[GreenYouth] The Imperiled Bloggers of Bangladesh

Sukla Sen Tue, 05 Jan 2016 09:56:54 -0800

http://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/03/magazine/the-price-of-secularism-in-bangladesh.html?hpw&rref=magazine&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&module=well-region&region=bottom-well&WT.nav=bottom-well&_r=0

The Imperiled
Bloggers of Bangladesh

Until he was stabbed multiple times with a kitchen knife and forced to flee
to Europe two years ago, Asif Mohiuddin was a leading member of
Bangladesh’s ‘‘freethinker’’ movement and the country’s best-known secular
provocateur. We met last June at a cafe on a pedestrian promenade around
the corner from his apartment, a sunlit space in a shabby-chic
neighborhood in northern Germany. (He asked me not to name the city.)
Mohiuddin, dressed that day in jeans and a green T-shirt that proclaimed
‘‘American Atheists Convention, Memphis, April 2-5, 2015,’’ was still
getting used to the tranquillity of his new surroundings. Shortly after he
secured a fellowship at a German institute and left Bangladesh, extremists
serially murdered four of his friends — all secular bloggers who had
criticized fundamentalist Islam and whose names appeared on ‘‘hit lists’’
assembled by hard-liners and disseminated on social media. ‘‘Everybody is
wondering who will be next,’’ Mohiuddin told me while picking halfheartedly
at the kiwi slices on his plate.

Mohiuddin, who is 31, grew up in a Muslim family in Dhaka, Bangladesh’s
capital city of 14 million. The son of a middle-ranking civil servant, he
studied religion after school at a mosque. ‘‘I learned many ridiculous
things — that I would get virgins in heaven, or that I would suffer the
ultimate punishment in hell for eternity,’’ he said. At 13, he declared
himself an atheist. Muslims make up 89 percent of Bangladesh’s population
(Hindus, Buddhists and Christians constitute most of the rest), and belief
in God is near universal; for a child to profess such lack of faith was
unheard-of, and his father was deeply shamed. While in high school,
Mohiuddin read ‘‘A Brief History of Time,’’ by Stephen Hawking, which he
calls ‘‘a major influence.’’ At 16, he picked up a Bengali science magazine
that used relativity theory and other scientific principles to explain
miracles described in the Quran. He felt compelled to challenge the article
in print. ‘‘I wrote that it was scientifically impossible for the Prophet
Muhammad to ascend to heaven on a horse,’’ he said. The science magazine
barred him from its pages, but he began contributing to the religion
section of Dhaka newspapers, sharing the space with believers. ‘‘The
Islamists would write during Ramadan that fasting is very good for health,
that it creates new brain cells, and I would write back, ‘This is
[expletive],’ ’’ he told me.

In 2008, after earning a degree in computer science, Mohiuddin turned to
blogging. Writing in Bengali for a website called Somewhere in ... Blog
<http://www.somewhereinblog.net/>, he drew upon the thinking of Bangladeshi
philosophers and agnostics like Humayun Azad, whose most famous work,
‘‘Nari,’’ criticized the chauvinistic attitude of Islam toward women and
was banned by the Bangladeshi government in 1995. (The ban was lifted five
years later.) Mohiuddin’s online writing grew even more strident. His posts
— advocating women’s rights and secular education, criticizing a law
banning marriages between Hindus and Muslims, condemning communal violence
targeting Hindus and questioning the infallibility of the prophet —
attracted as many as one million views. They also enraged the country’s
Islamists, a relatively small but increasingly vocal part of the country’s
population of 168 million. Mohiuddin was sometimes challenged by the
Islamists to debates in Dhaka, packed public forums during which he would
only anger them further. ‘‘They said, ‘You should say the prayer to
Muhammad before we start,’ ’’ he said. ‘‘And I said, ‘Why should I?’ ’’
Gradually, the invitations stopped, and the threats began.
Photo
Asif Mohiuddin. CreditImke Lass for The New York Times

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Threats of violence against freethinkers in Bangladesh were common, but at
that point they had seldom been carried out. A rare exception was in
February 2004, when Azad, then a professor at the University of Dhaka, was
stabbed and critically wounded by radical Islamists near campus. He fled
the country and died six months later of heart failure in his Munich
apartment. Eight years on, when the radicals began to make threats against
Mohiuddin, he brushed off the possibility that he would be killed.

