Re: [meteorite-list] Gold and Iridium content of meteorites(especiallyirons)
Hi Yinan First you need to realize that the heavier the elements the less abundant they are due to the stellar processes that form them. Once you get to the heavies, everything is in ppm and there are no selective element gold smelting operations that anyone has come up with in the generally violent yet docile forming solar system. There are variations of course, but within those variations there are practicval limits and generally Earth is the King of differential geological processes as the largest terrestrial planet, so we are unique. Now, we are talking of a factor of 1000 times; you will need an awsome concentrating mechanism for that ... which obviosuly doesn't exist except in fantasy as far as we chemists can tell. Raising gold concentrations while keeping all the other trace metals withing the normal parametersis completely illogical and therein lies the key to answering you. I mean, when you can find me a mountain range made of solid gold on earth, I'll take the idea more seriously ;-) Then we can explain how a mountain range of solid gold spontaneously formed and that would open the doors to even more golden age science fiction. Tahks Sterling for the links to my Dad's old favorite story, I still have his original pulp magazine here of The Girl from the Golden Atom, and a surprise in the yellowed pages in the letters to the editor - my Dad's having something to say about the stories he was being fed. Genetics trump environment! I posted something else here which was intended to clinch the gold situation, but it hasn't gone through. I will try reposting, so sorry if you get it twice. Kindest wishes SDoug -Original Message- From: Yinan Wang veom...@gmail.com To: MexicoDoug mexicod...@aim.com Cc: meteoritemike meteoritem...@gmail.com; Meteorite-list Meteorite-list@meteoritecentral.com Sent: Tue, Oct 4, 2011 1:25 am Subject: Re: [meteorite-list] Gold and Iridium content of meteorites(especiallyirons) But Doug, Who says the solar system is uniform and that this iron can't have a higher than average gold content? On Earth you certainly have ore bodies that have significantly high gold content (although much less than this meteorite) and then you have areas with no gold at all. Why can't this iron be from a source that just happened to have a higher than usual gold content? Btw, anyone got a sample of this stuff around? -Yinan On Tue, Oct 4, 2011 at 12:31 AM, MexicoDoug mexicod...@aim.com wrote: Hi Mike, Stuart and fellow astrochemisticists, The Bulletin is not a peer reviewed place, it is just the world being held on a few Atlas' shoulders who are nice enough to slave over it and an occasional inaccuracy could happen. Perhaps it was an issue of optical character recognition since mu, the prefix for micro (as in micrograms) looks a lot like an m, if you put your astronomer's cap on you'd suspect that the simple explanation it is just a run of the mill typo that will now be corrected. But ... since we haven't analyzed this meteorite, we can't be sure. For my argument that it is hogwash that this meteorite would have all that gold (so, the bigger picture is, that don't spread the idea that there are up to 48 grams of gold in a 32 Kg chunk of iron meteorite or folks will forget where it came from and the next thing we know the newspapers will be proclaiming that meteorites are loaded with gold). OK my argument, referencing Anders Ebihara, 1982, yes the same Anders that (karmaca) Martin kindly contacted not too long ago who invented the term poor man's space probe for meteorites, showed that in the Solar system there is nearly one hundred-million times more iron than gold in the elemental abundances in the Solar System. Well, if an iron meteorite has in round numbers, 900 mg/g of iron (90%), then moving the decimal over 7 zeros, we get 0.09 mg Au/g, which is 0.009 mg/g which is 9 ug/g. Granted, 9 is off by a factor of 6x more than is reported for the meteorite but at least we are not a factor of nearly 200 off (1500 ug/g = 1.5 mg/g). That's all I can say, based on a nice guy's work from 1982... but I'm less peer reviewed than the Bulletin so we need someone who is closer to the analysis. Or, perhaps go through a bunch of irons with published analyses and just see if anything is over say, 10 ug/g, in which case that would make a far more interesting story than a footnote to an analysis on what star made all that gold and why. Was it the home star of Girl from the Golden Atom? Did their society get obliterated? Did the incredible shrinking ray malfunction when reforming their marriage ring? And what of our adventurous and debonair young and gifted chemist? Stay tuned till next time ;-) Kindest wishes Doug -Original Message- From: Michael Gilmer meteoritem...@gmail.com To: MexicoDoug mexicod...@aim.com Cc: Meteorite-list Meteorite-list@meteoritecentral.com Sent:
[meteorite-list] Harrison Brown / Abundance of Gold, B.W
Iron meteorite classification: in the beginning... (Repost when I said stay tuned, for some reason it didn't go through. It was :) This is a good reason to pay respects to Harrison Brown, who was an American meteoriticist born in 1917; worked with the nuclear physicists throughout the War and is the pioneer at the University of Chicago along with the Anders crowd, that gift-wrapped for Leonard (and via osmosis, Wasson) some of their most interesting fields of study. Brown, with his grad student had no top secret responsibilities left after the war and turned to merge his love of chemistry, work with nuclear chemistry to ffirst apply neutron analysis to the classification of iron meteorites and broke the ground for the classification scheme we have today. Way back in 1949, he discussed his results at UCLA and it caught on with the rest of the meteoriticists. He analyzed 45 irons of all types and found the highest gold concentration was: Bear Creek (Colorado, USA) Gold content: 2.5 ug/g (yes, that's micrograms per gram i.e., ppm) (Doug note: well below the 1490 ug/g reported in the Bulletin of NWA 6932) So Mike - that's an oldie but goodie and addresses your question of gold content and pretty much says it’s an error in the Bulletin you were basing this on, without a reasonable doubt. Be fun to compare the values with modern analytical techniques. Here's the reference: http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1949PA.57..398L/399.000.html Kindest wishes Doug PS(edit later for the benefit of Yinan) the lowest gold concentration of the 45: 0.094 ug/g (ppm) vs. highest: 2.5 ug/g, so the endpoints of the range are by a factor of 25 __ Visit the Archives at http://www.meteoritecentral.com/mailing-list-archives.html Meteorite-list mailing list Meteorite-list@meteoritecentral.com http://six.pairlist.net/mailman/listinfo/meteorite-list
[meteorite-list] Meteorite Picture of the Day
Imilac http://www.tucsonmeteorites.com/mpod.asp __ Visit the Archives at http://www.meteoritecentral.com/mailing-list-archives.html Meteorite-list mailing list Meteorite-list@meteoritecentral.com http://six.pairlist.net/mailman/listinfo/meteorite-list
[meteorite-list] Gold in tektites
