This still happens with a 18.04 LTS to 20.04 LTS upgrade!

It's really surprising that a years old bug affecting a long term
support version is not yet handled or assigned. Needing to install from
scratch instead of having the LTS upgrade work means lost time and
significant loss of trust. Note, the workaround with /etc/kernel-
img.conf is not possible any more.

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https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/1318951

Title:
  kernel update fails with /boot on FAT32

Status in linux package in Ubuntu:
  Confirmed

Bug description:
  My latest system upgrade failed because it can't upgrade the kernel:

    $sudo env LANGUAGE=en_US apt-get upgrade
    Reading package lists... Done
    Building dependency tree
    Reading state information... Done
    You might want to run 'apt-get -f install' to correct these.
    The following packages have unmet dependencies:
     linux-signed-image-3.13.0-24-generic : Depends: 
linux-image-3.13.0-24-generic (= 3.13.0-24.47) but 3.13.0-24.46 is installed
    E: Unmet dependencies. Try using -f.

  When trying to install linux-image-3.13.0-24-generic manually it fails
  because it can't create a backup link for the old kernel. This really
  doesn't surprise me, because /boot is on a fat32 filesystem ( EFI
  System Partition ) so it shouldn't be possible to create any links at
  all.

  My fstab entries for boot are as follows:
    UUID=0E1E-3E58    /mnt/efi      vfat    defaults     0  2
    /mnt/efi/ubuntu     /boot           none  bind            0 0

  Here is the output of me trying to install the kernel manually:

    $sudo env LANGUAGE=en_US apt-get install linux-image-3.13.0-24-generic
    Reading package lists... Done
    Building dependency tree
    Reading state information... Done
    The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer 
required:
      efibootmgr secureboot-db shim
    Use 'apt-get autoremove' to remove them.
    Suggested packages:
      fdutils linux-doc-3.13.0 linux-source-3.13.0 linux-tools
    Recommended packages:
      grub-pc grub-efi-amd64 grub-efi-ia32 grub lilo
    The following packages will be upgraded:
      linux-image-3.13.0-24-generic
    1 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
    114 not fully installed or removed.
    Need to get 0 B/15,0 MB of archives.
    After this operation, 1.024 B disk space will be freed.
    (Reading database ... 205799 files and directories currently installed.)
    Preparing to unpack 
.../linux-image-3.13.0-24-generic_3.13.0-24.47_amd64.deb ...
    Done.
    Unpacking linux-image-3.13.0-24-generic (3.13.0-24.47) over (3.13.0-24.46) 
...
    dpkg: error processing archive 
/var/cache/apt/archives/linux-image-3.13.0-24-generic_3.13.0-24.47_amd64.deb 
(--unpack):
    unable to make backup link of `./boot/vmlinuz-3.13.0-24-generic' before 
installing new version: Operation not permitted
    dpkg-deb: error: subprocess paste was killed by signal (Broken pipe)
    Examining /etc/kernel/postrm.d .
    run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/postrm.d/initramfs-tools 3.13.0-24-generic 
/boot/vmlinuz-3.13.0-24-generic
    run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/postrm.d/zz-update-grub 3.13.0-24-generic 
/boot/vmlinuz-3.13.0-24-generic
    Errors were encountered while processing:
     
/var/cache/apt/archives/linux-image-3.13.0-24-generic_3.13.0-24.47_amd64.deb
    E  : Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (1)

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