Late one night in January 2013, four men surprised Mohiuddin as he stepped
out of a motorized rickshaw in front of the I.T. firm where he worked night
shifts as an office manager. The assailants struck quickly. As Mohiuddin
paid the driver, they approached from behind and hit him with an iron rod,
then delivered a series of rapid cuts using a standard kitchen knife with
an eight-inch blade. The attackers fled down the deserted street. At
first, Mohiuddin didn’t realize he had been knifed; a bystander told him
that he was bleeding heavily from his neck and back. He began to feel dizzy
and weak, and he staggered across the road to a small private hospital. A
law in Bangladesh at the time made it difficult for doctors at private
clinics to treat victims of violent crimes until the police arrived to
investigate. (Months after the attack on Mohiuddin, the government changed
the law.)

‘‘They said, ‘Sorry, it is a police case, and we cannot save you,’ ’’
Mohiuddin recalled. ‘‘And I was shouting at them — ‘Why?’ ’’

Mohiuddin flagged down a rickshaw and made it to a second hospital, where a
physician probed the two inch-and-a-half-deep wounds in his neck with his
finger; he determined that he had suffered no spinal-cord damage and
advised him to seek treatment at Dhaka Medical College Hospital, the city’s
largest hospital, which was obligated by law to treat him. By now,
Mohiuddin had managed to call two of his sisters and his brother-in-law,
as well as several fellow bloggers, to tell them that he had been attacked.
Together they drove to the college hospital, arriving two and a half hours
after the stabbing. ‘‘When I saw him on the gurney, covered with blood, I
thought that he had no chance to survive,’’ Baki Billah, a fellow blogger,
later told me. Mohiuddin had lost three pints of blood and was fading in
and out of consciousness, but surgeons managed to stop the bleeding from
his neck and upper back. ‘‘They told me that the knife had missed my spinal
cord by half a centimeter, and if it had touched my spinal cord, my body
would have been paralyzed,’’ he said, pulling down his shirt to show me a
grid of reddish scars covering his left upper back.

Months later, a group of Islamic hard-liners called Hefajat-e-Islam
threatened to rally tens of thousands of its followers in Dhaka unless the
government arrested Mohiuddin and three other secular bloggers. There is a
seldom-used British-era law — Mohiuddin had never heard of it — that
mandates a two-year prison term for insulting religion. A second law,
enacted in 2006 and criticized often by Mohiuddin on his blog, makes
‘‘publishing fake, obscene or defaming information in electronic form’’
punishable by a sentence of seven to 14 years. Bangladesh’s secular
government shut down Mohiuddin’s blog and arrested him on April 3, about a
month after his release from the hospital, on charges of violating both
laws. (The hard-liners went ahead with their rally anyway three days
later, drawing more than 100,000 people to Dhaka. A second anti-blogger
rally a month later turned violent, leaving at least 27 people, including
two policemen, dead.)

Still recovering from his injuries, Mohiuddin now found himself locked
inside Dhaka’s vast Central Prison. One day, as he walked along the
corridor outside his cell, he heard someone calling his name from the
catwalk one flight above.

‘‘I looked up and saw a young man on the balcony,’’ Mohiuddin recalled.
‘‘He said, ‘Asif, do you remember me?’ I said, ‘No, who are you?’ He said,
‘I was the one who knifed you.’ ‘O.K.,’ I said, ‘so come down, and we can
talk.’ ’’

The man came downstairs and told him that he had ‘‘wanted to do something
for jihad.’’ An imam from a Dhaka mosque recruited him and the three other
attackers, he said. ‘‘He was proud, and he was a little bit sorry, because
I survived,’’ remembered Mohiuddin, glancing out the window of the cafe.
‘‘I asked him, ‘What will you do if you get out of the prison?’ He said, ‘I
will try again.’ ’’
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‘I wrote that it was
scientifically impossible for
the Prophet Muhammad to
ascend to heaven on a horse.’

