From: Ira Weiny
The kmap infrastructure has been copied almost verbatim to every architecture.
This series consolidates obvious duplicated code. (k[un]map_atmoic has some
additional duplication between some of the architectures but the differences
were such to not warrant further changes
From: Ira Weiny
Every arch has the same check for a not HIGHMEM page. Define
kmap_atomic_fast() to quickly return already mapped pages and reduce the
code duplication by lifting this check to the core.
Reviewed-by: Dan Williams
Signed-off-by: Ira Weiny
---
arch/arc/mm/highmem.c| 7
From: Ira Weiny
All architectures do exactly the same thing for kunmap(); remove all the
duplicate definitions and lift the call to the core.
Reviewed-by: Dan Williams
Signed-off-by: Ira Weiny
---
arch/arc/include/asm/highmem.h| 9 -
arch/arm/include/asm/highmem.h
From: Ira Weiny
Replace the use of BUG_ON(in_interrupt()) in the kmap() and kunmap()
in favor of might_sleep().
Besides the benefits of might_sleep(), this normalizes the
implementations such that they can be made generic in subsequent
patches.
Reviewed-by: Dan Williams
Signed-off-by: Ira
From: Ira Weiny
The kmap code for all the architectures is almost 100% identical.
Lift the common code to the core. Use ARCH_HAS_KMAP to indicate if an
arch needs a special kmap.
This also has the benefit of changing kmap() on a number of
architectures to be an inline call rather than
From: Ira Weiny
Every single architecture (including !CONFIG_HIGHMEM) calls...
pagefault_enable();
preempt_enable();
... before returning from __kunmap_atomic(). Lift this code into the
kunmap_atomic() macro.
Reviewed-by: Dan Williams
Signed-off-by: Ira Weiny
---
arch/arc
From: Ira Weiny
All architectures do exactly the same thing for kunmap(); remove all the
duplicate definitions and lift the call to the core.
This also has the benefit of changing kmap_unmap() on a number of
architectures to be an inline call rather than an actual function.
Signed-off-by: Ira
From: Ira Weiny
kmap_atomic_prot() is now exported by all architectures. Use this
function rather than open coding a driver specific kmap_atomic.
Signed-off-by: Ira Weiny
---
drivers/gpu/drm/ttm/ttm_bo_util.c| 56 ++--
drivers/gpu/drm/vmwgfx/vmwgfx_blit.c | 16
From: Ira Weiny
The kmap code for all the architectures is almost 100% identical.
Lift the common code to the core. Use ARCH_HAS_KMAP_FLUSH_TLB to
indicate if an arch defines kmap_flush_tlb() and call if if needed.
This also has the benefit of changing kmap() on a number of
architectures
From: Ira Weiny
Replace the use of BUG_ON(in_interrupt()) in the kmap() and kunmap()
in favor of might_sleep().
Besides the benefits of might_sleep(), this normalizes the
implementations such that they can be made generic in subsequent
patches.
Reviewed-by: Dan Williams
Signed-off-by: Ira
From: Ira Weiny
The kmap infrastructure has been copied almost verbatim to every architecture.
This series consolidates obvious duplicated code by defining core functions
which call into the architectures only when needed.
Some of the k[un]map_atomic() implementations have some similarities
From: Ira Weiny
Move the kmap() build bug to kmap_init() to facilitate patches to lift
kmap() to the core.
Signed-off-by: Ira Weiny
---
arch/xtensa/include/asm/highmem.h | 5 -
arch/xtensa/mm/highmem.c | 5 +
2 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)
diff --git a/arch
From: Ira Weiny
To support kmap_atomic_prot(), all architectures need to support
protections passed to their kmap_atomic_high() function. Pass
protections into kmap_atomic_high() and change the name to
kmap_atomic_high_prot() to match.
Then define kmap_atomic_prot() as a core function which
From: Ira Weiny
Every single architecture (including !CONFIG_HIGHMEM) calls...
pagefault_enable();
preempt_enable();
... before returning from __kunmap_atomic(). Lift this code into the
kunmap_atomic() macro.
While we are at it rename __kunmap_atomic() to kunmap_atomic_high
From: Ira Weiny
Every arch has the same code to ensure atomic operations and a check for
!HIGHMEM page.
Remove the duplicate code by defining a core kmap_atomic() which only
calls the arch specific kmap_atomic_high() when the page is high memory.
