The basic 8 steps to update .git/shallow does not fully apply here
because the user may choose to accept just a few refs (while fetch
always accepts all refs). The steps are modified a bit.

1-6. same as before. After calling assign_shallow_commits_to_refs at
   step 6, each shallow commit has a bitmap that marks all refs that
   require it.

7. mark all "ours" shallow commits that are reachable from any
   refs. We will need to do the original step 7 on them later.

8. go over all shallow commit bitmaps, mark refs that require new
   shallow commits.

9. setup a strict temporary shallow file to plug all the holes, even
   if it may cut some of our history short. This file is used by all
   hooks. The hooks could use --shallow-file=$GIT_DIR/shallow to
   overcome this and reach everything in current repo.

10. go over the new refs one by one. For each ref, do the reachability
   test if it needs a shallow commit on the list from step 7. Remove
   it if it's reachable from our refs. Gather all required shallow
   commits, run check_everything_connected() with the new ref, then
   install them to .git/shallow.

This mode is disabled by default and can be turned on with
receive.shallowupdate

Signed-off-by: Nguyễn Thái Ngọc Duy <pclo...@gmail.com>
---
 Documentation/config.txt |   4 ++
 builtin/receive-pack.c   | 163 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----
 commit.h                 |   9 +++
 shallow.c                |  23 +++++++
 t/t5537-push-shallow.sh  |  15 +++++
 5 files changed, 201 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Documentation/config.txt b/Documentation/config.txt
index ab26963..1a0bd0d 100644
--- a/Documentation/config.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config.txt
@@ -2026,6 +2026,10 @@ receive.updateserverinfo::
        If set to true, git-receive-pack will run git-update-server-info
        after receiving data from git-push and updating refs.
 
+receive.shallowupdate::
+       If set to true, .git/shallow can be updated when new refs
+       require new shallow roots. Otherwise those refs are rejected.
+
 remote.pushdefault::
        The remote to push to by default.  Overrides
        `branch.<name>.remote` for all branches, and is overridden by
diff --git a/builtin/receive-pack.c b/builtin/receive-pack.c
index b9de2e8..5c85bb4 100644
--- a/builtin/receive-pack.c
+++ b/builtin/receive-pack.c
@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ static int fix_thin = 1;
 static const char *head_name;
 static void *head_name_to_free;
 static int sent_capabilities;
+static int shallow_update;
 static const char *alt_shallow_file;
 
 static enum deny_action parse_deny_action(const char *var, const char *value)
@@ -123,6 +124,11 @@ static int receive_pack_config(const char *var, const char 
*value, void *cb)
                return 0;
        }
 
+       if (strcmp(var, "receive.shallowupdate") == 0) {
+               shallow_update = git_config_bool(var, value);
+               return 0;
+       }
+
        return git_default_config(var, value, cb);
 }
 
@@ -423,7 +429,46 @@ static void refuse_unconfigured_deny_delete_current(void)
                rp_error("%s", refuse_unconfigured_deny_delete_current_msg[i]);
 }
 
