set showtabline=3

Re: Backspace

2007-08-17 Thread Christopher Hilton
d.Z. wrote: Thanks for helping everybody. But actually I'm using Bourne shell on FreeBSD 6.1 just like the Solaris in lab, and the FreeBSD is freshly installed, I have checked .shrc and .profile, but nothing related to key bindings or stty's there, so what I thought it should be is: after I

Re: Backspace

2007-08-13 Thread d . Z .
Thanks for helping everybody. But actually I'm using Bourne shell on FreeBSD 6.1 just like the Solaris in lab, and the FreeBSD is freshly installed, I have checked .shrc and .profile, but nothing related to key bindings or stty's there, so what I thought it should be is: after I login - [press

Re: Backspace

2007-08-13 Thread Derek Ragona
At 01:45 AM 8/13/2007, d.Z. wrote: Thanks for helping everybody. But actually I'm using Bourne shell on FreeBSD 6.1 just like the Solaris in lab, and the FreeBSD is freshly installed, I have checked .shrc and .profile, but nothing related to key bindings or stty's there, so what I thought it

Re: Backspace

2007-08-12 Thread Derek Ragona
At 10:54 PM 8/11/2007, d.Z. wrote: Hello, I'm a new user to FreeBSD and Unix. I used Solaris 10 last week in lab, and found there is a difference between them. When Solaris is installed, press backspace will give you ^H, you'll have to stty erase ^H to solve this problem. But with FreeBSD 6.1,

Re: Backspace

2007-08-12 Thread Dick Hoogendijk
Derek Ragona [EMAIL PROTECTED] writes: Solaris by default uses csh for user accounts. What kind of information is this? Solaris does _not_ use csh. Not for root and not for user accounts. Both use 'sh' This is for solaris 10 The developers and community editions use bash for their user logins.

Re: Backspace

2007-08-12 Thread Jerry McAllister
On Sun, Aug 12, 2007 at 01:31:36PM -0500, Derek Ragona wrote: At 10:54 PM 8/11/2007, d.Z. wrote: Hello, I'm a new user to FreeBSD and Unix. I used Solaris 10 last week in lab, and found there is a difference between them. When Solaris is installed, press backspace will give you ^H,

Re: Backspace problems

2007-06-12 Thread Jerry McAllister
Scott Mayo wrote: If I hit backspace it just backs up on the line until were input-mode was started during this input-mode session. If I hit delete then it capitalizes the charcter behind the cursor and throws me into command-mode. You just need to get it configured right.

Re: Backspace problems

2007-06-12 Thread Scott Mayo
doug wrote: On Mon, 11 Jun 2007, Scott Mayo wrote: I am not on any VI list, but thought I would post this here to see if anyone had any ideas. This is my first FreeBSD server, so I am still learning. I got my backspace and delete working the shell after a few adjustments, but they still

Re: Backspace problems

2007-06-12 Thread Lars Kristiansen
Thanks for the info Doug. A friend of mine set me on the right path. I have been using vi in linux, except it was not vi. Vi was aliased to vim. I had installed vim on my FreeBSD server the other day, but that did not fix it. I found out that it has to be run with 'set nocp' so that it

RE: Backspace problems

2007-06-11 Thread Neil Short
Scott Mayo wrote: If I hit backspace it just backs up on the line until were input-mode was started during this input-mode session. If I hit delete then it capitalizes the charcter behind the cursor and throws me into command-mode. === This way to get things to delete in vi seems

Re: Backspace key - not mapping to ^H

2007-02-28 Thread Garrett Cooper
Jordan Gordeev wrote: Gary Kline wrote: I'm not sure whether this just in Ubuntu or in the Gnome desktop or what, but for days, when I type mail in vi in mutt, sometimes I get a ^? when I hit the backspace. ^H still works to back up and correct my typos, but that's lots more

Re: Backspace key - not mapping to ^H

2007-02-28 Thread Thomas Dickey
On Wed, Feb 28, 2007 at 06:33:54AM -0800, Garrett Cooper wrote: Jordan Gordeev wrote: Gary Kline wrote: I'm not sure whether this just in Ubuntu or in the Gnome desktop ... servers. I thought I'd ask here before I dig into this. I think a new xterm was recently updated in ports;