Signed-off-by: Ira Weiny
---
Changes from V0
From: Ira Weiny
To support kmap_atomic_prot() on all architectures each arch must
support protections passed in to them.
Change csky, mips, nds32 and xtensa to use their global kmap_prot value
rather than a hard coded value which was equal.
Signed-off-by: Ira Weiny
---
arch/csky/mm/highmem.c
From: Ira Weiny
We want to support kmap_atomic_prot() on all architectures and it makes
sense to define kmap_atomic() to use the default kmap_prot.
So we ensure all arch's have a globally available kmap_prot either as a
define or exported symbol.
Signed-off-by: Ira Weiny
---
arch/microblaze
On Fri, May 01, 2020 at 01:44:46AM -0700, Christoph Hellwig wrote:
> > --- a/arch/sparc/mm/highmem.c
> > +++ b/arch/sparc/mm/highmem.c
> > @@ -33,6 +33,7 @@
> > #include
> >
> > pgprot_t kmap_prot;
> > +EXPORT_SYMBOL(kmap_prot);
>
> Btw, I don't see why sparc needs this as a variable, as
On Fri, May 01, 2020 at 04:20:20AM +0100, Al Viro wrote:
> On Fri, May 01, 2020 at 03:37:34AM +0100, Al Viro wrote:
> > On Thu, Apr 30, 2020 at 01:38:44PM -0700, ira.we...@intel.com wrote:
> >
> > > -static inline void *kmap_atomic(struct page *page)
> > > +static inline void
From: Ira Weiny
Every arch has the same code to ensure atomic operations and a check for
!HIGHMEM page.
Remove the duplicate code by defining a core kmap_atomic() which only
calls the arch specific kmap_atomic_high() when the page is high memory.
Signed-off-by: Ira Weiny
---
Changes from V1
From: Ira Weiny
The kmap code for all the architectures is almost 100% identical.
Lift the common code to the core. Use ARCH_HAS_KMAP_FLUSH_TLB to
indicate if an arch defines kmap_flush_tlb() and call if if needed.
This also has the benefit of changing kmap() on a number of
architectures
From: Ira Weiny
The kmap infrastructure has been copied almost verbatim to every architecture.
This series consolidates obvious duplicated code by defining core functions
which call into the architectures only when needed.
Some of the k[un]map_atomic() implementations have some similarities
From: Ira Weiny
Move the kmap() build bug to kmap_init() to facilitate patches to lift
kmap() to the core.
Reviewed-by: Christoph Hellwig
Signed-off-by: Ira Weiny
---
Changes from V1:
combine code onto 1 line.
---
arch/xtensa/include/asm/highmem.h | 5 -
arch/xtensa/mm/highmem.c
From: Ira Weiny
Replace the use of BUG_ON(in_interrupt()) in the kmap() and kunmap()
in favor of might_sleep().
Besides the benefits of might_sleep(), this normalizes the
implementations such that they can be made generic in subsequent
patches.
Reviewed-by: Dan Williams
Reviewed-by: Christoph
From: Ira Weiny
All architectures do exactly the same thing for kunmap(); remove all the
duplicate definitions and lift the call to the core.
This also has the benefit of changing kmap_unmap() on a number of
architectures to be an inline call rather than an actual function.
Reviewed
From: Ira Weiny
To support kmap_atomic_prot() on all architectures each arch must
support protections passed in to them.
Change csky, mips, nds32 and xtensa to use their global constant
kmap_prot rather than a hard coded value which was equal.
Reviewed-by: Christoph Hellwig
Signed-off-by: Ira
From: Ira Weiny
kmap_atomic_prot() is now exported by all architectures. Use this
function rather than open coding a driver specific kmap_atomic.
Reviewed-by: Christian König
Reviewed-by: Christoph Hellwig
Signed-off-by: Ira Weiny
---
drivers/gpu/drm/ttm/ttm_bo_util.c| 56
From: Ira Weiny
Every single architecture (including !CONFIG_HIGHMEM) calls...
pagefault_enable();
preempt_enable();
... before returning from __kunmap_atomic(). Lift this code into the
kunmap_atomic() macro.