When I arrived in Bangladesh on a steamy morning in early November, the
country had just been shaken by a new wave of violence. Two secular
publishers were targeted, and one killed, in coordinated assaults. Like
Mohiuddin, they were activists engaged in a mission that has few
counterparts elsewhere: challenging Islamic fundamentalism online and in
print in the hope that they can slow its spread. Militant Islamists have
shown increasing savvy about using the Internet as a tool to recruit
followers, threaten enemies and rally ideological soul mates to jihad. They
have waged hate campaigns on social media against secular writers around
the globe, including the Algerian journalist and novelist Kamel Daoud and
VP Rajeena, a female Indian journalist who graphically recounted sexual
abuse at a madrasa in Kerala state. The bloggers of Bangladesh have
co-opted the militants’ methods — facing them down on Facebook, Twitter
and, above all, on the writing platforms that have proliferated in
Bangladesh during the last decade — even as it has cost some of them their
lives.

The online movement in Bangladesh started in chat forums in 2001 and then
found a home on a website called Mukto-Mona
<https://mukto-mona.com/en>(‘‘Freethinker’’
in Bengali). The site’s founder, Avijit Roy, a Bangladeshi-American living
in Atlanta, described the site as ‘‘an Internet congregation of
freethinkers, rationalists, skeptics, atheists and humanists of mainly
Bengali and South Asian descent who are scattered across the globe.’’
Members of Mukto-Mona shared their essays and those of writers they
admired. Typical contributions, which often appeared in both Bengali and
English, included ‘‘Why I Remain an Atheist,’’ by Shabnam Nadiya, and
‘‘Should Evolution Be Considered Part of Science?’’ by a writer who called
himself T.H. Huxley Redux. The group endorsed the United Nations’ Universal
Declaration of Human Rights; opposed discrimination against ethnic and
religious minorities, women and homosexuals; and vowed to take on
‘‘everything that hinders people’s access to civil liberty, freedom,
democracy and secularism.’’

At the time, few people in Bangladesh had access to the Internet, and the
impact of the site was limited. That changed three years later, when a
Bangladeshi woman named Syeda Gulshan Ferdous Jana, along with her
Norwegian husband and a computer programmer, introduced software that
converted a standard keyboard into a Bengali phonetic keyboard. They also
started Somewhere in … Blog, the first all-Bengali-language blogging
platform. ‘‘Freedom of expression is a basic human right, and blogging
provides us with that,’’ Jana told an English-language newspaper in
Bangladesh as the site was gaining users. Around the same time, the
government removed prohibitively expensive taxes on laptop computers, and
prices dropped drastically. The open exchange of ideas on the Internet
became accessible to a new generation of Bengalis. (Today, 15 million
people in Bangladesh use the Internet, versus one million a decade ago;
175,000 of them contribute to the Somewhere in ... Blog.)

Mohiuddin began emailing Roy in 2007, exchanging ideas about the dangers
posed by fundamentalist Islam. Mohiuddin believed that most of
Mukto-Mona’s bloggers were too moderate, but considered Roy a ‘‘strong
voice’’ whose antipathy to religion resembled his own. Roy mocked religious
visions — the ‘‘Virgin Mary’s face in clouds, Hindu symbol of ‘Omm’ on cows
... or the glorious name of ‘Allah’ on the waves of a tsunami’’ — as
symptoms of an infectious disease. ‘‘Religion has been used all throughout
history to justify war, slavery, sexism, rape, racism, homophobia,
polygamy, mutilation, intolerance and oppression of minorities,’’ he wrote.
‘‘These atrocities are the products of virus-infected minds.’’
Photo
Ahmed Rahim Tutul, a publisher who was attacked with a sword.CreditIsmail
Ferdous for The New York Times

Other prominent bloggers echoed Roy’s criticism. Writing on Mukto-Mona,
the satirist Oyasiqur Rhaman lashed out at what he saw as the ease with
which Bangladeshi Muslims could be led into violence. ‘‘They cannot
differentiate between good and bad,’’ he wrote. He likened their behavior
to ‘‘the way babies get upset and break a lot of things,’’ adding, ‘‘They
would from time to time burn the houses of the wrong kind of religious
people and slaughter the atheists.’’

