Re: Web Browsers
On Wed, Dec 23, 2009 at 2:39 PM, nixlists nixmli...@gmail.com wrote: On 12/20/09, Robert Bronsdon reash...@gmail.com wrote: Google are clearly clever enough to know that upsetting the 'tin-foiled' [...] Google also wants the browser to be used by businesses - so there will be many features similar to those IE has in the Windows version. There's a reason why Chromium/Chrome uses Windows' proxy crap on Windows, and the developers are refusing to change that despite many requests. http://code.google.com/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=266 Uh, Comment 7 by nsylv...@chromium.org, Sep 08, 2008 If you want to use a different proxy server for Google Chrome, you can use this command line : chrome.exe --proxy-server=foo:8080 Jus' sayin'.
Virtual pseudo-device 'vwire()' anyone?
Recently, developers added the pseudo-device vether(4). Such virtual switch ports can be member of bridges. An additional pseudo-device 'vwire' would come in handy to interconnect two or more switches in a virtualized environment, without necessarily bridging to a physical switch port as well. In addition to providing a simple virtual wire, such a 'vwire' pseudo-device offers certain properties, such as delay, loss, jitter, MTU size, etc. Over time, 'vwire' could evolve to a digital channel simulator or even a link emulator, similar to 'dummynet' for example which was/is used by m0n0wall and pfSense (primarily to implement traffic shaping/policing though). The description http://open-mesh.net/wiki/Emulation comes very close to what I am trying to setup on my OpenBSD laptop as a physical OpenBSD host, in order to emulate a network with several virtual OpenBSD machines as guests using qemu (e.g. a bunch of P, PE and CE routers of a MPLS network that uses lossy wireless links). Are you aware of anyone who may already work on an equivalent of 'wire_filter' and/or 'dummynet' in OpenBSD which connect bridges over virtual wires? Or do you have recommendations which existing pseudo-device(s) I should study first to get me started in the right direction with 'vwire'? Thank you, Rolf
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Re: Virtual pseudo-device 'vwire()' anyone?
On Thu, Dec 24, 2009 at 01:47:51PM +0400, Rolf Sommerhalder wrote: Recently, developers added the pseudo-device vether(4). Such virtual switch ports can be member of bridges. An additional pseudo-device 'vwire' would come in handy to interconnect two or more switches in a virtualized environment, without necessarily bridging to a physical switch port as well. In addition to providing a simple virtual wire, such a 'vwire' pseudo-device offers certain properties, such as delay, loss, jitter, MTU size, etc. Over time, 'vwire' could evolve to a digital channel simulator or even a link emulator, similar to 'dummynet' for example which was/is used by m0n0wall and pfSense (primarily to implement traffic shaping/policing though). Have you ever looked at http://vde.sourceforge.net/ ? -- Chris Dukes
Re: Has anyone a dual head monitor Matrox G450 G550 or G650 graphics card working with OpenBSD 4.6?
On 12/23/2009 4:01 PM, Christian Weisgerber wrote: Has anyone a dual head monitor Matrox G450 G550 or G650 graphics card working with OpenBSD 4.6? Probably not. From mga(4): I'm pretty sure the Matrox cards do dual-head without the HAL, but the screens have to be the same resolution and you don't get any 3D features.
Re: WAY OT: Have you hugged your local OpenBSD dev lately?