While we are at it rename __kunmap_atomic() to kunmap_atomic_high
From: Ira Weiny
To support kmap_atomic_prot(), all architectures need to support
protections passed to their kmap_atomic_high() function. Pass
protections into kmap_atomic_high() and change the name to
kmap_atomic_high_prot() to match.
Then define kmap_atomic_prot() as a core function which
From: Ira Weiny
During this kmap() conversion series we must maintain bisect-ability.
To do this, kmap_atomic_prot() in x86, powerpc, and microblaze need to
remain functional.
Create a temporary inline version of kmap_atomic_prot within these
architectures so we can rework their kmap_atomic
From: Ira Weiny
We want to support kmap_atomic_prot() on all architectures and it makes
sense to define kmap_atomic() to use the default kmap_prot.
So we ensure all arch's have a globally available kmap_prot either as a
define or exported symbol.
Signed-off-by: Ira Weiny
---
arch/microblaze
On Mon, May 04, 2020 at 02:35:09AM +0100, Al Viro wrote:
> On Sun, May 03, 2020 at 06:09:01PM -0700, ira.we...@intel.com wrote:
> > From: Ira Weiny
> >
> > The kmap infrastructure has been copied almost verbatim to every
> > architecture.
> > This series con
On Mon, May 04, 2020 at 01:18:51PM +0200, Daniel Vetter wrote:
> On Mon, May 4, 2020 at 3:09 AM wrote:
> >
> > From: Ira Weiny
> >
> > kmap_atomic_prot() is now exported by all architectures. Use this
> > function rather than open coding a driver speci
On Mon, May 04, 2020 at 06:33:57AM +0100, Al Viro wrote:
> On Sun, May 03, 2020 at 10:04:47PM -0700, Ira Weiny wrote:
>
> > Grepping for 'asm/highmem.h' and investigations don't reveal any issues...
> > But
> > you do have me worried. That said 0-day has been crunching
On Mon, May 04, 2020 at 10:02:25PM +0100, Al Viro wrote:
> On Mon, May 04, 2020 at 01:17:41PM -0700, Ira Weiny wrote:
>
> > > || * arm: much, much worse. We have several files that pull
> > > linux/highmem.h:
> > > || arch/arm/mm/cache-feroceon-l2.c, arch/arm
On Sun, Apr 26, 2020 at 12:17:15AM -0700, Christoph Hellwig wrote:
> On Sat, Apr 25, 2020 at 10:54:03PM -0700, ira.we...@intel.com wrote:
> > From: Ira Weiny
> >
> > The kmap code for all the architectures is almost 100% identical.
> >
> > Lift the common cod
On Sun, Apr 26, 2020 at 12:26:42AM -0700, Christoph Hellwig wrote:
> > diff --git a/arch/arc/mm/highmem.c b/arch/arc/mm/highmem.c
> > index 4db13a6b9f3b..1cae4b911a33 100644
> > --- a/arch/arc/mm/highmem.c
> > +++ b/arch/arc/mm/highmem.c
> > @@ -53,11 +53,10 @@ void *kmap_atomic(struct page *page)
On Sat, May 16, 2020 at 03:33:06PM -0700, Guenter Roeck wrote:
> On Thu, May 07, 2020 at 07:59:55AM -0700, ira.we...@intel.com wrote:
> > From: Ira Weiny
> >
> > Every single architecture (including !CONFIG_HIGHMEM) calls...
> >
> > pagefault
On Tue, May 05, 2020 at 11:13:26PM -0700, Christoph Hellwig wrote:
> On Sun, May 03, 2020 at 06:09:09PM -0700, ira.we...@intel.com wrote:
> > From: Ira Weiny
> >
> > We want to support kmap_atomic_prot() on all architectures and it makes
> > sense to define kmap_
On Tue, May 05, 2020 at 11:11:13PM -0700, Christoph Hellwig wrote:
> On Sun, May 03, 2020 at 06:09:06PM -0700, ira.we...@intel.com wrote:
> > From: Ira Weiny
> >
> > During this kmap() conversion series we must maintain bisect-ability.