The bloggers and secularists were confronting a deeply entrenched Islamist
movement, one that dates at least to the country’s founding. Bangladesh was
born after a war over religion. In 1947, British administrators created the
mostly Muslim nation of Pakistan, dividing it into eastern and western
halves with India in between. In December 1970, a moderate, secular party
led by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, a native of what was then Eastern Pakistan,
won nationwide elections. But Pakistan’s military rulers annulled the vote,
and troops opened fire on demonstrators. Militias loyal to the regime,
including those affiliated with an Islamist political party called
Jamaat-e-Islami, began house-to-house killings of intellectuals,
scholars, university students, Hindus and others. After a nine-month war,
in which as many as three million people died, the East emerged victorious
and declared itself the independent nation of Bangladesh.

But peace didn’t last. In 1975, Rahman was assassinated during a military
coup, and the country began a long slide into sectarianism and political
and religious violence. Military-led or military-backed governments with
Islamist leanings encouraged the spread of madrasas across the country.
Today, madrasas that focus entirely on religious education have expanded by
some estimates from 4,100 schools in 1986 to 14,000 in 2015, educating more
than one million students. These schools operate without government
supervision, and many, according to a Bangladeshi former general and
counterterrorism expert I met with, serve as breeding grounds for extremism.

The current government of Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina, the daughter of
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, has pledged to uphold the democratic values that
her father enshrined in the 1972 Constitution, but she has been forced to
straddle an uncomfortable chasm between a professed embrace of secularism
and an increasingly vocal fundamentalist movement. In a show of its
commitment to secular principles, her government initiated a war-crimes
tribunal for a dozen members of Jamaat-e-Islami who carried out
atrocities in 1971. The group was driven underground but long remained a
powerful force in Bangladeshi politics, calling for the creation of an
Islamic state and the implementation of Shariah law.
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‘It’s more than a
business; it’s ideology,’
Tutul said. ‘I think
that’s how I can change
the mind-set of people.
I want to go back to it.’

In February 2013, a Jamaat leader put on trial was found guilty of crimes
against humanity and sentenced to life in prison. The bloggers saw this
punishment as insufficient. Hours after the verdict was read, protesters
gathered at a traffic circle called the Shahbag roundabout to demand the
death penalty for those indicted on war-crimes charges. The crowds swelled
to tens of thousands, many alerted by notices on social media. ‘‘They were
ordinary people, but the bloggers had started it all,’’ said Mohiuddin, who
was among the leaders of what soon became known as the ‘‘Shahbag movement.’’

Ten days after the Shahbag protests began, machete-wielding assailants
murdered a young blogger, Ahmed Rajib Haider, on a street near his home in
Dhaka. In February 2015, two years after Mohiuddin was attacked, Roy and
his wife, Rafida Ahmed Bonya, returned to Bangladesh from Atlanta to
promote his book, ‘‘The Virus of Faith,’’ at an annual literary festival.
‘‘I warned him repeatedly: ‘Do not come back now. It isn’t safe for you,’
’’ his father, Ajoy Roy, told me in Dhaka. ‘‘But he didn’t listen.’’ Two
weeks after his return to his homeland, as he and his wife were leaving the
book fair in a rickshaw, two men set upon Roy with machetes. In front of
dozens of horrified witnesses, they struck him three times on the head,
penetrating his brain and killing him. His wife lost a thumb trying to
protect him. The killers dropped their weapons and disappeared into the
crowd.

