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NY Times, March 9, 2018
Russia’s Greatest Problem in Syria: Its Ally, President Assad
By NEIL MacFARQUHAR
MOSCOW — Sitting down with President Bashar al-Assad of Syria late last
year, a senior Kremlin envoy described the benefits to come as Moscow
shepherded the Syrian conflict toward a political settlement,
particularly in rebuilding the war-ravaged country.
But Mr. Assad cut the Russian off, asking why, with the Syrian
government so close to victory, a political solution was necessary at
all, according to a senior Arab diplomat who was briefed on the meeting.
Nearly two and a half years after he intervened militarily to prop up
Mr. Assad, President Vladimir V. Putin of Russia finds himself stuck in
Syria, not quite able to find a solution despite having declared
“mission accomplished” on at least three occasions. While Mr. Putin’s
military intervention established the Kremlin as a major player in the
Middle East for the first time in decades, extricating Russia from Syria
is proving far more difficult than he envisaged.
The problem is that Moscow has effectively tied its fortunes to those of
Mr. Assad, with limited room to maneuver.
Mr. Putin can neither withdraw nor push real political change in Syria
without risking the collapse of the Assad government, which would
jeopardize both the effort to diminish American influence in the region
and Mr. Putin’s own prestige. Mr. Assad, well aware of his leverage,
resists Russian attempts toward compromise with the Syrian opposition.
In that unhappy equilibrium, the war drags on with unknown consequences
for Moscow. As the most powerful outside actor, Russia is increasingly
blamed for the misery visited on Syrian civilians.
On Tuesday, United Nations investigators released a report that for the
first time linked the Russian Air Force to a possible war crime, when a
military fighter jet executed a series of attacks in November on the
town of Al Atarib, west of Aleppo, killing at least 84 people and
wounding more than 150.
Throughout Syria, the volatile mix of forces — including Russian
mercenaries whose fate is causing headaches at home — risks amplifying
the violence and deepening Russia’s involvement.
At the same time, a developing competition with Iran over reconstruction
contracts risks eroding their alliance.
The differences with Damascus were starkly evident at a Middle East
conclave in Moscow in late February.
Sergey V. Lavrov, the foreign minister, opened a two-day meeting at the
Valdai Discussion Club, perhaps Russia’s most prestigious international
foreign policy forum, with a rosy assessment of the Russian-led effort
to unite the fractious Syrian parties in negotiations to end the war.
The Syrian government expressed zero interest.
In a speech, one of Mr. Assad’s closest advisers, Bouthaina Shaaban,
omitted all mention of a negotiated settlement. Instead, she said
repeatedly that Damascus would soon declare a “final victory” that she
said had been delayed by American and Turkish aid to the opposition.
Russia expressed overt frustration. Even the Valdai position paper put
out beforehand chided the Syrian position, saying that “part of the
government elite may have greater hopes for military victory than the
dividends that negotiations would eventually pay.”
“This military victory is an illusion; you cannot win this battle,” said
Vitaly V. Naumkin, the director of the Institute of Oriental Studies at
the Russian Academy of Sciences and a trusted Russian government adviser
on Middle East matters.
In Moscow, Middle East experts and military analysts noted that
divisions within the Russian government, particularly within the
Ministry of Defense, contribute to the gap between Russia and Syria.
A dovish faction wants to pocket the military’s enhanced prestige and
get out, seeing the defeat of the Islamic State militant group last year
as a missed exit. The more hawkish sorts see advantages for Russia in
Syria’s remaining an open wound.
On the professional level, officers are rotated in every three months,
gaining battlefield experience, promotions and higher pay. The conflict
has also provided a showcase for Russian weapons, the country’s most
important export after oil.
Russia is also wrestling to contain differences with Iran and Turkey.
Strategically, Moscow and Tehran see eye to eye in terms of preserving
the existing Syrian government. They maintain a symbiotic military
relationship as well, with Russia owning the skies while Iran fields
around 60,000 fighters who form the spine of the regime’s ground forces.
Yet cracks are appearing, as the reconstruction era beckons somewhere on
the horizon. Important sectors of the economy need to be rebuilt,
particularly oil and gas exploitation, phosphates, power plants, a new
harbor and a third cellphone carrier.
Iran thought it had locked up significant projects with a series of
memorandums signed in early 2017. But no firm contracts materialized,
said Jihad Yazigi, the Beirut-based editor of The Syria Report.
Dmitri O. Rogozin, a deputy Russian prime minister, clawed some of them
back during a December visit, according to the senior Arab diplomat, who
would speak only anonymously, following diplomatic protocol. Publicly,
Mr. Rogozin announced that Russia had won exclusive control over the oil
sector, which had previously been developed by Western firms.
Complaints from both countries suggest that matters remain in flux.
Noting that Russia had already obtained political, military and economic
concessions, Rahim Safavi, a senior adviser to Ayatollah Ali Khamenei of
Iran said recently that Syria could repay the costs incurred by Iran
through cooperation in its oil, gas and phosphate sectors, the Iranian
news agency ISNA reported.
Yet the Russian envoy who attended the meeting with Mr. Assad, Mr.
Rogozin, also said that the Russian people expected some return for
their sacrifices and called Syria “an infinitely rich country.”
Despite their demands, however, neither Russia nor Iran can afford
rebuilding costs that Syria has estimated at more than $200 billion.
Instead, both seem to want to act as agents for private firms or other
countries.
Most Arab and Western players have hinged any investment on political
reconciliation. China, too, is holding back.
Russia insists that a political dialogue is alive, experts said, partly
because it needs one to sway the European Union and other rich donors.
“The Americans, the Gulf and the E.U. have all conditioned the
reconstruction on a meaningful political process, which the Russians
cannot deliver from Bashar,” said Vladimir Frolov, a foreign-policy
analyst. “So the Russians are trying to use a P.R. campaign to make it
look like a real, Syrian-led, indigenous constitutional process while it
is basically fake. Bashar is not going to negotiate himself out of power.”
The ghost of Afghanistan — which became a military quagmire for the
Soviet Union in the 1980s and helped speed its collapse — hangs over
Syria. Yet the level of Russian commitment is far lower, in money and
loss of life, less visible at home and so far not an issue with average
Russians.
Ultimately, analysts say, the Kremlin will have to deal with Washington,
whose coalition forces control about one-third of the country, including
most of the oil wealth. Many experts believe that some form of
Russian-American dialogue that ropes in the rest of the outside players
is the only hope to end the conflict.
By sticking around, Russia expects to eventually hammer out some peace
agreement with Washington that will cement the Kremlin’s enhanced role
in the Middle East.
However, the wait carries the risk that Russia could be dragged deeper
into the conflict by an unexpected spark along any one of several tense
battlefronts: in the north, between Turkey and its longtime Kurdish
foes; in eastern Syria, between Syrian government troops backed by
Russian mercenaries and American-allied forces; and along Israel’s
border with Lebanon and Syria near the Golan Heights, the site of a
recent confrontation between Iran and Israel.
“Maybe the Russian government thought that when it destroyed Daesh the
war would be over, that it would end the violence and provide the means
to a political solution,” said Boris V. Dolgov, a Middle East expert at
the Russian Academy of Sciences, using the Arabic acronym for the
Islamic State. “The reality is not like this.”
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