Re: Backspace key - not mapping to ^H

2007-02-28 Thread Gary Kline
On Wed, Feb 28, 2007 at 03:37:49PM -0500, Thomas Dickey wrote: On Wed, Feb 28, 2007 at 06:33:54AM -0800, Garrett Cooper wrote: Jordan Gordeev wrote: Gary Kline wrote: I'm not sure whether this just in Ubuntu or in the Gnome desktop ... servers. I thought I'd ask here before I

Re: Backspace key - not mapping to ^H

2007-02-28 Thread youshi10
On Wed, 28 Feb 2007, Thomas Dickey wrote: On Wed, Feb 28, 2007 at 06:33:54AM -0800, Garrett Cooper wrote: Jordan Gordeev wrote: Gary Kline wrote: I'm not sure whether this just in Ubuntu or in the Gnome desktop ... servers. I thought I'd ask here before I dig into this. I think

Re: Backspace key - not mapping to ^H

2007-02-28 Thread Gary Kline
On Wed, Feb 28, 2007 at 03:39:41PM -0800, [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: On Wed, 28 Feb 2007, Thomas Dickey wrote: [[ yelps of various sorts about STUFF ]] You can set the default terminal in gnome to be xterm instead of Gnome Terminal. Gnome then wraps xterm in a program they call

Re: Backspace key - not mapping to ^H

2007-02-28 Thread youshi10
On Wed, 28 Feb 2007, Gary Kline wrote: On Wed, Feb 28, 2007 at 03:39:41PM -0800, [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: On Wed, 28 Feb 2007, Thomas Dickey wrote: [[ yelps of various sorts about STUFF ]] You can set the default terminal in gnome to be xterm instead of Gnome Terminal. Gnome then

Re: Backspace key - not mapping to ^H

2007-02-28 Thread Gary Kline
On Wed, Feb 28, 2007 at 04:06:11PM -0800, [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: On Wed, 28 Feb 2007, Gary Kline wrote: On Wed, Feb 28, 2007 at 03:39:41PM -0800, [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: On Wed, 28 Feb 2007, Thomas Dickey wrote: [[ yelps of various sorts about STUFF ]] You can set the

Re: Backspace key - not mapping to ^H

2007-02-27 Thread Jordan Gordeev
Gary Kline wrote: I'm not sure whether this just in Ubuntu or in the Gnome desktop or what, but for days, when I type mail in vi in mutt, sometimes I get a ^? when I hit the backspace. ^H still works to back up and correct my typos, but that's lots more work that

Re: backspace and delete keys behavior

2004-08-01 Thread Ion-Mihai Tetcu
On Sun, 1 Aug 2004 12:17:29 +0930 Malcolm Kay [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Don't fool with xmodmap; it will work against you in applications -- just bind the key sequence in your shell (tcsh?) $ bindkey ^[[3~ delete-char yey, thanks -- IOnut Unregistered ;) FreeBSD user

Re: backspace and delete keys behavior

2004-07-31 Thread Mark Ovens
Ion-Mihai Tetcu wrote: On Fri, 30 Jul 2004 14:30:59 +0100 Mark Ovens [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Peter Ryan wrote: I've got the same thing on the 2 machines i am experimenting with. I am new and thought it was a standard feature :) I also defined a standard US 101 keyboard. Makes me think

Re: backspace and delete keys behavior

2004-07-31 Thread Giorgos Keramidas
On 2004-07-31 18:43, Mark Ovens [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Ion-Mihai Tetcu wrote: On Fri, 30 Jul 2004 14:30:59 +0100 Mark Ovens [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: To implement this in a running X session type this in an xterm xmodmap -e keysym Delete = 0x04 Actually, this is probably a better solution

Re: backspace and delete keys behavior

2004-07-31 Thread Malcolm Kay
On Sunday 01 August 2004 03:51, Giorgos Keramidas wrote: On 2004-07-31 18:43, Mark Ovens [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Ion-Mihai Tetcu wrote: On Fri, 30 Jul 2004 14:30:59 +0100 Mark Ovens [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: To implement this in a running X session type this in an xterm xmodmap -e keysym