-static const char *update(struct command *cmd)
+static int command_singleton_iterator(void *cb_data, unsigned char sha1[20]);
+static int update_shallow_ref(struct command *cmd, struct shallow_info *si)
+{
+       static struct lock_file shallow_lock;
+       struct sha1_array extra = SHA1_ARRAY_INIT;
+       const char *alt_file;
+       uint32_t mask = 1 << (cmd->index % 32);
+       int i;
+
+       trace_printf_key("GIT_TRACE_SHALLOW",
+                        "shallow: update_shallow_ref %s\n", cmd->ref_name);
+       for (i = 0; i < si->shallow->nr; i++)
+               if (si->used_shallow[i] &&
+                   (si->used_shallow[i][cmd->index / 32] & mask) &&
+                   !delayed_reachability_test(si, i))
+                       sha1_array_append(&extra, si->shallow->sha1[i]);
+
+       setup_alternate_shallow(&shallow_lock, &alt_file, &extra);
+       if (check_shallow_connected(command_singleton_iterator,
+                                   0, cmd, alt_file)) {
+               rollback_lock_file(&shallow_lock);
+               sha1_array_clear(&extra);
+               return -1;
+       }
+
+       commit_lock_file(&shallow_lock);
+
+       /*
+        * Make sure setup_alternate_shallow() for the next ref does
+        * not lose these new roots..
+        */
+       for (i = 0; i < extra.nr; i++)
+               register_shallow(extra.sha1[i]);
+
+       si->shallow_ref[cmd->index] = 0;
+       sha1_array_clear(&extra);
+       return 0;
+}
+
+static const char *update(struct command *cmd, struct shallow_info *si)
 {
        const char *name = cmd->ref_name;
        struct strbuf namespaced_name_buf = STRBUF_INIT;
@@ -531,6 +576,10 @@ static const char *update(struct command *cmd)
                return NULL; /* good */
        }
        else {
+               if (shallow_update && si->shallow_ref[cmd->index] &&
+                   update_shallow_ref(cmd, si))
+                       return "shallow error";
+
                lock = lock_any_ref_for_update(namespaced_name, old_sha1,
                                               0, NULL);
                if (!lock) {
@@ -671,12 +720,16 @@ static int command_singleton_iterator(void *cb_data, 
unsigned char sha1[20])
        return 0;
 }
 
-static void set_connectivity_errors(struct command *commands)
+static void set_connectivity_errors(struct command *commands,
+                                   struct shallow_info *si)
 {
        struct command *cmd;
 
        for (cmd = commands; cmd; cmd = cmd->next) {
                struct command *singleton = cmd;
+               if (shallow_update && si->shallow_ref[cmd->index])
+                       /* to be checked in update_shallow_ref() */
+                       continue;
                if (!check_everything_connected(command_singleton_iterator,
                                                0, &singleton))
                        continue;
@@ -684,18 +737,26 @@ static void set_connectivity_errors(struct command 
*commands)
        }
 }
 
+struct iterate_data {
+       struct command *cmds;
+       struct shallow_info *si;
+};
+
 static int iterate_receive_command_list(void *cb_data, unsigned char sha1[20])
 {
-       struct command **cmd_list = cb_data;
+       struct iterate_data *data = cb_data;
+       struct command **cmd_list = &data->cmds;
        struct command *cmd = *cmd_list;
 
-       while (cmd) {
+       for (; cmd; cmd = cmd->next) {
+               if (shallow_update && data->si->shallow_ref[cmd->index])
+                       /* to be checked in update_shallow_ref() */
+                       continue;
                if (!is_null_sha1(cmd->new_sha1) && !cmd->skip_update) {
                        hashcpy(sha1, cmd->new_sha1);
                        *cmd_list = cmd->next;
                        return 0;
                }
-               cmd = cmd->next;
        }
        *cmd_list = NULL;
        return -1; /* end of list */
@@ -715,10 +776,14 @@ static void reject_updates_to_hidden(struct command 
*commands)
        }
 }
 
-static void execute_commands(struct command *commands, const char 
*unpacker_error)
+static void execute_commands(struct command *commands,
+                            const char *unpacker_error,
+                            struct shallow_info *si)
 {
+       int checked_connectivity;
        struct command *cmd;
        unsigned char sha1[20];
+       struct iterate_data data;
 
        if (unpacker_error) {
                for (cmd = commands; cmd; cmd = cmd->next)
@@ -726,10 +791,10 @@ static void execute_commands(struct command *commands, 
const char *unpacker_erro
                return;
        }
 
-       cmd = commands;
-       if (check_everything_connected(iterate_receive_command_list,
-                                      0, &cmd))
-               set_connectivity_errors(commands);
+       data.cmds = commands;
+       data.si = si;
+       if (check_everything_connected(iterate_receive_command_list, 0, &data))
+               set_connectivity_errors(commands, si);
 
        reject_updates_to_hidden(commands);
 