On Tue, 15 Dec 2009 10:39:33 +1300 Paul M l...@no-tek.com wrote: On 15/12/2009, at 7:10 AM, Bob Beck wrote: | People are at the core motivated by their own self-interest. Anyone | who says they aren't is selling something. Yes, they're selling hilarity. It's The Onion, after all. Yes, but it's funny because it's true. Even OpenBSD developers are motivated by self interest...Ever wonder why the answers on misc@ are so taunting or dismissive for people who whine without producing code? Self interest is probably THE most basic instinct of any creature anywhere - it's how the species survives. Kids learn, as they grow, to temper it and become more 'human', but it remains the root of survival of the species. It's just that the boundaries of self interest expand over time. Like every other kind of shit it expands to fill the alloted space + X% where X is a positive integer. Dhu paulm
Re: Azalia and ac3
Jacob Meuser wrote: On Tue, Dec 22, 2009 at 06:57:35PM -0600, Chris Bennett wrote: Jacob Meuser wrote: The direction part is clear except for the input-vr0, input-vr50, input-vr80. For what reason would I pick each of these? Is this used to reduce excessively loud inputs? to be able to use common consumer microphones, you usually need to have it's jack/pin set for 50% or better VRef. line level inputs should use Hi-Z (0% VRef) which is just 'input'. yes, that needs to be explained better in the manual. What were or weren't the vendor things? in the case of your codec, nothing. others vary. some are for power saving switches and some completely undocumented. Do I see this correctly: I could play 6 channels with mplayer. 0:1 to one output. 2:3 to another 4:5 to adc-4:5 to sp/dif and then decode that stream externally. you can't output to an adc. adc is the opposite of dac. This would then give 5.1 output. This may seem a little weird to do, but older Sony 5.1 receivers that are broken with easy to fix cold solder joints are only about $25 to buy. it may be possible to mix analog and digital output with azalia hardware, but it is not possible with the azalia driver. to be able to do that, there would need to be another layer of connections exposed in the mixer. for now it's either all digital or all analog. Thanks, that all very clear to me now! Of course, my problems never seem to end lately. mplayer -channels 6 works just fine, this leaves playback through spkr with only background music. are you using aucat? mplayer -channels 6 shouldn't work with your device, unless it's downmixing quietly. I thought that I could hear another pair of channels with 2:3 but even when I plug in a set of speakers or a mic, I can't get anything but unplugged from anything other than spkr. These are from the three jacks on the back of motherboard I have tried changing dir to output from input etc, but nothing works except spkr Am I doing/thinking wrong here or is something not working correctly? are you saying outputs.line-in_sense doesn't change when you plug something into the line-in jack? Sorry for the delay. Yes, I have tried plugging both my mic and speaker in all three By plugging in my mic into speaker, it also shows as plugged. So my mic is ok and not the problem. At this point, I suspect that this motherboard is also defective. This one was not my first choice, that one was defective. What a crappy two weeks for parts!
Re: cannot reach internal network from gateway (and vice-versa)
On 12/22/09 4:01 AM, Stijn wrote: Ross Davis wrote: I am almost certainly doing something really stupid so hopefully someone can point out where the hole in my brain lies. I have a built a firewall/gateway from using OpenBSD 4.6. The external interface is 192.168.5.250 which is attached to a DSL router. The internal interface is 192.168.59.254 which is attached to a switch, branching out to the rest of my internal network. From the gateway I can ping the outside world (e.g. google). However, I cannot ping machines on the internal network. I tried using a minimal set of PF rules - didn't work. I disabled PF entirely - still could not ping the internal network. Oddly, the dhcp server I am running on the gateway is reporting DHCP requests. So traffic is indeed arriving at the gateway from the internal network. Despite that the dhcp server says it is handing out addresses, machines on the internal network are not getting them. If I manually set an IP address on an internal machine, it can still not ping the gateway. Machines on the internal network /can/ ping each other though. When logging on PF, I can see my pings leaving the machine, but nothing coming back. I tried changing the interfaces around to see if the problem was a bad card, but I got the same problem. I tried rebooting the switches - no change. What am I missing? Thanks, Ross Hi Ross, -First of, have both the firewall and switch port the same speed and duplex settings (e.g. 100Mb/full duplex)? They should be auto-negotiated correctly but check it anyway. Is this a managed switch, i.e. is it using vlans? -What's the output of ifconfig? -What's the output of cat /etc/dhcpd.conf? -What's the output of arp -an? -What do you see if you sniff the interal interface? (e.g. run tcpdump -ni int_if icmp on the firewall and initiate a ping from an internal host) I think there's a typo somewhere in your configs regarding your gateway address, be it a wrong subnet mask, typo in the ip address, etc... It's normal you see the dhcp requests since those are broadcasts. HTH, Stijn Thanks to all that offered advice on this. After tracing wires around, I found that the problem was that the network interface and the switch didn't like each other. I tried rebooting the switch and using a different port - no luck. But when I tried plugging the cable into a different switch, everything worked. Perhaps my older onboard network interfaces and my D-Link switch have some sort of incompatible settings... regardless, now I have everything up and running. Thanks! ross
Attention ! Tentative d'intrusion dans votre compte free adsl !
