All who oppose Fascism, or as Musolinni stated he should have more properly called it, Corporatism, which is what it does in action, protects Corporations and Capitalists from not only the citizens at home but the force of the state uses it abroad, all who oppose Fascism, strikes terror in the heart of the Authoritarians, and are labels Terrorists.
Do not question them, give them all your labors and do not expect a living wage in exchange for your labors, and send your children abroad to secure the goods that give us the life style we are accustomed to. It's interesting how this articles states Fascism has never caught on in the West, but Corporatism and Capitalism are our rallying cries. Orwellianisms in abundance. Scott -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Fascism Fascism is a totalitarian economic and political ideology that arose in early twentieth-century Europe and came to dominate the social and political systems of Italy under Benito Mussolini and Germany under Adolf Hitler. Fascism was primarily statist in nature, relying on big government solutions and "crony capitalism", and openly hostile towards conventional religion. Fascism was influential in Portugal as well, and had followers in most European countries and in Argentina. The last regime that had some fascist elements, that of Francisco Franco in Spain, came to an end in 1975. The name "fascism" derives from an ancient Roman symbol, the fasces, a group of birch rods bundled together with an axe. It symbolizes strength in unity; the rods are weak by themselves but strong when bundled together. Historian Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. has stated, â The Fascists were not conservative in any very meaningful sense. They did not wish to preserve the existing order, or even to turn back the clock to some more stable century. They purposefully planned to transform the existing order into a new and all-absorbing authoritarianism, based upon the energies and frustrations of modern industrialism. The Fascists, in a meaningful sense, were revolutionaries.[1] â Contents [hide] 1 Beliefs 2 Examples 3 Inspiration for the New Deal 3.1 National Recovery Administration 3.2 Agricultrual Adjustment Administration 3.3 Admiration for Mussolini and Hitler 3.4 Fascist means to liberal ends 4 World War II Era 5 Modern Times 6 See Also 7 Further reading 8 References Beliefs Fascists believe that all actions should be done for the good of the state; they reject classical liberalism, which upholds the rights of the individual. Fascism ignores or rejects Christianity, though some fascist leaders such as Franco have exploited organized religion for political gain. This definition extends to economic policy as well, with government and business made to work together for this end. This is called "corporatism." Characteristics of fascism include a belief that the state is more important than the individual; a leaning towards authoritarian government and violence; preference for centralized economic planning; an emphasis on nationalism and national traditions; militarism; information control and censorship; media propagation of the Great Leader which demonizes and trivializes his critics; and a rejection of both free enterprise and Socialism in favor of corporatist economic policies. Fascist regimes have pushed their agendas by concentrating on a "scapegoat"--typically a group that is deemed to be foreign in origin or beliefs or both. Examples include the vehement Nazi attack on the Jews and Gypsies and the campaigns waged by several fascist regimes against Freemasonry. The characteristics of fascism also include rampant cronyism and corruption, as well as rigged elections and a general disdain for human rights.[2] Examples The prototypical fascist regime was that of Benito Mussolini, who ruled Italy from 1922 to 1943. Other regimes which included corporatist elements are those of Francisco Franco in Spain (1936-1975) and Antonio Salazar in Portugal (1932-1968). German Nazism referred to government mandated corporatist entities as industrial cartels and added an obsession with race. Austrian economist Friedrich Hayek observed in the final stages of World War II, "the rise of fascism and Marxism was not a reaction against the socialist trends of the preceding period but a necessary outcome of those tendencies. Yet it is significant that many of the leaders of these movements, from Mussolini down (and including Laval and Quisling) began as socialists and ended as fascists or Nazis. [3] Inspiration for the New Deal Main article: New Deal Italian Premier Benito Mussolini was convinced that the New Deal was copying Fascist economic policies.