‘‘The police were standing nearby and watching the spectacle,’’ wrote a
prominent blogger named Ananta Bijoy Dash, basing his commentary on
eyewitness reports. ‘‘Later, the police claimed that there had apparently
been no dereliction of duty.’’

The attacks on Mohiuddin, Haider and Roy marked the start of a war against
the blogging community. Weeks after Roy’s killing, two men armed with meat
cleavers struck down the satirical blogger Rhaman. In May, masked men
murdered Dash. PEN International, a group that promotes free speech, had
invited Dash to Stockholm, but the Swedish Embassy in Dhaka, suspecting
that he intended to overstay his welcome, rejected his visa application. He
was killed a few weeks later. ‘‘It was a terrible bureaucratic mistake,’’
says Ola Larsmo, the chairman of PEN International’s Swedish Center. Then,
in August, attackers slashed the blogger Niladri Chaterjee, who went by
Niloy Neel, to death with machetes after talking their way into his Dhaka
apartment. ‘‘His eyes were open,’’ his wife, Asha Mone, told me. ‘‘I
thought that he was alive. The whole floor was completely covered with
blood.’’
Photo
The Hathazari Madrasa, the oldest Quranic school in Bangladesh. It is now
run by the top leaders of Hefajat-e-Islam, a group of fundamentalist
hard-liners.CreditIsmail Ferdous for The New York Times

The attacks that occurred just hours before my arrival in Bangladesh showed
a growing level of sophistication. They appeared to be coordinated,
targeting two of Roy’s publishers simultaneously. One, Faisal Arefin Dipan,
was killed in his office; the other, Ahmed Rahim Tutul, managed to survive.
When I found Tutul, he was recovering at the Dhaka Medical College and
Hospital, a cavernous structure dating to the British-colonial era. Tutul
lay on his side in checkered pajamas on a narrow bed in a private
air-conditioned room. His long black hair, flecked with gray, was damp,
and sweat dappled his face. Three red gashes ran down his right cheek, from
earlobe to jaw, and two stretched across his face, ending at his beard and
mustache. ‘‘I can’t hear well,’’ he said weakly, asking my translator to
speak up. ‘‘My ear is filled with blood.’’

Tutul described a hunt that had lasted for months. First, he received
suspicious calls on his phone. Then, in late October, two well-dressed
young men showed up at his office, claiming to be shopping around a
manuscript and peppering with him odd questions: How much rent did he pay?
What hours did he work? Tutul filed a routine police report but didn’t ask
for protection — and the limited resources of Dhaka’s police force meant he
probably wouldn’t have received it anyway. Instead, he began keeping odd
hours at his office and taking different routes to work.

Then, two days before we spoke, his assistant opened his office door in
response to an innocent-sounding query from someone wanting to buy books.
Wordlessly, a clean-shaven man in his 20s ran at Tutul with a sword and
began hacking at his head. Two other men followed. Tutul survived after
falling between a table and a chair, a niche that offered him some
protection from the blows. Two friends who were in the room then fended off
the two other attackers, and all three would-be killers escaped.

I asked Tutul if he planned to return to work once he recovered, and he
nodded. ‘‘It’s more than a business; it’s ideology,’’ he told me. ‘‘I think
that’s how I can change the mind-set of people. I want to go back to it.’’
Tutul’s wife, observing us from a corner of the room, told me that her
husband needed to rest. As I left, a young police officer motioned for me
to wait and sidled up to me in the hallway with a sheepish look on his face.
Photo
Part of the sprawling Hathazari Madrasa complex. CreditIsmail Ferdous for
The New York Times

‘‘*Baksheesh*?’’ he murmured, using the universal word on the Indian
subcontinent and elsewhere for ‘‘small gift’’ or ‘‘bribe.’’

When I visited Monirul Islam, a joint commissioner of the Dhaka
Metropolitan Police, in his cluttered office late one night, he complained
that the government deprived him of the resources he needed to do his job.
There was no separate investigative unit to deal with the blogger killings,
so he was forced to handle them along with all the robberies and ordinary
murders. Even so, maintained Islam, a slender, soft-spoken man, the
department had made some progress.