Re: backspace and delete keys behavior

2004-07-30 Thread Kevin D. Kinsey, DaleCo, S.P.
Mariano Guadagnini wrote: Hi guys, I am new to Freebsd (after years of linux) and, althought system installation and configuration was quite seamlessly, I've an issue with the delete key of my keyboard (101 keys us layout): In xterm, the backspace key works ok, but when I press del, it prints

Re: backspace and delete keys behavior

2004-07-30 Thread Ion-Mihai Tetcu
On Fri, 30 Jul 2004 04:01:53 -0500 Kevin D. Kinsey, DaleCo, S.P. [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Mariano Guadagnini wrote: Hi guys, I am new to Freebsd (after years of linux) and, althought system installation and configuration was quite seamlessly, I've an issue with the delete key of my

Re: backspace and delete keys behavior

2004-07-30 Thread Mark Ovens
Mariano Guadagnini wrote: Hi guys, I am new to Freebsd (after years of linux) and, althought system installation and configuration was quite seamlessly, I've an issue with the delete key of my keyboard (101 keys us layout): In xterm, the backspace key works ok, but when I press del, it prints

RE: backspace and delete keys behavior

2004-07-30 Thread Peter Ryan
to tell me what is different in their file. I am running freeBSD 4.10 RELEASE Thanks Peter -Original Message- From: [EMAIL PROTECTED] [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] On Behalf Of Mark Ovens Sent: Friday, July 30, 2004 20:21 To: Mariano Guadagnini Cc: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Subject: Re

Re: backspace and delete keys behavior

2004-07-30 Thread Mark Ovens
Peter Ryan wrote: I've got the same thing on the 2 machines i am experimenting with. I am new and thought it was a standard feature :) I also defined a standard US 101 keyboard. Makes me think there is a setting or choice at installation that deals with this, rather than having to patch

RE: backspace and delete keys behavior

2004-07-30 Thread Robert Huff
I don't know what shell you're using, but for whatever help it may be: I have stty erase '^?' in my ,cshrc. My .xinitrc also has this (commented out): xmodmap -e keysym BackSpace = Delete Robert Huff

Re: backspace and delete keys behavior

2004-07-30 Thread Warren Block
On Fri, 30 Jul 2004, Mariano Guadagnini wrote: Hi guys, I am new to Freebsd (after years of linux) and, althought system installation and configuration was quite seamlessly, I've an issue with the delete key of my keyboard (101 keys us layout): In xterm, the backspace key works ok, but when I

Re: backspace and delete keys behavior

2004-07-30 Thread Ion-Mihai Tetcu
On Fri, 30 Jul 2004 14:30:59 +0100 Mark Ovens [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Peter Ryan wrote: I've got the same thing on the 2 machines i am experimenting with. I am new and thought it was a standard feature :) I also defined a standard US 101 keyboard. Makes me think there is a

Re: Backspace key under gnometerminal

2002-12-26 Thread Scott Ballantyne
A couple of weeks ago I wrote: How does one get consistant behavior of the backspace key in emacs and gnometerm? I've fed xmodmap remove Lock = Caps_Lock remove Control = Control_L keysym Control_L = Caps_Lock keysym Caps_Lock = Control_L add Lock = Caps_Lock add Control = Control_L

Re: Backspace and Delete keys under PuTTY

2002-12-15 Thread Adrian Penisoara
Hi, On Tue, 10 Dec 2002, Ryan Thompson wrote: Jonathan Chen wrote to Adrian Penisoara: On Tue, Dec 10, 2002 at 01:17:17PM +0200, Adrian Penisoara wrote: [...] But I have Bash as the default shell. And yes, it works changing the Terminal / Keyboard / Backspace key from Contrl-?