Greetings listees, If tektites are produced as a portion of the ejecta from a large terrestrial crater event and the stratum at ground zero is auriferous, what would happen to the gold with regard to the tektites? Would the tektites contain any fraction of the gold? In what form might one expect to find it? Happy hunting, Brian __ Visit the Archives at http://www.meteoritecentral.com/mailing-list-archives.html Meteorite-list mailing list Meteorite-list@meteoritecentral.com http://six.pairlist.net/mailman/listinfo/meteorite-list
Re: [meteorite-list] Gold in tektites
ground zero is auriferous, what would happen to the gold with regard to the tektites? Would the tektites contain any fraction of the gold? Hi Brian, The tektites would likely have a higher concentration of gold, like in the case of the Ivory Coast tektites where this actually happened. Screwed the Ir analyses up because Au bearing material on Earth is also high in Iridium. But you are probably still talking about at most parts per million anyway, so, nothing your going to be able to see with your eyes assuming the tektites are by force well mixed, it will just be an impurity in the glass. One would think that any clump of gold that wasn't vaporized would not travel with the silicates anyway, as it is 7 times denser. So maybe a Muong Nong tektite would have some inclusions. Too bad there aren't any from the source crater of Ivory Coast tektites. Kindest wishes Doug -Original Message- From: brian burrer brim...@gmail.com To: meteorite-list meteorite-list@meteoritecentral.com Sent: Tue, Oct 4, 2011 10:53 am Subject: [meteorite-list] Gold in tektites Greetings listees, If tektites are produced as a portion of the ejecta from a large terrestrial crater event and the stratum at ground zero is auriferous, what would happen to the gold with regard to the tektites? Would the tektites contain any fraction of the gold? In what form might one expect to find it? Happy hunting, Brian __ Visit the Archives at http://www.meteoritecentral.com/mailing-list-archives.html Meteorite-list mailing list Meteorite-list@meteoritecentral.com http://six.pairlist.net/mailman/listinfo/meteorite-list __ Visit the Archives at http://www.meteoritecentral.com/mailing-list-archives.html Meteorite-list mailing list Meteorite-list@meteoritecentral.com http://six.pairlist.net/mailman/listinfo/meteorite-list
Re: [meteorite-list] Gold and Iridium content of meteorites(especiallyirons)
Mike referenced NWA 6932 (with the possible ug/g vs. mg/g issue): 4.12 μg/g Ir, and 1.49 mg/g Au ... ... no ungrouped iron has a Au content within 20% and only Guin and Laurens County have Ir contents within 20% ... Wasson also analyzed the tiny, weathered ungrouped iron Lewis Cliff 85369 (LEW 85369), TKW = 6.3 g; Antarctica, and determined: Iriduim 3.49 ug/g Gold 1.49 ug/g The Iridium is within 20% and the gold would seem to match exactly assumping this is not the golden iron as discussed*, so that comment also in the write-up would be interesting to follow-up upon. That, however, doesn't mean that these two distally spaced meteorites are a match since the Gallium differs by a factor of nearly two. Reference: http://www.sciencemag.org/content/249/4971/900.full.pdf Kindest wishes Doug *and if it were ...wow, what a marketing plug it will have -Original Message- From: Michael Gilmer meteoritem...@gmail.com To: MexicoDoug mexicod...@aim.com Cc: Meteorite-list Meteorite-list@meteoritecentral.com Sent: Mon, Oct 3, 2011 11:00 pm Subject: Re: [meteorite-list] Gold and Iridium content of meteorites(especiallyirons) Hi Doug and List, It sounded awfully high to me also, but what do I know? LOL Quoted below is the text from the write-up. Notice, the gold content is the only element listed in milligrams. Here is the text from the Met Bull write-up : Northwest Africa 6932 (NWA 6932) (Northwest Africa) Found: 2008 Classification: Iron meteorite (ungrouped) History: Reportedly found in the Algerian Desert Petrography: Plessitic octahedrite with isolated (5% of area) sparks and spindles of kamacite; longest bands are ~8 mm long and 0.2 mm wide. The material may be reheated; the fine plessite has a granular appearance and there are small dark ellipses that may reflect resorption of phosphide. No heat altered rim was recognized. Stucture Opl. Geochemistry: Composition: 4.51 mg/g Co, 69.8 mg/g Ni, 82.4 μg/g Ga, 380 μg/g Ge, 12.0 μg/g As, 4.12 μg/g Ir, and 1.49 mg/g Au. The meteorite has no close compositional relatives. For example, in the Co range from 6.2 to 7.5 mg/g, no ungrouped iron has a Au content within 20% and only Guin and Laurens County have Ir contents within 20% of that in this iron, but these irons differ in several other compositional respects. Specimens: Several additional masses are known. Best regards, MikeG PS - I am having internet connectivity issues and my connection is running about as well as a 500-pound man right now. So I think I will sign off until tomorrow morning and hopefully it improves then. LOL -- - Galactic Stone Ironworks - Meteorites Amber (Michael Gilmer) Website - http://www.galactic-stone.com Facebook - http://tinyurl.com/42h79my News Feed - http://www.galactic-stone.com/rss/126516 Twitter - http://twitter.com/galacticstone EOM - http://www.encyclopedia-of-meteorites.com/collection.aspx?id=1564 - c On 10/3/11, MexicoDoug mexicod...@aim.com wrote: No way Mike, that there are 48 grams of gold in that 32 Kg hunk of tkw. ... Unless this is such an anomoly that comes from the Star of the Woman of the Golden Atom, I think none of this makes any sense and that the units are micrograms per gram ( μg/g ), and if that is the case there is not 48 grams of gold in them thar TKW, haha, more like a total of 0.03 grams in the whole 32 Kg mass to go refining. And if you read it somewhere, there is the possibility that the reference is wrong. Was the article peer reviewed? (my comment isn't ;-)) Kindest wishes Doug -Original Message- From: Michael Gilmer meteoritem...@gmail.com To: Sterling K. Webb sterling_k_w...@sbcglobal.net Cc: meteorite-list meteorite-list@meteoritecentral.com Sent: Mon, Oct 3, 2011 9:45 pm Subject: Re: [meteorite-list] Gold and Iridium content of meteorites(especiallyirons) Hi Gang, I was just curious about exactly how much gold is bound up inside a meteorite with a higher than average content, like the one in this example. Personally, I share the same sentiment as most of you - it would be heresy to destroy a meteorite to extract something that is available here on Earth, even if it wasn't cost-prohibitive. At 41 years old, I have made it this far in life with terrible math skills, so this old dog isn't going to take any refresher courses. I was hoping one of the more skilled (and intelligent) members would act as a human calculator and cipher this question for me. :) So in this particular case, the 32kg iron meteorite contains ~1.5 troy ounces of gold, with a current market value of ~$2550. What sparked my curiosity was the apparently high gold content that was measured in milligrams and not the usual micrograms one expects to see. One last question, perhaps rhetorical in a sense, has anyone ever seen gold in a meteorite? I
Re: [meteorite-list] Undocumented meteorite in the Met Bulletin
I have a list of Undocumented Metrorites that I could submit for similar publication. Chris Spratt (Via my iPhone) __ Visit the Archives at http://www.meteoritecentral.com/mailing-list-archives.html Meteorite-list mailing list Meteorite-list@meteoritecentral.com http://six.pairlist.net/mailman/listinfo/meteorite-list
[meteorite-list] AD - 54 Great Items Going Cheap!