@@ -746,6 +811,7 @@ static void execute_commands(struct command *commands, 
const char *unpacker_erro
        free(head_name_to_free);
        head_name = head_name_to_free = resolve_refdup("HEAD", sha1, 0, NULL);
 
+       checked_connectivity = 1;
        for (cmd = commands; cmd; cmd = cmd->next) {
                if (cmd->error_string)
                        continue;
@@ -753,7 +819,22 @@ static void execute_commands(struct command *commands, 
const char *unpacker_erro
                if (cmd->skip_update)
                        continue;
 
-               cmd->error_string = update(cmd);
+               cmd->error_string = update(cmd, si);
+               if (shallow_update && !cmd->error_string &&
+                   si->shallow_ref[cmd->index]) {
+                       error("BUG: connectivity check has not been run on ref 
%s",
+                             cmd->ref_name);
+                       checked_connectivity = 0;
+               }
+       }
+
+       if (shallow_update) {
+               if (!checked_connectivity)
+                       error("BUG: run 'git fsck' for safety.\n"
+                             "If there are errors, try to remove "
+                             "the reported refs above");
+               if (alt_shallow_file && *alt_shallow_file)
+                       unlink(alt_shallow_file);
        }
 }
 
@@ -924,6 +1005,53 @@ static const char *unpack_with_sideband(struct 
shallow_info *si)
        return ret;
 }
 
+static void prepare_shallow_update(struct command *commands,
+                                  struct shallow_info *si)
+{
+       int i, j, k, bitmap_size = (si->ref->nr + 31) / 32;
+
+       si->used_shallow = xmalloc(sizeof(*si->used_shallow) *
+                                  si->shallow->nr);
+       assign_shallow_commits_to_refs(si, si->used_shallow, NULL);
+
+       si->need_reachability_test =
+               xcalloc(si->shallow->nr, sizeof(*si->need_reachability_test));
+       si->reachable =
+               xcalloc(si->shallow->nr, sizeof(*si->reachable));
+       si->shallow_ref = xcalloc(si->ref->nr, sizeof(*si->shallow_ref));
+
+       for (i = 0; i < si->nr_ours; i++)
+               si->need_reachability_test[si->ours[i]] = 1;
+
+       for (i = 0; i < si->shallow->nr; i++) {
+               if (!si->used_shallow[i])
+                       continue;
+               for (j = 0; j < bitmap_size; j++) {
+                       if (!si->used_shallow[i][j])
+                               continue;
+                       si->need_reachability_test[i]++;
+                       for (k = 0; k < 32; k++)
+                               if (si->used_shallow[i][j] & (1 << k))
+                                       si->shallow_ref[j * 32 + k]++;
+               }
+
+               /*
+                * true for those associated with some refs and belong
+                * in "ours" list aka "step 7 not done yet"
+                */
+               si->need_reachability_test[i] =
+                       si->need_reachability_test[i] > 1;
+       }
+
+       /*
+        * keep hooks happy by forcing a temporary shallow file via
+        * env variable because we can't add --shallow-file to every
+        * command. check_everything_connected() will be done with
+        * true .git/shallow though.
+        */
+       setenv(GIT_SHALLOW_FILE_ENVIRONMENT, alt_shallow_file, 1);
+}
+
 static void update_shallow_info(struct command *commands,
                                struct shallow_info *si,
                                struct sha1_array *ref)
@@ -932,8 +1060,10 @@ static void update_shallow_info(struct command *commands,
        int *ref_status;
        remove_nonexistent_theirs_shallow(si);
        /* XXX remove_nonexistent_ours_in_pack() */
-       if (!si->nr_ours && !si->nr_theirs)
+       if (!si->nr_ours && !si->nr_theirs) {
+               shallow_update = 0;
                return;
+       }
 
        for (cmd = commands; cmd; cmd = cmd->next) {
                if (is_null_sha1(cmd->new_sha1))
@@ -943,6 +1073,11 @@ static void update_shallow_info(struct command *commands,
        }
        si->ref = ref;
 