Re: Backspace and Delete keys under PuTTY

2002-12-11 Thread Roman Neuhauser
# [EMAIL PROTECTED] / 2002-12-11 11:04:09 +0200: On 2002-12-11 10:52, JacobRhoden [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: (Oh, and if you were writing an ssh client, would you default the settings to the standard, or to what works on all your machines *grin*) Neither. I'd make it easy to configure the

Re: Backspace and Delete keys under PuTTY

2002-12-10 Thread Marcel Stangenberger
On Tue, 10 Dec 2002, Adrian Penisoara wrote: What is the proper solution ? I'd rather prefer to modify the termcaps than making adjustments in PuTTY, as some persons get cranky when it comes about changing PuTTY settings while Linux works well with the defaults. proper way is to alter the

Re: Backspace and Delete keys under PuTTY

2002-12-10 Thread Adrian Penisoara
Hi, On Tue, 10 Dec 2002, Marcel Stangenberger wrote: On Tue, 10 Dec 2002, Adrian Penisoara wrote: What is the proper solution ? I'd rather prefer to modify the termcaps than making adjustments in PuTTY, as some persons get cranky when it comes about changing PuTTY settings while Linux

Re: Backspace and Delete keys under PuTTY

2002-12-10 Thread Yann Golanski
Quoth Adrian Penisoara on Tue, Dec 10, 2002 at 13:17:17 +0200 But I have Bash as the default shell. And yes, it works changing the Terminal / Keyboard / Backspace key from Contrl-? (127) to Control-H, but the users are pissed off by the fact that Linux doesn't need this -- does it mean

Re: Backspace and Delete keys under PuTTY

2002-12-10 Thread Marcel Stangenberger
On Tue, 10 Dec 2002, Adrian Penisoara wrote: Hi, On Tue, 10 Dec 2002, Marcel Stangenberger wrote: On Tue, 10 Dec 2002, Adrian Penisoara wrote: What is the proper solution ? I'd rather prefer to modify the termcaps than making adjustments in PuTTY, as some persons get cranky when

Re: Backspace and Delete keys under PuTTY

2002-12-10 Thread Roman Neuhauser
# [EMAIL PROTECTED] / 2002-12-10 11:59:53 +0200: I'm getting pissed (me and some other professors) by the Backspace and Delete keystrokes that are incorrectly handled by either PuTTY or FreeBSD when connecting to a FreeBSD system from a Windows workstation with PuTTY. No need to mention that

Re: Backspace and Delete keys under PuTTY

2002-12-10 Thread Brian
, December 10, 2002 3:17 AM Subject: Re: Backspace and Delete keys under PuTTY Hi, On Tue, 10 Dec 2002, Marcel Stangenberger wrote: On Tue, 10 Dec 2002, Adrian Penisoara wrote: What is the proper solution ? I'd rather prefer to modify the termcaps than making adjustments in PuTTY, as some

Re: Backspace and Delete keys under PuTTY

2002-12-10 Thread Jonathan Chen
On Tue, Dec 10, 2002 at 01:17:17PM +0200, Adrian Penisoara wrote: [...] But I have Bash as the default shell. And yes, it works changing the Terminal / Keyboard / Backspace key from Contrl-? (127) to Control-H, but the users are pissed off by the fact that Linux doesn't need this -- does it

Re: Backspace and Delete keys under PuTTY

2002-12-10 Thread Marc Perisa
Am Dienstag den, 10. Dezember 2002, um 20:46, schrieb Jonathan Chen: On Tue, Dec 10, 2002 at 01:17:17PM +0200, Adrian Penisoara wrote: [...] But I have Bash as the default shell. And yes, it works changing the Terminal / Keyboard / Backspace key from Contrl-? (127) to Control-H, but the

Re: Backspace and Delete keys under PuTTY

2002-12-10 Thread Peter
On Wed, 11 Dec 2002 10:52:40 +1100 JacobRhoden [EMAIL PROTECTED](by way of JacobRhoden [EMAIL PROTECTED]) wrote: On Wed, 11 Dec 2002 06:46, Jonathan Chen wrote: It's Linux that's stepping on standards. Their default config is to have erase=DEL. All other UNIX boxen I've used have