Dear List Members, I have 54 auctions ending late this afternoon. I don't know what is going on but the current bid prices are extremely low. Perhaps the international visibility issue with eBay is preventing foreign bidders from seeing the items. All were started at just 99 cents with no reserve. Some items do not even have an opening bid so if you are looking for serious bargains, now may be the time to act. Please take a look if you can find the time: Link to all auctions: http://shop.ebay.com/raremeteorites!/m.html Thank you for looking and if you are bidding, good luck. Kind Regards, Adam Hupe The Hupe Collection IMCA 2185 __ Visit the Archives at http://www.meteoritecentral.com/mailing-list-archives.html Meteorite-list mailing list Meteorite-list@meteoritecentral.com http://six.pairlist.net/mailman/listinfo/meteorite-list
Re: [meteorite-list] Gold and Iridium content of meteorites(especiallyirons)
I have not seen visible gold in meteorites but I have seen them with copper in them that is visible and more recently, something more exciting. More to come on this soon. Hope everyone is doing good! Greg Catterton www.wanderingstarmeteorites.com On Ebay: http://stores.shop.ebay.com/wanderingstarmeteorites On Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/WanderingStarMeteorites From: Michael Gilmer meteoritem...@gmail.com To: Sterling K. Webb sterling_k_w...@sbcglobal.net Cc: meteorite-list@meteoritecentral.com Sent: Monday, October 3, 2011 9:45 PM Subject: Re: [meteorite-list] Gold and Iridium content of meteorites(especiallyirons) Hi Gang, I was just curious about exactly how much gold is bound up inside a meteorite with a higher than average content, like the one in this example. Personally, I share the same sentiment as most of you - it would be heresy to destroy a meteorite to extract something that is available here on Earth, even if it wasn't cost-prohibitive. At 41 years old, I have made it this far in life with terrible math skills, so this old dog isn't going to take any refresher courses. I was hoping one of the more skilled (and intelligent) members would act as a human calculator and cipher this question for me. :) So in this particular case, the 32kg iron meteorite contains ~1.5 troy ounces of gold, with a current market value of ~$2550. What sparked my curiosity was the apparently high gold content that was measured in milligrams and not the usual micrograms one expects to see. One last question, perhaps rhetorical in a sense, has anyone ever seen gold in a meteorite? I mean, has there ever been a visible bleb or gold inclusion in a meteorite? Or is all of the gold bound up on a molecular level and invisible to the naked eye and 10x loupe? I guess there won't be a gold rush to the asteroid belt Best regards, MikeG -- - Galactic Stone Ironworks - Meteorites Amber (Michael Gilmer) Website - http://www.galactic-stone.com Facebook - http://tinyurl.com/42h79my News Feed - http://www.galactic-stone.com/rss/126516 Twitter - http://twitter.com/galacticstone EOM - http://www.encyclopedia-of-meteorites.com/collection.aspx?id=1564 - On 10/3/11, Sterling K. Webb sterling_k_w...@sbcglobal.net wrote: 1.49 mg per gram is one part in 671. 1/671 of 32 kg is 47.7 grams of gold. There are 31 grams per troy ounce; gold is priced in troy ounces; there are 1.537 troy ounces oif gold in that 32 kg, or $2551.94 at today's (10/03/11) price. Cost you more than that to extract it... Sterling K. Webb -- - Original Message - From: Stuart McDaniel actionshoot...@carolina.rr.com To: Michael Gilmer meteoritem...@gmail.com; meteorite-list@meteoritecentral.com Sent: Monday, October 03, 2011 7:57 PM Subject: Re: [meteorite-list] Gold and Iridium content of meteorites(especiallyirons) Oops, I was wrong.It would be 32,000gr / 1.49mg = 21475 mg 21,475/1000 = 21.475 gr Right, anyone?? Stuart McDaniel Lawndale, NC Secr., Cleve. Co. Astronomical Society IMCA #9052 Member - KCA, KBCA, CDUSA -Original Message- From: Michael Gilmer Sent: Monday, October 03, 2011 8:33 PM To: meteorite-list@meteoritecentral.com Subject: [meteorite-list] Gold and Iridium content of meteorites (especiallyirons) Hi List, In perusing through the latest additions to the Met Bulletin today, I was reading the compositional data for NWA 6932 (iron, ungrouped). I noticed that the gold (Au) content was listed at 1.49mg/g. Is this sort of data as straight-forward as it appears, or is there more to it that this layman is missing? In other words, how much gold is in this meteorite? The TKW of this meteorite is 32kg. So, with 1000g in a kilo, and 1000mg in a gram, how much gold is in this celestial hunk of iron? (my math is horrible) Second question, what is highest known gold content in a meteorite and what meteorite is it? Third question, some meteorites also have high iridium content. What is the highest known iridium content in a meteorite? I am not suggesting in any way that meteorites should be refined or melted down to extract their precious metals content, but given the high value of metals such as gold and iridium, has any profiteer tried such an endeavour? Or would the process be too complex and expensive? Best regards, MikeG - Galactic Stone Ironworks - Meteorites Amber (Michael Gilmer) Website - http://www.galactic-stone.com Facebook - http://tinyurl.com/42h79my News Feed - http://www.galactic-stone.com/rss/126516 Twitter - http://twitter.com/galacticstone EOM -
Re: [meteorite-list] Gold and Iridium content of meteorites(especiallyirons)