[4] Nazi Minister of Economics Hjalmar Schacht declared that President Franklin Roosevelt had the same economic idea as Hitler and Mussolini;[5] the official Nazi Party organ, Völkischer Beobachter, applauded âRooseveltâs adoption of National Socialist strains of thought in his economic and social policies.â[6] Hitler expressed admiration for FDRâs approach, saying, âI have [7] sympathy with President Roosevelt because he marches straight toward his objective over Congress, over lobbies, over stubborn bureaucracies.â FDR's Secretary of the Interior Harold Ickes conceded that âwhat we were doing in this country were some of the things that were being done in Russia and even some of the things that were being [8] in Germany. But we were doing them in an orderly way.â The Italian Fascist Party program, first promulgated in 1919, demanded âSuppression of incorporated joint-stock companies, industrial or financial. Suppression of all speculation by banks and stock exchanges,â and âControl and taxation of private wealth. Confiscation of unproductive income.â[9] The Fascists called this economic system corporativismo (corporativism). As UCLA international relations and political science professor Herbert Steiner observed in 1938, âSo substantial are the limitations under which private property and capital are exercised in Italy, that the conception of âcapitalismâ is avowedly destroyed and replaced by corporativismo.â[10] National Recovery Administration Main article: National Recovery Administration The centerpiece of the New Deal was the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) of 1933, which was âsimilar to experiments being carried out by the fascist dictator Benito Mussolini in Italy and by the Nazis in Adolf Hitler's Germany,â according to John A. Garraty, [11] of the Society of American Historians.[12] NIRA established the National Recovery Administration (NRA), âthe New Dealâs attempt to bring to America the substance of Mussoliniâs corporativism.â[13] As one NRA study concluded, âThe Fascist principles are very similar to those which have been evolving in America and so are of particular interest at this time.â[14] Just as Mussolini âorganized each trade or industrial group or professional group into a state supervised trade associationâ that âoperated under state supervision and could plan production, quality, prices, distribution, labor standards, etc.,â[15] the NRA âforced virtually all American industry, manufacturing, and retail business into cartels possessing the power to set prices and wages, and to [16] dictate the levels of production.â U.S. Ambassador to Italy Breckinridge Long wrote to Rooseveltâs economic advisor Rexford Tugwell, âYour mind runs along these lines [corporativism]⦠It may have some bearing on the code work under N.R.A.â[17] Tugwell, the âmost prominent of the Brain Trusters and the man often considered the chief ideologist[18] of the âfirst New Dealâ (roughly, 1933â34),â said, âI find Italy doing many of the things which seem to me necessaryâ¦. Mussolini certainly has the same people opposed to him as FDR has. But he has the press controlled so that they cannot scream lies at him daily.â[19] As head of the NRA and thus âFDRâs leading bureaucrat,â[20] the President appointed[21] General Hugh Johnson, who was granted âalmost unlimited powers over industry.â [22] According to economist Thayer Watkins (who teaches economic history[23] at Californiaâs San José State University), Johnson was âan admirer of Mussoliniâs National Corporatist system[24] in Italy and he drew upon the Italian experience in formulating the New Deal.â Walker F. Todd, research fellow at the American Institute for Economic Research, agrees that Johnson âdid admire greatly what Mussolini appeared to have done,â and identifies the NRA as a âthoroughly corporativistâ [25] idea. Johnson was said to carry around with him a copy of Raffaello Viglioneâs pro-Mussolini book,[26] The Corporate State[27], even presenting a copy to Secretary of Labor Frances Perkins.[28] In his 1934 retirement speech, he invoked what he called the âshining nameâ of Mussolini.[29] According to Jonah Goldberg, Johnson displayed a portrait of ââIl Duceââ in his NRA office and actually âdistributed a memo at the Democratic Convention proposing that FDR become a Mussolini-like dictator.