In the spring of 2013, he and his men arrested a dozen young madrasa
students involved in the attacks on Mohiuddin and Haider. All readily
admitted their roles and laid out the inner workings of an extremist cell
that was created with the specific intent of murdering secular bloggers.
The killers were associated with a shadowy terrorist group called the
Ansarullah Bangla Team that professed its admiration for Al Qaeda and
published the translated pronouncements of Osama bin Laden on its website.
Senior leaders of the group, Islam told me, included Jasimuddin Rahmani, a
magnetic preacher at a mosque near the center of the capital. ‘‘Rahmani
sermonized against the atheists,’’ Islam said. A mosquegoer told me:
‘‘There was a magic in his speech.’’

Rahmani had no knowledge about computers, but he employed two assistants at
the mosque who scoured secular websites and identified potential targets.
‘‘They would tell him, ‘Look what these people are writing about,’ ’’ Islam
said. Rahmani set up safe houses in Dhaka where his students learned to
kill. ‘‘Rahmani showed them how to conceal a machete on their bodies,’’ the
commissioner told me, and how to deliver ‘‘two swift chops to the back of
the neck, to sever the spinal cord.’’ Rahmani favored killing by machetes
rather than by guns, Islam explained, because the weapons killed silently.
‘‘They were taught that killing with swords is more virtuous,’’ Islam said,
‘‘because that is how they killed infidels during the prophet’s time.’’
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‘We are against taking the
law into our own hands,’
Babunagari said. It was up
to the government, he added,
to ‘deal with the blasphemers.’

Under interrogation, the killers detailed a painstaking methodology.
Mohiuddin was the first target, but when they found him, they had only
kitchen knives, and he survived. Haider was next on the list. Haider
blogged on Mukto-Mona and other websites under a pseudonym, Thaba Baba,
and had never publicly revealed his true identity. The five-man team
assigned to kill him pored over photos of Shahbag members on Facebook,
identifying him through a process of elimination. Then they followed him
home from a rally and studied his movements over a period of days. On the
day of a protest strike called by Shahbag, the killers played cricket in
the street in front of Haider’s home, waiting until he ventured out alone
at night. When he finally did, Islam said, they ‘‘slaughtered him in the
road.’’

The police eventually arrested a total of 15 suspects in the murders of
Roy, Rhaman and Neel. But even when an arrest is made, securing convictions
is difficult. The judiciary system is filled with Islamist sympathizers and
is widely regarded as corrupt. ‘‘We are frustrated,’’ Islam told me. One of
Mohiuddin’s would-be killers, I was told, was the nephew of a deputy
government minister. Released from prison on bail, he turned up again as a
chief suspect in another killing. Even government officials told me they
were powerless to stop the violence. In his Dhaka office, the Bangladeshi
information minister, Hasan Haq Inu, said: ‘‘This might continue for a
certain time, and anyone can be hit. Everybody is in danger.’’

With law enforcement crippled and the government unwilling to push back on
fundamentalists too hard, the bloggers have been left to protect one
another. Days after I arrived in Dhaka, I found myself in a three-room
apartment, where 20 young men and a handful of women sat around a large
table covered with *parathas* and steamed sweetened rice-flour cakes known
as *pitha*. This was the unmarked headquarters of the Shahbag movement.
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Miharzad 1 minute ago

Just pointing out a mistake that could prove dismissive to an otherwise
good article: "In the Faculty of Hadith, an instructor chanted...
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This is a fine, important article. However, I think it should be clearly
pointed out that the 4500 madrassas in Bangladesh that teach a...
Diane Faigel 1 minute ago

This article provides the best reason yet for voting for Donald Trump. No
wonder he's doing so well in the polls.