Hello Doug, All, We're looking at an iron meteorite, which is a piece of material in which predominantly heavy elements have been sorted and accumulated through processes that took place over billions of years. Saying that gold is uncommon in the solar system doesn't mean much; we know that differentiation has created meteorites with upwards of 50% Ni, so anomalous concentrations of various heavy elements don't strike me as strange at all. NWA 859 (Taza) is a perfect example with an average of ~2200 ppm Ge (observed range of 1500-5000 ppm). One might as well state that it is unlikely for iron meteorites to exist at all because hydrogen and helium make up such a large portion of the mass in the universe/solar system: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_the_chemical_elements#Abundance_of_elements_in_the_Universe I'd prefer to trust the basic analytical work of one of the world's foremost experts on iron meteorites in this case. Of course, errors do make it into the bulletin with some regularity, often due to human error when the data is being transferred. If in doubt, contact the folks who manage the bulletin. Regards, Jason On Mon, Oct 3, 2011 at 9:31 PM, MexicoDoug mexicod...@aim.com wrote: Hi Mike, Stuart and fellow astrochemisticists, The Bulletin is not a peer reviewed place, it is just the world being held on a few Atlas' shoulders who are nice enough to slave over it and an occasional inaccuracy could happen. Perhaps it was an issue of optical character recognition since mu, the prefix for micro (as in micrograms) looks a lot like an m, if you put your astronomer's cap on you'd suspect that the simple explanation it is just a run of the mill typo that will now be corrected. But ... since we haven't analyzed this meteorite, we can't be sure. For my argument that it is hogwash that this meteorite would have all that gold (so, the bigger picture is, that don't spread the idea that there are up to 48 grams of gold in a 32 Kg chunk of iron meteorite or folks will forget where it came from and the next thing we know the newspapers will be proclaiming that meteorites are loaded with gold). OK my argument, referencing Anders Ebihara, 1982, yes the same Anders that (karmaca) Martin kindly contacted not too long ago who invented the term poor man's space probe for meteorites, showed that in the Solar system there is nearly one hundred-million times more iron than gold in the elemental abundances in the Solar System. Well, if an iron meteorite has in round numbers, 900 mg/g of iron (90%), then moving the decimal over 7 zeros, we get 0.09 mg Au/g, which is 0.009 mg/g which is 9 ug/g. Granted, 9 is off by a factor of 6x more than is reported for the meteorite but at least we are not a factor of nearly 200 off (1500 ug/g = 1.5 mg/g). That's all I can say, based on a nice guy's work from 1982... but I'm less peer reviewed than the Bulletin so we need someone who is closer to the analysis. Or, perhaps go through a bunch of irons with published analyses and just see if anything is over say, 10 ug/g, in which case that would make a far more interesting story than a footnote to an analysis on what star made all that gold and why. Was it the home star of Girl from the Golden Atom? Did their society get obliterated? Did the incredible shrinking ray malfunction when reforming their marriage ring? And what of our adventurous and debonair young and gifted chemist? Stay tuned till next time ;-) Kindest wishes Doug -Original Message- From: Michael Gilmer meteoritem...@gmail.com To: MexicoDoug mexicod...@aim.com Cc: Meteorite-list Meteorite-list@meteoritecentral.com Sent: Mon, Oct 3, 2011 11:00 pm Subject: Re: [meteorite-list] Gold and Iridium content of meteorites(especiallyirons) Hi Doug and List, It sounded awfully high to me also, but what do I know? LOL Quoted below is the text from the write-up. Notice, the gold content is the only element listed in milligrams. Here is the text from the Met Bull write-up : Northwest Africa 6932 (NWA 6932) (Northwest Africa) Found: 2008 Classification: Iron meteorite (ungrouped) History: Reportedly found in the Algerian Desert Petrography: Plessitic octahedrite with isolated (5% of area) sparks and spindles of kamacite; longest bands are ~8 mm long and 0.2 mm wide. The material may be reheated; the fine plessite has a granular appearance and there are small dark ellipses that may reflect resorption of phosphide. No heat altered rim was recognized. Stucture Opl. Geochemistry: Composition: 4.51 mg/g Co, 69.8 mg/g Ni, 82.4 μg/g Ga, 380 μg/g Ge, 12.0 μg/g As, 4.12 μg/g Ir, and 1.49 mg/g Au. The meteorite has no close compositional relatives. For example, in the Co range from 6.2 to 7.5 mg/g, no ungrouped iron has a Au content within 20% and only Guin and Laurens County have Ir contents within 20% of that in this iron, but these irons differ in several other compositional
Re: [meteorite-list] Gold and Iridium content ofmeteorites(especiallyirons)
Hi All, I'll have to back Doug on this one -- it is more likely that a transcription error or font change might occur than that one iron meteorite should have an anomalously high gold content by three orders of magnitude. I've seen milligrams and micrograms often confused in technical papers, probably as a consequence of a simple font change. (Remember that the letter m is a mu when using a Greek font.) --Rob -Original Message- From: meteorite-list-boun...@meteoritecentral.com [mailto:meteorite-list-boun...@meteoritecentral.com] On Behalf Of Jason Utas Sent: Monday, October 03, 2011 10:13 PM To: Meteorite-list Subject: Re: [meteorite-list] Gold and Iridium content ofmeteorites(especiallyirons) Hello Doug, All, We're looking at an iron meteorite, which is a piece of material in which predominantly heavy elements have been sorted and accumulated through processes that took place over billions of years. Saying that gold is uncommon in the solar system doesn't mean much; we know that differentiation has created meteorites with upwards of 50% Ni, so anomalous concentrations of various heavy elements don't strike me as strange at all. NWA 859 (Taza) is a perfect example with an average of ~2200 ppm Ge (observed range of 1500-5000 ppm). One might as well state that it is unlikely for iron meteorites to exist at all because hydrogen and helium make up such a large portion of the mass in the universe/solar system: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_the_chemical_elements#Abundance_of_elements_in_the_Universe I'd prefer to trust the basic analytical work of one of the world's foremost experts on iron meteorites in this case. Of course, errors do make it into the bulletin with some regularity, often due to human error when the data is being transferred. If in doubt, contact the folks who manage the bulletin. Regards, Jason __ Visit the Archives at http://www.meteoritecentral.com/mailing-list-archives.html Meteorite-list mailing list Meteorite-list@meteoritecentral.com http://six.pairlist.net/mailman/listinfo/meteorite-list