> > To do this, kmap_at
On Sun, May 17, 2020 at 10:37:22AM -0700, Guenter Roeck wrote:
> Hi,
>
> On Thu, May 07, 2020 at 07:59:58AM -0700, ira.we...@intel.com wrote:
> > From: Ira Weiny
> >
> > To support kmap_atomic_prot(), all architectures need to support
> > protections passed to
On Sun, May 17, 2020 at 09:29:32PM -0700, Guenter Roeck wrote:
> On Sun, May 17, 2020 at 08:49:39PM -0700, Ira Weiny wrote:
> > On Sat, May 16, 2020 at 03:33:06PM -0700, Guenter Roeck wrote:
> > > On Thu, May 07, 2020 at 07:59:55AM -0700, ira.we...@intel.com wrote:
>
From: Ira Weiny
The kunmap_atomic clean up failed to remove one set of pagefault/preempt
enables when vaddr is not in the fixmap.
Fixes: bee2128a09e6 ("arch/kunmap_atomic: consolidate duplicate code")
Signed-off-by: Ira Weiny
---
arch/microblaze/mm/highmem.c | 5 +
arch/mips/mm
On Sun, May 17, 2020 at 09:29:32PM -0700, Guenter Roeck wrote:
> On Sun, May 17, 2020 at 08:49:39PM -0700, Ira Weiny wrote:
> > On Sat, May 16, 2020 at 03:33:06PM -0700, Guenter Roeck wrote:
> > > On Thu, May 07, 2020 at 07:59:55AM -0700, ira.we...@intel.com wrote:
>
From: Ira Weiny
Replace the use of BUG_ON(in_interrupt()) in the kmap() and kunmap()
in favor of might_sleep().
Besides the benefits of might_sleep(), this normalizes the
implementations such that they can be made generic in subsequent
patches.
Reviewed-by: Dan Williams
Reviewed-by: Christoph
From: Ira Weiny
The kmap code for all the architectures is almost 100% identical.
Lift the common code to the core. Use ARCH_HAS_KMAP_FLUSH_TLB to
indicate if an arch defines kmap_flush_tlb() and call if if needed.
This also has the benefit of changing kmap() on a number of
architectures
From: Ira Weiny
Every arch has the same code to ensure atomic operations and a check for
!HIGHMEM page.
Remove the duplicate code by defining a core kmap_atomic() which only
calls the arch specific kmap_atomic_high() when the page is high memory.
Reviewed-by: Christoph Hellwig
Signed-off
From: Ira Weiny
Move the kmap() build bug to kmap_init() to facilitate patches to lift
kmap() to the core.
Reviewed-by: Christoph Hellwig
Signed-off-by: Ira Weiny
---
Changes from V1:
combine code onto 1 line.
---
arch/xtensa/include/asm/highmem.h | 5 -
arch/xtensa/mm/highmem.c
From: Ira Weiny
The kmap infrastructure has been copied almost verbatim to every architecture.
This series consolidates obvious duplicated code by defining core functions
which call into the architectures only when needed.
Some of the k[un]map_atomic() implementations have some similarities
From: Ira Weiny
We want to support kmap_atomic_prot() on all architectures and it makes
sense to define kmap_atomic() to use the default kmap_prot.
So we ensure all arch's have a globally available kmap_prot either as a
define or exported symbol.
Reviewed-by: Christoph Hellwig
Signed-off
From: Ira Weiny
Every single architecture (including !CONFIG_HIGHMEM) calls...
pagefault_enable();
preempt_enable();
... before returning from __kunmap_atomic(). Lift this code into the
kunmap_atomic() macro.
While we are at it rename __kunmap_atomic() to kunmap_atomic_high
From: Ira Weiny
parisc reimplements the kmap calls except to flush it's dcache. This is
arguably an abuse of kmap but regardless it is messy and confusing.
Remove the duplicate code and have parisc define
ARCH_HAS_FLUSH_ON_KUNMAP for a kunmap_flush_on_unmap() architecture
specific call
From: Ira Weiny
linux/highmem.h has not been needed for the pte_offset_map =>
kmap_atomic use in sparc for some time (~2002)
Remove this include.
Suggested-by: Al Viro
Signed-off-by: Ira Weiny
---
Changes from V2:
New Patch for this series
---
arch/sparc/mm/io-unit.c | 1 -
a
From: Ira Weiny
To support kmap_atomic_prot() on all architectures each arch must
support protections passed in to them.
Change csky, mips, nds32 and xtensa to use their global constant
kmap_prot rather than a hard coded value which was equal.
Reviewed-by: Christoph Hellwig
Signed-off-by: Ira
From: Ira Weiny
kmap_atomic_to_page() has no callers and is only defined on 1 arch and
declared on another. Remove it.