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A cloud of cigarette smoke hung over the scene. ‘‘We’re so tense these days
that everybody has started smoking again,’’ said Arif Jebtik, a
strong-shouldered man in his 30s who was a regular guest on TV talk shows
until the killings required him to lower his profile. Jebtik told me that
he now occupied first place on a new hit list. ‘‘I replaced Niloy Neel,’’
he said. Since Neel’s murder, the bloggers have worked together to hide
those who feel that their lives are in danger. ‘‘We tell them, Lay low, and
don’t use the Internet,’’ Jebtik said.
Photo
Junaid Babunagari, the secretary general of Hefajat-e-Islam.CreditIsmail
Ferdous for The New York Times

Still, most of the bloggers had no intention of abandoning the fight. ‘‘The
Islamists are growing stronger,’’ Maruf Rosul told me. ‘‘They are trying to
establish Shariah law and convert Bangladesh into a religious country. If
you present an obstacle, you can be killed. But it’s a risk we have to
take.’’

Most bloggers I spoke with believed that they were up against a hidden hand
— probably Jamaat-e-Islami, the fundamentalist party. The government
banned Jamaat in 2013 from participating in elections, and most of its
members had gone underground. Several of those facing execution for their
role in the 1971 massacres had been top officials in Jamaat, and it was
widely assumed that the party was targeting the bloggers in revenge for
organizing the demonstrations supporting the death penalty. ‘‘We have a
tradition of secularism in this country, and we have to fight for it,’’
Obinu Kabira said. ‘‘We have to fight for Hindus and Muslims living
together, and fight for tolerance.’’ Making their task more difficult, he
said, was their sense that Sheikh Hasina’s government was not behind them.
‘‘The governments of this country have always compromised with the
extremists,’’ Kabira said. ‘‘This government has attacked Shahbag, saying
that we are dividing the nation.’’

The bloggers suspected that Jamaat-e-Islami was now working through
another fundamentalist movement that had not yet been broken up by the
government: Hefajat-e-Islam, the group that called for the arrests of
Asif Mohiuddin and other bloggers. In the spring, Hefajat had circulated a
list of 13 demands, calling for banning women from the workplace and
enforcing a total separation of the sexes in public life. ‘‘The extremists
are going to declare this a religious country, so we have to protect the
values of our Liberation War,’’ said Imran Sarker, the spokesman of
Shahbag, evoking the 1971 struggle that many Bangladeshis regard as a fight
to the death to build a democratic society.

The Shahbag leadership had tried to reach out to the hard-liners, in a
show of dedication to the open exchange of ideas. During a television
appearance in the summer of 2013, Jebtik proposed a public debate with the
nonagenarian leader of Hefajat-e-Islam. ‘‘We told him: ‘We are not
against religion. We just want to make a good Bangladesh.’ ’’ Jebtik told
me as I got ready to leave the apartment. ‘‘He said: ‘We have nothing to
say to you. We just want that you should be hanged.’ ’’
Photo
Students at the Hathazari Madrasa outside Chittagong, Bangladesh.CreditIsmail
Ferdous for The New York Times

Later, Jebtik and other Shahbag leaders organized a road trip to
Chittagong, a humid port city 150 miles southeast of Dhaka that serves as
Hefajat-e-Islam’s headquarters. But before leaving, Shahbag members said
they had received threats from Hefajat leaders, including Secretary General
Junaid Babunagari, and they ultimately had to abandon the trip when the
police refused to let them into Chittagong. Had they made it, an organizer
told me, Babunagari said he’d be waiting and promised to cut one of them
‘‘with a sword into a hundred pieces.’’

A green gate, barely noticeable along a rickshaw-choked street, marks the
entrance to the Hathazari Madrasa, the country’s oldest Quranic school,
which is now run by the top leaders of Hefajat-e-Islam. Visitors are
rarely invited inside, but after the most recent wave of violence, the
madrasa officials agreed to my request for an interview. Babunagari himself
greeted me as I emerged from the taxi and beckoned me past surprised
students. I walked across a scruffy, palm-fringed lawn, through an
enormous complex of mosques, classroom buildings and five-story dormitories
that house 5,500 students. (An additional 3,500 are day students.)