Re: [meteorite-list] Gold and Iridium content of meteorites(especiallyirons)
Hi Jason No, your example is so far from perfect, that you are comparing apples as oranges. but I do think you could find some data a little better somewhere to fit your argument if you try hard enough. Your Nickel and Iron example also is bad: 50% Nickel vs. a common 7% nickel is a factor of only 7 and quite believable - and see? For a measley fact of 7 you are citing it as a huge range. That alone should place you in my camp, so take a risk and agree or make a stand ... either way it is more interesting to argue with a champion (of a point of vie, which may well be all bollocks). We are talking about a factor of 1000 here. ...and: Check your periodic chart. Germanium is definitely much more closeluy related to Silicon and Carbon, and not the heavy elements (Atomic number 60 or so). Isolating heavy elements can be quite difficult. So, it may well be this characteristic that causes the seven fold range. Still, not 1000 fold. As for the unlikelyhood of iron meteorites existing by analogy, the fallacy of that observation is the nature of the elements. Hydrogen and helium don't usually make alloys and are nort particulary miscilbe with irons. If you put heavy metals in a centifuge they don't separate, though as they cool they can create crystal structures as we know. So unless there was a worldlet formed that perhaps along the octahedral crystal lattice lines squeezed all the gold out and left the Iridium (as one example) in, and then the concentrated gold solution dripped into this particular parent ... Additionally Iron is a well known anomoly of high abundance due to special super nova considerations I suppose ..,. and for that reason is famous. To suggest a 1000-fold increase in gold is possible, sure anything is possible and the particular meteorite in question then would be of enormous significance. You'd think we'd have heard something about the special golden meteorite by now with 1000 times the amount of gold of other gold bearing meteorites. No need to heap praises on Dr. Wasson foremost world expert stuff when mere mortals are just trying to have some fun and utilize their atrophying brains. I'm sure John hasn't made an analytical mistake, who would dare to suggest that?! If you would like to follow up with him or the folks at the Bulletin I think that's a great idea. I don't have any reasonable doubt, though. The thread started as Mike wondering about gold content of irons. and my particular focus was to have a little fun discussing gold in meteorites for anyone interested and it was great to provoke thought. It would be nioce if John would pass his lecture notes alsong to the lsit on the subject of trace metal separation in meteorites and the meaning of it in terms of classification tools. But then it wouldn't be much fun and I'd be better off just tryijg to audit one of his classes. If this particular meteorite is so exceptional, I'm sure someone will speak up and tell us about it. Is it Darryl's meteorite? He'd be the first I'd ask. Honestly, I just tried to look up who's it was now, but I don't really know. Now on to surviving the day Kindest wishes Do -Original Message- From: Jason Utas meteorite...@gmail.com To: Meteorite-list meteorite-list@meteoritecentral.com Sent: Tue, Oct 4, 2011 12:55 pm Subject: Re: [meteorite-list] Gold and Iridium content of meteorites(especiallyirons) Hello Doug, All, We're looking at an iron meteorite, which is a piece of material in which predominantly heavy elements have been sorted and accumulated through processes that took place over billions of years. Saying that gold is uncommon in the solar system doesn't mean much; we know that differentiation has created meteorites with upwards of 50% Ni, so anomalous concentrations of various heavy elements don't strike me as strange at all. NWA 859 (Taza) is a perfect example with an average of ~2200 ppm Ge (observed range of 1500-5000 ppm). One might as well state that it is unlikely for iron meteorites to exist at all because hydrogen and helium make up such a large portion of the mass in the universe/solar system: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_of_the_chemical_elements#Abundance_of_elements_in_the_Universe I'd prefer to trust the basic analytical work of one of the world's foremost experts on iron meteorites in this case. Of course, errors do make it into the bulletin with some regularity, often due to human error when the data is being transferred. If in doubt, contact the folks who manage the bulletin. Regards, Jason On Mon, Oct 3, 2011 at 9:31 PM, MexicoDoug mexicod...@aim.com wrote: Hi Mike, Stuart and fellow astrochemisticists, The Bulletin is not a peer reviewed place, it is just the world being held on a few Atlas' shoulders who are nice enough to slave over it and an occasional inaccuracy could happen. Perhaps it was an issue of optical character recognition since mu, the prefix for micro
[meteorite-list] hmm..