Suggested-by: Al Viro
Signed-off-by: Ira Weiny
---
Changes from V2:
New Patch for this series
---
arch/csky/include/asm/highmem.h | 1 -
arch/csky/mm/highmem.c
From: Ira Weiny
Most architectures define kmap_prot to be PAGE_KERNEL.
Let sparc and xtensa define there own and define PAGE_KERNEL as the
default if not overridden.
Suggested-by: Christoph Hellwig
Signed-off-by: Ira Weiny
---
Changes from V2:
New Patch for this series
---
arch/arc
From: Ira Weiny
During this kmap() conversion series we must maintain bisect-ability.
To do this, kmap_atomic_prot() in x86, powerpc, and microblaze need to
remain functional.
Create a temporary inline version of kmap_atomic_prot within these
architectures so we can rework their kmap_atomic
From: Ira Weiny
All architectures do exactly the same thing for kunmap(); remove all the
duplicate definitions and lift the call to the core.
This also has the benefit of changing kmap_unmap() on a number of
architectures to be an inline call rather than an actual function.
Reviewed
From: Ira Weiny
To support kmap_atomic_prot(), all architectures need to support
protections passed to their kmap_atomic_high() function. Pass
protections into kmap_atomic_high() and change the name to
kmap_atomic_high_prot() to match.
Then define kmap_atomic_prot() as a core function which
From: Ira Weiny
kmap_atomic_prot() is now exported by all architectures. Use this
function rather than open coding a driver specific kmap_atomic.
Acked-by: Daniel Vetter
Reviewed-by: Christian König
Reviewed-by: Christoph Hellwig
Signed-off-by: Ira Weiny
---
drivers/gpu/drm/ttm
On Thu, May 07, 2020 at 01:52:58PM -0700, Andrew Morton wrote:
> On Thu, 7 May 2020 08:00:01 -0700 ira.we...@intel.com wrote:
>
> > parisc reimplements the kmap calls except to flush it's dcache. This is
> > arguably an abuse of kmap but regardless it is messy and confusing.
> >
> > Remove the
On Thu, May 07, 2020 at 01:53:07PM -0700, Andrew Morton wrote:
> On Thu, 7 May 2020 08:00:03 -0700 ira.we...@intel.com wrote:
>
> > From: Ira Weiny
> >
> > Most architectures define kmap_prot to be PAGE_KERNEL.
> >
> > Let sparc and xtensa def
From: Ira Weiny
Most architectures define kmap_prot to be PAGE_KERNEL.
Let sparc and xtensa define there own and define PAGE_KERNEL as the
default if not overridden.
Suggested-by: Christoph Hellwig
Signed-off-by: Ira Weiny
---
Changes from V3:
Fix semicolon in macro
Changes from V2
On Mon, May 18, 2020 at 07:50:36PM -0700, Guenter Roeck wrote:
> Hi Ira,
>
> On 5/18/20 5:03 PM, Ira Weiny wrote:
> > On Sun, May 17, 2020 at 09:29:32PM -0700, Guenter Roeck wrote:
> >> On Sun, May 17, 2020 at 08:49:39PM -0700, Ira Weiny wrote:
> >>> On S
On Tue, May 19, 2020 at 09:54:22AM -0700, Guenter Roeck wrote:
> On Mon, May 18, 2020 at 11:48:43AM -0700, ira.we...@intel.com wrote:
> > From: Ira Weiny
> >
> > The kunmap_atomic clean up failed to remove one set of pagefault/preempt
> > enables when vaddr is not in
On Fri, May 01, 2020 at 01:54:56AM -0700, Christoph Hellwig wrote:
> In addition to the work already it the series, it seems like
> LAST_PKMAP_MASK, PKMAP_ADDR and PKMAP_NR can also be consolidated
> to common code.
Agreed, I mentioned in the cover letter there are similarities...