â[30] Agricultrual Adjustment Administration Main article : Agricultural Adjustment Administration Roosevelt appointed Johnsonâs former business partner George Peek to head the Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA). Both men had âworked with the War Industries Board, the agency that regulated American production during World War I, and they believed their experience of managing an economy almost totally sealed off from the world market would suit the country now.â[31] They had long advocated a policy of expanding tariffs to keep foreign agricultural products out of the United States,[32] a policy that would have again rendered the U.S. economy âalmost totally sealed off from the world marketâ[33]âa fair approximation of â autarky,â[34] an economic policy particularly but not exclusively âassociated with Nazi economic organization.â [35] Admiration for Mussolini and Hitler The New York Times reported that the mood in Washington in 1933 was âstrangely reminiscent of Rome in the first weeks after the march of the Blackshirts, of Moscow at the beginning of the Five-Year Plan... America today literally asks for orders.â The Roosevelt administration, reported the Times, âenvisages a federation of industry, labor and government after the fashion of the corporative State as it exists in Italy.â[36] Roosevelt privately found Mussolini "admirable," writing to his personal friend John Lawrence, "I don't mind telling you in confidence, that I am keeping in fairly close touch with that admirable Italian gentleman." [37] FDR also wrote to U.S. Ambassador to Italy Breckinridge Long about Mussolini, "I am much interested and deeply impressed by what he has accomplished and by his evidenced honest purpose of restoring Italy and seeking to prevent general European trouble." [38] Hitler likewise expressed "admiration" for Roosevelt's economic policies, and said he was in accord with" Roosevelt's "moral demand," which he identified as the "quintessence of German philosophy of the State," as he wrote in a letter[39] to U.S. Ambassador to Germany William Dodd. Fascist means to liberal ends George Soule, editor of the pro-Roosevelt New Republic magazine, wrote in his 1934 book The Coming American Revolution,[40] "We are trying out the economics of Fascism without having suffered all its social or political ravages." In the North American Review in 1934, the progressive writer Roger Shaw described the New Deal as âFascist means to gain liberal ends.â[41] World War II Era Fascism as an ideological theory was comprehensively discredited in the eyes of most Westerners because of the defeat of the Axis powers in World War II. Modern Times "Fascist" is today frequently used as a term of abuse both on the left and on the right against one's political opponents. While few people are willing to describe themselves as fascists or endorse the fascist regimes of the past, fascist parties and parties descended from fascist parties (such as the Alleanza Nazionale in Italy) continue to be a minor force in European politics. Fascism seems not to flourish in countries with an Anglo-centric heritage: America, Australia and Canada have never had significant fascist movements. The British Union of Fascists was never an important force in British politics, although it was significant enough for the government to consider its leader, Sir Oswald Mosley, dangerous enough to intern during the war. See Also Nazism Further reading Eatwell, Roger. Fascism: A History. (1996). 432 pp. Laqueur, Walter. Fascism: Past, Present, Future. (1996). 245 pp. Payne, Stanley G. A History of Fascism, 1914-1945. U. of Wisconsin Press, 1995. 613 pp. the standard history, by a leading conservative historian References â Not Right, Not Left, But a Vital Center, Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., New York Times Magazine, April 4, 1948. â Dr. Lawrence Britt "Fascism Anyone?," Free Inquiry, Spring 2003, page 20 â Friedrich A. Hayek, Road to Serfdom, Reader's Digest Condensed Version, April 1945, pg. 31 - 32. â Stanley G. Payne, A History of Fascism, 1914-1945ââ (University of Wisconsin Press, 1996) ISBN 0299148742, p. 230 â William E. Leuchtenburg, ââFranklin D. Roosevelt and the New Dealââ (Harper & Row, 1963), p. 203 â Wolfgang Schivelbusch, ââThree New Deals: Reflections on Roosevelt's America, Mussolini's Italy, and Hitler's Germany, 1933-1939ââ (Macmillan, 2006) ISBN 080507452X, p. 19 â [1], â done under Hitler â Count Carlo Sforza,ââContemporary Italy - Its Intellectual