http://times-news.com/latest_news/x1190858668/Possible-meteorite-brings-calls-to-911-center not too far from where I live.. __ Visit the Archives at http://www.meteoritecentral.com/mailing-list-archives.html Meteorite-list mailing list Meteorite-list@meteoritecentral.com http://six.pairlist.net/mailman/listinfo/meteorite-list
[meteorite-list] Mars Rover Opportunity Update: September 21-28, 2011
http://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/status.html#opportunity OPPORTUNITY UPDATE: Opportunity Studies Rock Interior - sols 2723-2730, September 21-28, 2011: Opportunity is still positioned at the target called Chester Lake at Cape York on the rim of Endeavour crater. The rover continues with the in-situ (contact) science investigation of the surface rock called Salisbury 1. On Sol 2726 (Sept. 24, 2011), the previously ground Rock Abrasion Tool (RAT) hole was re-brushed to remove excessive tailings. Microscopic Imager (MI) images were collected confirming the successful brushing. The Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer (APXS) was placed down on the target for a post-brush integration. On Sol 2729 (Sept. 27, 2011), the APXS was retracted from the RAT hole, a Pancam 13-filter image set was taken. Then, along with more MI images, a test of the MI poker was performed. The test results indicate normal operation of the poker. The Mössbauer (MB) spectrometer was placed down in the hole for a multi-sol integration. As of Sol 2729 (Sept. 27, 2011), solar array energy production was 313 watt-hours with an atmospheric opacity (Tau) of 0.882 and a solar array dust factor of 0.514. Total odometry is 20.86 miles (33,574.75 meters, or 33.58 kilometers). __ Visit the Archives at http://www.meteoritecentral.com/mailing-list-archives.html Meteorite-list mailing list Meteorite-list@meteoritecentral.com http://six.pairlist.net/mailman/listinfo/meteorite-list
[meteorite-list] Extremophiles Survive Simulated Conditions on Europa
http://www.technologyreview.com/blog/arxiv/27215/ Extremophiles Survive Simulated Conditions on Europa Technology Review (MIT) October 3, 2011 Astrobiologists have reproduced the conditions on the surface of Europa and found that some extremophiles survive A couple of weeks of ago, we looked at a study indicating that in Earth ejecta is more likely to end up in the Jovian system than on Mars http://www.technologyreview.com/blog/arxiv/27092/, at least in some scenarios. That raised the possibility that life from Earth could have made its way to places like the Jovian moon Europa, which astronomers believe has a large salt water ocean beneath its icy crust. But this would only possible if terrestrial bugs can survive the intense vacuum and radiation in interplanetary space. Astrobiologists have studied the way many creatures survive in a space-like conditions. They've looked at bacteria, fungi, viruses and even biomolecules such as DNA. Some lucky bugs have even survived the journey to the Moon and back. But one branch of life has been largely ignored in these tests--archae. That's surprising since these bacteria-like bugs often flourish in extreme conditions on Earth. Today, Ximena Abrevaya at the Universidad de Buenos Aires in Argentina and a few pals go some way to righting this wrong. These guys created a vacuum similar to that which exists on the surface of Europa. They then placed three organisms in it: the salt-loving archae Natrialba magadii and Haloferax volcanii and the radiation-resistant bacteria Deinococcus radiodurans. They then bombarded these creatures with the levels of ultraviolet radiation that might occur on the surface of Europa and waited to see what happened. None of Haloferax volcanii survived. But small amounts of both Natrialba magadii and Deinococcus radiodurans did. That's interesting because Deinococcus radiodurans is well known as one of the hardiest organisms on the planet. Numerous experiments have shown that it can survive levels of radiation, vacuum, acidity, cold and dehydration that would kill almost everything else. For that reason, Deinococcus radiodurans has always been a candidate for seeding life elsewhere in the Solar System. But now it looks as if it would have a companion on such a journey in the form of Natrialba magadii, an organism only isolated from the salty waters of Lake Magadi in Kenya in 1984. Before getting too excited, however, it's important to note that these experiments have a weakness: the tests lasted only for three hours. That's not long compared to interplanetary journey times: Earth ejecta takes tens of thousands of years to reach other bodies. However, the journey on a spacecraft from Earth would be much shorter, just a few years. So if Abrevaya and co's experiment tells us anything, it's the importance of sterilising spacecraft before they leave here. It's just possible that right now, small colonies of Deinococcus radiodurans and Natrialba magadii are flourishing in the weak sunshine and cool wind around Viking 1 and 2. Ref: arxiv.org/abs/1109.6590 http://arxiv.org/abs/1109.6590: Comparative Suvival Analysis Of Deinococcus Radiodurans and The Haloarchaea Natrialba Magadii And /Haloferax volcanii, Exposed To Vacuum Ultraviolet Irradiation __ Visit the Archives at http://www.meteoritecentral.com/mailing-list-archives.html Meteorite-list mailing list Meteorite-list@meteoritecentral.com http://six.pairlist.net/mailman/listinfo/meteorite-list
[meteorite-list] NASA Tests a Versatile Habitat for Long-Term Missions
http://www.technologyreview.com/computing/38733/ NASA Tests a Versatile Habitat for Long-Term Missions By Katharine Gammon Technology Review (MIT) October 4, 2011 The partially inflatable habitat could be adapted for use on the moon or Mars, or for deep space itself. Despite recent cuts to its manned space program, NASA continues to research ways that astronauts might live safely in space during prolonged missions. The agency recently completed tests of a prototype astronaut habitation unit in the rugged, barren, almost-Martian landscape of the Arizona desert. The habitat could be tested in space within a decade, and might one day serve as a home away from home for astronauts on the moon or Mars. The tests, completed last month, included sending in crews for overnight stays, and running simulations of work that would be done in a single day. The current prototype housing unit has a hard cylindrical shell, contains four rooms, two outside additions for dust mitigation and hygiene, and an inflatable component that adds a second level for sleeping and relaxing. The inflatable loft design was part of a university competition called XHab http://www.spacegrant.org/xhab/2011. The researchers explain that a final design could be fully inflated, or could have a small hard shell inside an inflated exterior. Hard shells, while heavier to transport, are better at blocking dangerous radiation from space. Inflatable space habitats have been a popular idea since the 1970s, but the new project is the most advanced to date. Inflatable units are a typical option because they offer a lot of volume for the weight of materials, so the cost of getting the housing to space is lower. The team also tested a prototype robot that could explore the surface of Mars and be controlled by an astronaut from inside the habitation. It changes things if you're running that robot in close proximity, versus trying to operate it from Earth with a 50-second time delay, says Kriss Kennedy, project manager of the Habitat Demonstration Unit project. http://www.nasa.gov/exploration/analogs/hdu_team.html The results were presented this week at the American Institute for Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) Space 2011 conference in Long Beach, California. The habitation system uses embedded sensors to reduce the need for checkups by crew and ground control. We are infusing more technologies so that crew wouldn't have to repair the unit if there were a problem. Inside the unit, the electronics can be controlled by iPads and iPhones, allowing the crew to adjust the lights and temperature. Deep space missions are inherently risky. Radiation from galactic cosmic rays, which can cause cancer, and from solar flares, which can cause quick death, is a serious issue for long-term space habitation. Cargo bags, used to carry loads up to space, could used to change urine into water via a purification technique called forward osmosis and then help pad the walls with water to protect the crew inside. The unit could be adapted for missions to the moon, Mars, an asteroid, or simply as a free-flying habitat in space. Different missions require different sizes of habitation, says Tracy Gill, who works within the Space Station Utilization Division at NASA's Kennedy Space Center, because of the different items needed onboard. Within 10 years, the team plans to have a demonstration unit either flying in space or attached to the International Space Station. Flying habitats need to be easy to repair, says Jeffrey Hoffman, a former astronaut and professor of aeronautics and astronautics at MIT. Unlike the International Space Station, it won't be possible to send up replacement parts, so local materials will be key, he says. Daniel Lester, an astronomer at the University of Texas at Austin, says a habitation like the one NASA is testing could be a useful place to house a crew servicing space telescopes, or assembling spacecraft to travel to farther-off places like Mars. __ Visit the Archives at http://www.meteoritecentral.com/mailing-list-archives.html Meteorite-list mailing list Meteorite-list@meteoritecentral.com http://six.pairlist.net/mailman/listinfo/meteorite-list
[meteorite-list] Draconid Meteor Outburst
http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2011/04oct_draconids/ Draconid Meteor Outburst NASA Science News Oct. 4, 2011: On October 8th Earth is going to plow through a stream of dust from Comet 21P/Giacobini-Zinner, and the result could be an outburst of Draconid meteors. We're predicting as many as 750 meteors per hour, says Bill Cooke of NASA's Meteoroid Environment Office. The timing of the shower favors observers in the Middle East, north Africa and parts of Europe. Every 6.6 years Comet Giacobini-Zinner swings through the inner solar system. With each visit, it lays down a narrow filament of dust, over time forming a network of filaments that Earth encounters every year in early October. Most years, we pass through gaps between filaments, maybe just grazing one or two as we go by, says Cooke. Occasionally, though, we hit one nearly head on--and the fireworks begin. 2011 could be such a year. Forecasters at NASA and elsewhere agree that Earth is heading for three or more filaments on October 8th. Multiple encounters should produce a series of variable outbursts beginning around 1600 Universal Time (noon EDT) with the strongest activity between 1900 and 2100 UT (3:00 pm - 5:00 pm EDT). Forecasters aren't sure how strong the display will be, mainly because the comet had a close encounter with Jupiter in the late 1880s. At that time, the giant planet's gravitational pull altered the comet's orbit and introduced some uncertainty into the location of filaments it has shed since then. Competing models place the filaments in slightly different spots; as a result, estimated meteor rates range from dozens to hundreds per hour. One respected forecaster, Paul Wiegert of the University of Western Ontario, says the meteor rate could go as high as 1000 per hour -- the definition of a meteor storm. It wouldn't be the first time. Close encounters with dusty filaments produced storms of more than 10,000 Draconids per hour in 1933 and 1946 and lesser outbursts in 1985, 1998, and 2005. Meteors from Comet Giacobini-Zinner stream out of the northern constellation Draco--hence their name. Draconids are among the slowest of all meteors, hitting the atmosphere at a relatively leisurely 20 km/s. The slow pace of Draconid meteors minimizes their danger to satellites and spacecraft and makes them visually distinctive. A Draconid gliding leisurely across the sky is a beautiful sight, says Cooke. Unfortunately, many of this year's Draconids will go unseen. Draconids are faint to begin with, and this year they have to complete with an almost-full Moon. Lunar glare will reduce the number of meteors visible from Europe, Africa and the Middle East by 2- to 10-fold. The situation is even worse in North America where the shower occurs in broad daylightâcompletely obliterating the display. That isn't stopping a group^1 of middle school and high school students from Bishop, California, however. They plan to observe the shower from the stratosphere where the sky is dark even at noontime. Led by Science@NASA's Tony Phillips, the 15 students have been launching helium balloons to the edge of space since May of 2011. With more than 95% of Earth's atmosphere below the balloon, the sky above looks almost as black as it would from a spacecraft - perfect for astronomy. The students are going to attempt to fly one of our low-light meteor cameras in the payload of their balloon, says Cooke. I hope they catch some Draconid fireballs for us to analyze. They could be the only ones we get. Stay tuned for results after Oct. 8th. Author: Dr. Tony Phillips Credit: Science@NASA __ Visit the Archives at http://www.meteoritecentral.com/mailing-list-archives.html Meteorite-list mailing list Meteorite-list@meteoritecentral.com http://six.pairlist.net/mailman/listinfo/meteorite-list
[meteorite-list] Looking for a Bassikounou
Evening all, Does anyone have a Bassikounou for sale weighing somewhere around 15g-18g priced around $45? Please message me off list if you have one for sale/trade or a combination of the two. Brandon D. IMCA #9312 Chicago, IL Semper Fi __ Visit the Archives at http://www.meteoritecentral.com/mailing-list-archives.html Meteorite-list mailing list Meteorite-list@meteoritecentral.com http://six.pairlist.net/mailman/listinfo/meteorite-list
[meteorite-list] Argentine explosion (they are hiding something)
http://www.perfil.com/contenidos/2011/10/02/noticia_0007.html Oct 2 article: The Argentine explosion on September 26 which was alleged to be meteorite-related caused a tremendous scandal for this young dude. 19-year old Emilio Veron single-handedly seeded the rumor which spread via internet like wildfire with a picture he claimed was of the falling meteor that caused the fireball. The image he claimed was found not to be of the explosion. But the quick thinking naughty muchacho had an explanation: My 6-year old little sister took the picture two weeks earlier of this red fireball and I am sure this time it was something that fell from the sky this time so I e...showed the press our image, but it was just e...like an example I was showing them. It's not my fault. Besides it's all a big cover-up, I still believe something fell from the sky. Well, in Argentina they know how to deal with fibbing muchachos. He was thrown in jail overnight and complained of getting his human rights trampled since he was not given any explanation of why. After his family got his release, it was said he was locked up for providing false witness (comment: as contrasted with pseudometeorite this would be pseudowitnessed fall!) The