Re: backspace and del keys

2002-10-26 Thread Roman Neuhauser
# [EMAIL PROTECTED] / 2002-10-25 18:41:43 -0700: Oh well. I've learned to live in ignorance when it comes to keys and fonts (among other things). Yeah, I've had to, too. Terrible feeling, but this area is just too much into voodoo^Wundocumented nightmare. -- If you cc me or take the

Re: backspace and del keys

2002-10-25 Thread Giorgos Keramidas
On 2002-10-24 16:02, Michael Morris [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Thanks for the quick response. Both of the keys on the keyboard marked Delete, above the cursor movement keys and in the numeric keypad appear to do the same thing. I have tried this inthe virtual console tty, XTerm, Konsole, and

Re: backspace and del keys

2002-10-25 Thread Michael Morris
1. What is your TERM environment variable set to in each case? There are various $TERM values used. In the virtual console it is cons25, in the X based terminal emulators I have tries xter, xterm-color, and linux. All behave in similar manners. 2. What does the following command print?

Re: backspace and del keys

2002-10-25 Thread Giorgos Keramidas
On 2002-10-25 08:00, Michael Morris [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: 1. What is your TERM environment variable set to in each case? There are various $TERM values used. In the virtual console it is cons25, in the X based terminal emulators I have tries xter, xterm-color, and linux. All behave in

Re: backspace and del keys

2002-10-25 Thread Giorgos Keramidas
On 2002-10-25 09:48, Michael Morris [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: erase seems to be set to ^H. When you run cat(1) and press DEL what does your terminal show? My cons25 terminal shows: keramida@hades[19:34]/home/keramida$ cat ^? Mine shows ^[[3~ That's an xterm, I suppose. Looks

Re: backspace and del keys

2002-10-25 Thread Gary W. Swearingen
Michael Morris [EMAIL PROTECTED] writes: When I run tput kbs, nothing is displayed. When I run echo 123$(tput kbs)456 I get 12456 apparently because tput kbs puts out some kind of backspace to the shell. I suspect that you need to read your shell's discussions of command line

Re: backspace and del keys

2002-10-25 Thread Michael Morris
Figured it out for xterms. Readline(3) uses an initialization file .inputrc to customize commands. There was no inputrc file in the system si I added one in etc and set INPUTRC=/etc/inputrc in the /etc/bashrc file. I actually took the file from my Linux system but is has the following line.

Re: backspace and del keys

2002-10-25 Thread Giorgos Keramidas
On 2002-10-25 15:20, Michael Morris [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: On Fri, 2002-10-25 at 15:18, Gary W. Swearingen wrote: Michael Morris [EMAIL PROTECTED] writes: When I run tput kbs, nothing is displayed. When I run echo 123$(tput kbs)456 I get 12456 apparently because tput

Re: backspace and del keys

2002-10-25 Thread Gary W. Swearingen
Giorgos Keramidas [EMAIL PROTECTED] writes: keramida@hades[02:07]/home/keramida$ tput kbs | hd 7f|.| 0001 I'm not sure if that's correct, or a bug. But it certainly won't match your backspace key. At worst,

Re: backspace and del keys

2002-10-24 Thread Giorgos Keramidas
Michael Morris [EMAIL PROTECTED] writes: : The question/problem I am facing now is a keyboard issue. The delete : key is interpreted the same a the backspace key. Can that be changed : and where would I look for the info needed to change it? What delete key? What are you trying to when you

Re: backspace and del keys

2002-10-24 Thread Jonathan Chen
On Thu, Oct 24, 2002 at 04:02:05PM -0700, Michael Morris wrote: Thanks for the quick response. Both of the keys on the keyboard marked Delete, above the cursor movement keys and in the numeric keypad appear to do the same thing. I have tried this inthe virtual console tty, XTerm, Konsole,

Re: backspace and del keys

2002-10-24 Thread Michael Morris
On Thu, 2002-10-24 at 20:58, Jonathan Chen wrote: To get XTerm to generate a DEL when you hit the Delete key, you need to add the following line into ~/.Xdefaults: xterm*deleteIsDEL: true Nothing changed with this line in the file. To Unsubscribe: send mail to [EMAIL