and Moral Origins (Read Books, 2007) ISBN 1406760307), pp. 295-296 â H. Arthur Steiner, ââGovernment in Fascist Italyââ (McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1938), p. 92 â past president â John Arthur Garraty, ââThe American Nationââ, 4th ed., vol. 2 (Harper & Row, 1979) ISBN 0060422696, p. 656 â Leonard Peikoff, ââThe Ominous Parallelsââ (Stein and Day, 1982) ISBN 081282850X, p. 293 â Janet C. Wright, "Capital and Labor Under Fascism," National Archives, Record Group 9, Records of the National Recovery Administration,Special Research and Planning Reports and Memoranda, 1933-35, Entry 31, Box 3 â John T. Flynn, ââThe Roosevelt Mythââ (The Devin-Adair Company, 1948) pp. 42-43 â [2] â Long to Tugwell, May 16, 1934, Breckinridge Long Papers, Box 111, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress) â FDR â The Man, the Leader, the Legacy, Part 11 by Ralph Raico, Future of Freedom Foundation, February 2001. â Jonah Goldberg, ââLiberal Fascism: the Secret History of the American Left, from Mussolini to the Politics of Meaning (Random House, Inc., 2008) ISBN 0385511841, p.156 â Hugh Samuel Johnson, Arlington National Cemetery Website. â General Hugh Johnson, Vanity Fair. â NEW LAW IS ANTICIPATED; President Telephones Associate of Baruch of His Selection. ANSWER AWAITS PASSAGE As Administrator, He Would Have Under Roosevelt Vast Powers Over Business. LEADER IN DRAFTING BILL Plans Made to Put Measure in Operation Within Week After It Is Enacted. JOHNSON CHOSEN INDUSTRY CHIEF, The Associated Press, May 19, 1933. â Thayer Watkins, Ph.D, San Jose State University. â The Economic System of Corporatism, Thayer Watkins, San José State University. â The Federal Reserve Board and the Rise of the Corporate State, 1931-1934, Walter F. Todd, Economic Education Bulletin, Great Barrington, Massachusetts (ISSN 0424â2769) (USPS 167â360), â http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/Fascism.html â ââhttp://books.google.com/books?id=vIJQHAAACAAJ â Frances Perkins, ââThe Roosevelt I Knewââ (The Viking press, 1946) p. 206. Socialist (Kent Worcester, ââC.L.R. James: A Political Biographyââ [SUNY Press, 1995] ISBN 079142751X, p. 175) George Rawich wrote that Perkins told him Johnson gave each member of the Cabinet a book by Fascist theoretician Giovanni Gentile, âand we all read it with great care.â Schivelbusch suggests the book was actually Mussolini advisor Fausto Pitiglianiâs ââThe Italian Corporativist State.ââ (ââThree New Dealsââ, p. 203, n. 28) â Arthur Meier Schlesinger, ââThe coming of the New Deal, 1933-1935ââ (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2003) ISBN 0618340866, p. 153 â http://corner.nationalreview.com/post/?q=Mjc0ZmFlMDFiNDJkODdjYjE3NDY5OGVlY2JiZWRmNjM= â Eric Rauchway, ââThe Great Depression & the New Deal: A Very Short Introductionââ (Oxford University Press, 2008) ISBN 0195326342, p. 76 â William J. Barber , ââFrom New Era to New Deal: Herbert Hoover, the Economists, and American Economic Policy, 1921-1933ââ (Cambridge University Press, 1989) ISBN 0521367379, p. 50 â Neil Vousden, ââThe Economics of Trade Protectionââ (Cambridge University Press, 1990) ISBN 052134669X, p. 91 â http://www.economist.com/research/economics/alphabetic.cfm?letter=A#autarky â http://www.history-ontheweb.co.uk/concepts/autarky.htm â http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60A1FFF3E5C16738DDDAE0894DD405B838FF1D3 â David F. Schmitz, The United States and fascist Italy, 1922-1940 [University of North Carolina Press, 1988 ISBN 080781766X, p. 139) â F.D.R., His Personal Letters, Vol. 3 [Ed. Elliott Roosevelt] [Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1947], p. 352. â http://www.cdojerusalem.org/icons-multimedia/ClientsArea/HoH/LIBARC/ARCHIVE/Chapters/Forging/Foreign/Message.html â George Soule, The Coming American Revolution, p. 294. â http://www.reason.com/news/show/122026.html Categories: Forms of Government | Fascism | Fascists | Dictators | World War II page talk page view source history Log in / create account search popular links Main Page Educational Index Debate Topics Recent changes All pages All images All logs Random page help Help Index Statistics Conservapedia Commandments world history World History Lectures World History Homework edit console What links here Related changes Special pages Printable version Permanent link This page was last modified on 20 October 2012, at 07:39. This page has been accessed 51,742 times. 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