>
> Also
On Thu, May 21, 2020 at 09:05:41AM -0700, Guenter Roeck wrote:
> On 5/19/20 10:13 PM, Ira Weiny wrote:
> > On Tue, May 19, 2020 at 12:42:15PM -0700, Guenter Roeck wrote:
> >> On Tue, May 19, 2020 at 11:40:32AM -0700, Ira Weiny wrote:
> >>> On Tue, May 19, 2020 at 0
On Sat, Sep 19, 2020 at 06:39:06PM +0100, Matthew Wilcox wrote:
> On Sat, Sep 19, 2020 at 10:18:54AM -0700, Linus Torvalds wrote:
> > On Sat, Sep 19, 2020 at 2:50 AM Thomas Gleixner wrote:
> > >
> > > this provides a preemptible variant of kmap_atomic & related
> > > interfaces. This is achieved
On Tue, May 19, 2020 at 12:42:15PM -0700, Guenter Roeck wrote:
> On Tue, May 19, 2020 at 11:40:32AM -0700, Ira Weiny wrote:
> > On Tue, May 19, 2020 at 09:54:22AM -0700, Guenter Roeck wrote:
> > > On Mon, May 18, 2020 at 11:48:43AM -0700, ira.we...@intel.com wrote:
>
On Tue, May 19, 2020 at 12:42:15PM -0700, Guenter Roeck wrote:
> On Tue, May 19, 2020 at 11:40:32AM -0700, Ira Weiny wrote:
> > On Tue, May 19, 2020 at 09:54:22AM -0700, Guenter Roeck wrote:
> > > On Mon, May 18, 2020 at 11:48:43AM -0700, ira.we...@intel.com wrote:
>
On Tue, May 19, 2020 at 12:42:15PM -0700, Guenter Roeck wrote:
> > On Tue, May 19, 2020 at 09:54:22AM -0700, Guenter Roeck wrote:
> > > as do the nosmp sparc32 boot tests,
> > > but sparc32 boot tests with SMP enabled still fail with lots of messages
> > > such as:
> > >
> > > BUG: Bad page state
On Thu, Jun 04, 2020 at 12:41:33PM +0300, Mike Rapoport wrote:
> On Wed, Jun 03, 2020 at 04:44:17PM -0700, Guenter Roeck wrote:
> >
> > sparc32 smp images in next-20200603 still crash for me with a spinlock
> > recursion. s390 images hang early in boot. Several others (alpha, arm64,
> > various
On Wed, Jun 03, 2020 at 01:57:36PM -0700, Andrew Morton wrote:
> On Thu, 21 May 2020 10:42:50 -0700 Ira Weiny wrote:
>
> > > >
> > > > Actually it occurs to me that the patch consolidating kmap_prot is odd
> > > > for
> > > > sparc 32 bit
On Wed, Jun 03, 2020 at 04:44:17PM -0700, Guenter Roeck wrote:
> On 6/3/20 2:14 PM, Ira Weiny wrote:
> > On Wed, Jun 03, 2020 at 01:57:36PM -0700, Andrew Morton wrote:
> >> On Thu, 21 May 2020 10:42:50 -0700 Ira Weiny wrote:
> >>
...
> >>
> >&
On Thu, Jun 04, 2020 at 09:18:05AM +0300, Mike Rapoport wrote:
> On Wed, Jun 03, 2020 at 04:44:17PM -0700, Guenter Roeck wrote:
> > On 6/3/20 2:14 PM, Ira Weiny wrote:
> > > On Wed, Jun 03, 2020 at 01:57:36PM -0700, Andrew Morton wrote:
> > >> On Thu, 21 May 2020 1
On Thu, Jun 04, 2020 at 09:37:45AM +0300, Mike Rapoport wrote:
> On Wed, Jun 03, 2020 at 11:22:26PM -0700, Ira Weiny wrote:
> > On Wed, Jun 03, 2020 at 04:44:17PM -0700, Guenter Roeck wrote:
> >
> > With linux-next on sparc I too see the spinlock issue; something like:
>
; Reported-by: kernel test robot
> Signed-off-by: Randy Dunlap
Looks reasonable
Reviewed-by: Ira Weiny
> Cc: Vineet Gupta
> Cc: linux-snps-arc@lists.infradead.org
> Cc: Dan Williams
> Acked-by: Vineet Gupta
> Cc: Andrew Morton
> Cc: Matthew Wilcox
> Cc: Jan Kar
From: Ira Weiny
kmap() and kmap_atomic() are being deprecated in favor of
kmap_local_page().
There are two main problems with kmap(): (1) It comes with an overhead
as mapping space is restricted and protected by a global lock for
synchronization and (2) it also requires global TLB invalidation
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