A heavyset figure with gold-frame glasses and a white *shalwar kameez* that
strained over his ample belly, Babunagari is a highly divisive figure in
Bangladesh. The local news media reported that under interrogation, he had
confessed to plotting to overthrow the government by creating chaos in the
streets of Dhaka in 2013 and installing an Islamic government. ‘‘The media
distorted what I said — our aim is not to grab state power,’’ he told me,
surrounded by several other Hefajat leaders. ‘‘We came without any arms, to
protest peacefully, because people were using abusive words about the
prophet.’’

Sitting with me in the conference room, leaning back in his chair and
resting his hands on his belly, Babunagari denied accusations that his
movement had compiled a hit list of bloggers and activists. ‘‘We are
peace-loving people,’’ he said as dozens of students peered at us through
the open door, watching the encounter with fascination. ‘‘We are against
taking the law into our own hands.’’ It was up to the government, he said,
to ‘‘deal with the blasphemers,’’ by arresting them, trying them and
sentencing them to a ‘‘just’’ punishment. Babunagari suggested that ‘‘14
years in prison’’ would be appropriate, though a Hefajat-e-Islam
spokesman I met in Dhaka had told me that they should all be put to death.

Babunagari insisted that the bloggers had mischaracterized his movement as
intolerant fanatics intent on establishing a theocratic state in
Bangladesh. ‘‘We don’t have any plan to turn Bangladesh into a Saudi
Arabian society,’’ he said. ‘‘When we consider the reality of Bangladesh
right now, this is not a favorable environment to do so. We have Hindus,
Christians — we want to ensure a peaceful society for them as well.’’

He went on: ‘‘Islam teaches to love peace and discipline for all the
people, from all religions. So according to Islam, we have been working for
people from all religions. There is a Hadith about this: ‘If any Muslim
kills an innocent non-Muslim for any reason, that Muslim will not be able
to obtain even the smell of heaven.’ ’’

I asked Babunagari if he had threatened to cut the Shahbag leaders to
pieces with a sword if they showed up in Chittagong. ‘‘I never uttered this
statement,’’ he said, shaking his head vigorously.

‘‘Is it possible that you let something slip out in anger?’’

‘‘The Quran teaches us that a Muslim cannot utter a word that may hurt
someone else,’’ he replied. ‘‘Islam teaches us to control our tongues, even
in anger. You cannot say it is a slip of the tongue.’’

There was ample reason to believe that Hefajat was not as peaceful as
Babunagari was letting on. In 2012, hundreds of young men, many believed to
be Hathazari students, vandalized several Hindu temples and burned the
homes of more than 50 Hindu families in Chittagong. Last year, the police
raided another affiliated madrasa, which led them to stockpiles of weapons
and explosives. But evidence of misdeeds as elusive and untraceable as
inciting violence against bloggers is difficult to come by. Even a
well-funded, fully uncompromised police force would have difficulty. The
ideas that drive these attacks could come from anywhere — from individual
imams or a school as large as this one.

After lunch, Babunagari took me on a tour of the madrasa. We walked down
corridors, past enormous lecture halls. In the Faculty of Hadith, an
instructor chanted verses from the Quran Sharif, a revered collection of
sayings of the prophet, to 2,500 students, who sat in rows on the floor and
followed along in large, leather-bound volumes. In the Department of
Islamic Law and Research Center, I asked a 27-year-old postgraduate fellow
how those who mocked Islam should be punished.

He shifted nervously. One of Babunagari’s colleagues whispered something
into the fellow’s ear. ‘‘There is a solution for that,’’ the student said,
but he declined to elaborate.

Joshua Hammer is a freelance correspondent based in Berlin. His forthcoming
book, ‘‘The Bad-Ass Librarians of Timbuktu: And Their Race to Save the
World’s Most Precious Manuscripts,’’ will be published by Simon & Schuster
in April 2016.

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Peace Is Doable

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[GreenYouth] The Imperiled Bloggers of Bangladesh

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