+       if (shallow_update) {
+               prepare_shallow_update(commands, si);
+               return;
+       }
+
        ref_status = xmalloc(sizeof(*ref_status) * ref->nr);
        assign_shallow_commits_to_refs(si, NULL, ref_status);
        for (cmd = commands; cmd; cmd = cmd->next) {
@@ -1064,11 +1199,13 @@ int cmd_receive_pack(int argc, const char **argv, const 
char *prefix)
                const char *unpack_status = NULL;
 
                prepare_shallow_info(&si, &shallow);
+               if (!si.nr_ours && !si.nr_theirs)
+                       shallow_update = 0;
                if (!delete_only(commands)) {
                        unpack_status = unpack_with_sideband(&si);
                        update_shallow_info(commands, &si, &ref);
                }
-               execute_commands(commands, unpack_status);
+               execute_commands(commands, unpack_status, &si);
                if (pack_lockfile)
                        unlink_or_warn(pack_lockfile);
                if (report_status)
diff --git a/commit.h b/commit.h
index 79649ef..a1f2d49 100644
--- a/commit.h
+++ b/commit.h
@@ -216,6 +216,14 @@ struct shallow_info {
        int *ours, nr_ours;
        int *theirs, nr_theirs;
        struct sha1_array *ref;
+
+       /* for receive-pack */
+       uint32_t **used_shallow;
+       int *need_reachability_test;
+       int *reachable;
+       int *shallow_ref;
+       struct commit **commits;
+       int nr_commits;
 };
 
 extern void prepare_shallow_info(struct shallow_info *, struct sha1_array *);
@@ -226,6 +234,7 @@ extern void remove_nonexistent_ours_in_pack(struct 
shallow_info *,
 extern void assign_shallow_commits_to_refs(struct shallow_info *info,
                                           uint32_t **used,
                                           int *ref_status);
+extern int delayed_reachability_test(struct shallow_info *si, int c);
 
 int is_descendant_of(struct commit *, struct commit_list *);
 int in_merge_bases(struct commit *, struct commit *);
diff --git a/shallow.c b/shallow.c
index 5710690..e611639 100644
--- a/shallow.c
+++ b/shallow.c
@@ -618,3 +618,26 @@ static void post_assign_shallow(struct shallow_info *info,
 
        free(ca.commits);
 }
+
+/* (Delayed) step 7, reachability test at commit level */
+int delayed_reachability_test(struct shallow_info *si, int c)
+{
+       if (si->need_reachability_test[c]) {
+               struct commit *commit = lookup_commit(si->shallow->sha1[c]);
+
+               if (!si->commits) {
+                       struct commit_array ca;
+                       memset(&ca, 0, sizeof(ca));
+                       head_ref(add_ref, &ca);
+                       for_each_ref(add_ref, &ca);
+                       si->commits = ca.commits;
+                       si->nr_commits = ca.nr;
+               }
+
+               si->reachable[c] =in_merge_bases_many(commit,
+                                                      si->nr_commits,
+                                                      si->commits);
+               si->need_reachability_test[c] = 0;
+       }
+       return si->reachable[c];
+}
diff --git a/t/t5537-push-shallow.sh b/t/t5537-push-shallow.sh
index 650c31a..ff5eb5b 100755
--- a/t/t5537-push-shallow.sh
+++ b/t/t5537-push-shallow.sh
@@ -67,4 +67,19 @@ test_expect_success 'push from shallow clone, with grafted 
roots' '
        git fsck
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'add new shallow root with receive.updateshallow on' '
+       test_config receive.shallowupdate true &&
+       (
+       cd shallow2 &&
+       git push ../.git +master:refs/remotes/shallow2/master
+       ) &&
+       git log --format=%s shallow2/master >actual &&
+       git fsck &&
+       cat <<EOF >expect &&
+c
+b
+EOF
+       test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
 test_done
-- 
1.8.5.1.25.g8667982

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