kid felt bad though since he lived three blocks away and was on the patio when he heard (Note: did not SEE, although he says it came from the sky!) the explosion with his brother and they ran to help the survivors, including the 8 serious besides the one death. Some treatment for being a Good Samaritan, huh ;-) Expert investigators certified that it was a gas leak coming from a pizza oven which filled the place to an explosive mixture which then ignited. Kindest wishes Doug MONTE GRANDE Están tapando algo, afirma el joven que tomó la foto del meteorito Se llama Emilio Verón, tiene 19 años y estuvo preso por mostrar la foto del supuesto meteorito que causó la explosión en donde murió una mujer. Fotos. Ver Comentarios (43) 02.10.2011 | 12:05 El celular que capturó la imagen de la polémica. | Foto: DyN Ampliar Fotogalería Emilio Verón tiene 19 años y ganó popularidad esta semana por haber mostrado una foto de un meteorito que, según se dijo en un primer momento, provocó en la madrugada del lunes en Monte Grande la tremenda explosión que causó el derrumbe de un almacén y dos viviendas. Allí murió una mujer de 43 años y otros ocho vecinos sufrieron heridas. El hecho es oficialmente atribuido a una fuga de gas de un horno pizzero del comercio que funcionaba en el lugar. Por esa razón, una foto mostrada en un mal momento, Verón estuvo preso 12 horas durante el martes, junto a su hermano Jonathan de 18 años. “Falso testimonio”, dijeron los medios, pero los policías nunca le dijeron el motivo de su detención. La foto, en realidad y según cuenta él, había sido tomada por su hermana menor (María Soledad, de seis años) dos semanas antes de la tragedia y mostraba un objeto rojo que caía del cielo. Verón les mostró esa imagen a los medios solamente con la intención de graficar qué pudo haber caído. El dato se propagó con la velocidad de la luz y así fue que terminó detenido. En entrevista con PERFIL, Emilio contó su historia, aún convencido de que “algo” cayó del cielo. “Esa madrugada estaba en el patio de mi casa, con mi hermano Jonathan. Escuchamos la explosión y salimos corriendo a ver lo que había pasado”, recuerda. Emilio vive en una casa humilde a tres cuadras de donde sucedió todo. “Lo primero que hicimos al llegar fue ayudar a sacar gente de los escombros, era un desastre”, agregó. El estallido fue a las dos de la mañana y Verón, junto con su hermano, pasaron la madrugada ayudando a los sobrevivientes. __ Visit the Archives at http://www.meteoritecentral.com/mailing-list-archives.html Meteorite-list mailing list Meteorite-list@meteoritecentral.com http://six.pairlist.net/mailman/listinfo/meteorite-list
Re: [meteorite-list] Argentine explosion (they are hiding something)
Doug, Your colorful insight is, well, always worth-a-read and imminently anticipated in all stories meteoritic...I urge you to write a book...I'd be the first in line to have it. I'm serious! Richard M - Original Message - From: MexicoDoug mexicod...@aim.com To: Meteorite-list@meteoritecentral.com Sent: Tuesday, October 04, 2011 7:10 PM Subject: [meteorite-list] Argentine explosion (they are hiding something) http://www.perfil.com/contenidos/2011/10/02/noticia_0007.html Oct 2 article: The Argentine explosion on September 26 which was alleged to be meteorite-related caused a tremendous scandal for this young dude. 19-year old Emilio Veron single-handedly seeded the rumor which spread via internet like wildfire with a picture he claimed was of the falling meteor that caused the fireball. The image he claimed was found not to be of the explosion. But the quick thinking naughty muchacho had an explanation: My 6-year old little sister took the picture two weeks earlier of this red fireball and I am sure this time it was something that fell from the sky this time so I e...showed the press our image, but it was just e...like an example I was showing them. It's not my fault. Besides it's all a big cover-up, I still believe something fell from the sky. Well, in Argentina they know how to deal with fibbing muchachos. He was thrown in jail overnight and complained of getting his human rights trampled since he was not given any explanation of why. After his family got his release, it was said he was locked up for providing false witness (comment: as contrasted with pseudometeorite this would be pseudowitnessed fall!) The kid felt bad though since he lived three blocks away and was on the patio when he heard (Note: did not SEE, although he says it came from the sky!) the explosion with his brother and they ran to help the survivors, including the 8 serious besides the one death. Some treatment for being a Good Samaritan, huh ;-) Expert investigators certified that it was a gas leak coming from a pizza oven which filled the place to an explosive mixture which then ignited. Kindest wishes Doug MONTE GRANDE Están tapando algo, afirma el joven que tomó la foto del meteorito Se llama Emilio Verón, tiene 19 años y estuvo preso por mostrar la foto del supuesto meteorito que causó la explosión en donde murió una mujer. Fotos. Ver Comentarios (43) 02.10.2011 | 12:05 El celular que capturó la imagen de la polémica. | Foto: DyN Ampliar Fotogalería Emilio Verón tiene 19 años y ganó popularidad esta semana por haber mostrado una foto de un meteorito que, según se dijo en un primer momento, provocó en la madrugada del lunes en Monte Grande la tremenda explosión que causó el derrumbe de un almacén y dos viviendas. Allí murió una mujer de 43 años y otros ocho vecinos sufrieron heridas. El hecho es oficialmente atribuido a una fuga de gas de un horno pizzero del comercio que funcionaba en el lugar. Por esa razón, una foto mostrada en un mal momento, Verón estuvo preso 12 horas durante el martes, junto a su hermano Jonathan de 18 años. “Falso testimonio”, dijeron los medios, pero los policías nunca le dijeron el motivo de su detención. La foto, en realidad y según cuenta él, había sido tomada por su hermana menor (María Soledad, de seis años) dos semanas antes de la tragedia y mostraba un objeto rojo que caía del cielo. Verón les mostró esa imagen a los medios solamente con la intención de graficar qué pudo haber caído. El dato se propagó con la velocidad de la luz y así fue que terminó detenido. En entrevista con PERFIL, Emilio contó su historia, aún convencido de que “algo” cayó del cielo. “Esa madrugada estaba en el patio de mi casa, con mi hermano Jonathan. Escuchamos la explosión y salimos corriendo a ver lo que había pasado”, recuerda. Emilio vive en una casa humilde a tres cuadras de donde sucedió todo. “Lo primero que hicimos al llegar fue ayudar a sacar gente de los escombros, era un desastre”, agregó. El estallido fue a las dos de la mañana y Verón, junto con su hermano, pasaron la madrugada ayudando a los sobrevivientes. __ Visit the Archives at http://www.meteoritecentral.com/mailing-list-archives.html Meteorite-list mailing list Meteorite-list@meteoritecentral.com http://six.pairlist.net/mailman/listinfo/meteorite-list __ Visit the Archives at http://www.meteoritecentral.com/mailing-list-archives.html Meteorite-list mailing list Meteorite-list@meteoritecentral.com http://six.pairlist.net/mailman/listinfo/meteorite-list
[meteorite-list] AD: 20% Off Everything
Good Evening... Thru this upcoming weekend, I am offering 20% off the listed price for everyhing in my sales gallery. Some great pieces to be had http://fallingfusion.com/Sales_Gallery.html Ryan -- fallingfusion.com __ Visit the Archives at http://www.meteoritecentral.com/mailing-list-archives.html Meteorite-list mailing list Meteorite-list@meteoritecentral.com http://six.pairlist.net/mailman/listinfo/meteorite-list