ChC(re membre Free adsl,Attention ! Tentative d'intrusion dans votre compte free adsl! Quelqu'un avec le IP adresse 85.165.201.21 a essaye d'acceder a votre compte personnel! Nous vous prions de bien vouloir vous connecter a votre compte Free adsl Et mettre a jour vos informations confidentielles ! Vous avec un delai de 24h pour retablir l'accC(s a votre compte sans ceux Ce dernier sera definitivement supprime ! acceder a Votre Compte .:Vous pouvez egalement confirmer votre adresse email en vous connectant a votre compte Free adsl et commencer la procedure de verification a l'adresse suivante :Cliquez ici pour commencer la verification*Important*Nous avons demande quelques renseignements complementaires, ce qui va C*tre le cadre de processus d'ouverture de session securise. Ces informations complementaires seront posees lors de votre connexion avenir pour la securite, s'il vous plait fournir toutes les informations sur ces complC(tement et correctement autrement pour des raisons de securite ,nous devons fermer votre compte temporairement.Nous vous remercions de votre prompte attention a cette question. S'il vous plait comprendre que cela est une mesure de securite destinee a vous aider et de proteger votre compte. Nous nous excusons pour tout inconvenient.Raphael FaUREService Free adsl Internet
help to keep disk spinning
hi there, i have a usb external disk that spins down grotesquely soon, 10s of inactivity sends it sleeping. hearing the disk spin up every time makes me think how soon it will die if i keep this up for long. as atactl is not working for external ata disks used through the scsi layer, i was wondering if anyone has an idea of how to keep the disk spinning in a way that read and write performance doesn't suffer too much. -f -- tower: say position. pilot: position.
Re: splassert: vwakeup: and friends
hmm, on Wed, Dec 23, 2009 at 02:05:57PM +0100, frantisek holop said that background: i am trying to run an e2fsck on an 120G ext2 partition on that usb external disk and it just stops reading from the disk at random positions. for example it gets up to 30% of pass 1, then it just stops. no read errors in dmesg, nohing just idling. eventually the disk spins down. top says it's in 'biowait'. (it could also be a bug in e2fsck) i have upgraded to the latest snapshot, and indeed the splassert goes away. (but e2fsck still does not finish the disk, it stops reading at random positions of pass 1 (30%, 11%) and sits there doing nothing.) -f -- save a tree. eat a beaver.
Re: disklabel - cylinder rounding
hmm, on Mon, Dec 21, 2009 at 01:50:24PM +0100, Robert said that Let me rephrase and remove disklabel from the question: What would break if slices don't start on a cylinder boundary? probably nothing if you will use the slices only exclusively with openbsd. other systems might make different assumptions. -f -- fishing, stranger? no, just drowning worms.
Re: Azalia and ac3
On Thu, Dec 24, 2009 at 11:28:22AM -0600, Chris Bennett wrote: Jacob Meuser wrote: On Tue, Dec 22, 2009 at 06:57:35PM -0600, Chris Bennett wrote: Jacob Meuser wrote: The direction part is clear except for the input-vr0, input-vr50, input-vr80. For what reason would I pick each of these? Is this used to reduce excessively loud inputs? to be able to use common consumer microphones, you usually need to have it's jack/pin set for 50% or better VRef. line level inputs should use Hi-Z (0% VRef) which is just 'input'. yes, that needs to be explained better in the manual. What were or weren't the vendor things? in the case of your codec, nothing. others vary. some are for power saving switches and some completely undocumented. Do I see this correctly: I could play 6 channels with mplayer. 0:1 to one output. 2:3 to another 4:5 to adc-4:5 to sp/dif and then decode that stream externally. you can't output to an adc. adc is the opposite of dac. This would then give 5.1 output. This may seem a little weird to do, but older Sony 5.1 receivers that are broken with easy to fix cold solder joints are only about $25 to buy. it may be possible to mix analog and digital output with azalia hardware, but it is not possible with the azalia driver. to be able to do that, there would need to be another layer of connections exposed in the mixer. for now it's either all digital or all analog. Thanks, that all very clear to me now! Of course, my problems never seem to end lately. mplayer -channels 6 works just fine, this leaves playback through spkr with only background music. are you using aucat? mplayer -channels 6 shouldn't work with your device, unless it's downmixing quietly. I thought that I could hear another pair of channels with 2:3 but even when I plug in a set of speakers or a mic, I can't get anything but unplugged from anything other than spkr. These are from the three jacks on the back of motherboard I have tried changing dir to output from input etc, but nothing works except spkr Am I doing/thinking wrong here or is something not working correctly? are you saying outputs.line-in_sense doesn't change when you plug something into the line-in jack? Sorry for the delay. Yes, I have tried plugging both my mic and speaker in all three By plugging in my mic into speaker, it also shows as plugged. So my mic is ok and not the problem. At this point, I suspect that this motherboard is also defective. This one was not my first choice, that one was defective. What a crappy two weeks for parts! it's possible the makers of the motherboard didn't wire up the jack presence detection circuitry for all the pins/jacks. in that case, though, they're supposed to have the BIOS set the presence detect override bit for those pins in the codec descriptor. this issue is common with the front headphone jack on replacement motherboards. the front headphone jack isn't on the motherboard itself, so the board maker has no way of knowing if the jack has presence detection circuitry. -- jake...@sdf.lonestar.org SDF Public Access UNIX System - http://sdf.lonestar.org
Re: help to keep disk spinning
On Thu, 24 Dec 2009 19:46:47 +0100 frantisek holop min...@obiit.org wrote: hi there, i have a usb external disk that spins down grotesquely soon, 10s of inactivity sends it sleeping. hearing the disk spin up every time makes me think how soon it will die if i keep this up for long. as atactl is not working for external ata disks used through the scsi layer, i was wondering if anyone has an idea of how to keep the disk spinning in a way that read and write performance doesn't suffer too much. -f #!/bin/ksh while [ true ] do touch /mountpoint/file sleep 10 done :) - Robert
Re: disklabel - cylinder rounding
On Thu, 24 Dec 2009 20:34:57 +0100 frantisek holop min...@obiit.org wrote: hmm, on Mon, Dec 21, 2009 at 01:50:24PM +0100, Robert said that Let me rephrase and remove disklabel from the question: What would break if slices don't start on a cylinder boundary? probably nothing if you will use the slices only exclusively with openbsd. other systems might make different assumptions. -f Yeah, didn't find anything apart of some old sparc related stuff, so i guess that there is only historical reason for rounding to cyl on amd64. On current harddisk the cyl/track stuff is all virtual. Still, if someone wants to enlighten me what still needs the cyl rounding ... - Robert
Re: Has anyone a dual head monitor Matrox G450 G550 or G650 graphics card working with OpenBSD 4.6?
Steve Shockley wrote: I'm pretty sure the Matrox cards do dual-head without the HAL, but the screens have to be the same resolution and you don't get any 3D features. I had a G450 in use somewhen around 4.1; unfortunately I don't have the xorg.conf anymore. As far as I remember I had to compile the driver myself to get dual head to work (don't know why). Hope that helps... regards, Robert
Re: help to keep disk spinning
I wouldn't think that spinning up frequently would shorten it's life any more than if it stayed spinning. It may be very irritating from a performance point of view though. I would think that bouncing the head round doing frequent reads/writes would be much more destructive. If one were to re-read the same file evey time, it would read from cache - would this cause the platter to keep spinning? Though, presumably this would cause the access time to be updated, so - back to doing frequent writes. Try a different usb enclosure. paulm On 25/12/2009, at 7:46 AM, frantisek holop wrote: hi there, i have a usb external disk that spins down grotesquely soon, 10s of inactivity sends it sleeping. hearing the disk spin up every time makes me think how soon it will die if i keep this up for long. as atactl is not working for external ata disks used through the scsi layer, i was wondering if anyone has an idea of how to keep the disk spinning in a way that read and write performance doesn't suffer too much. -f -- tower: say position. pilot: position.
Re: help to keep disk spinning
Small bug, potential race condition. Also may not be accurate when load is high. Change sleep 9 recommended :) :P -Tai On 12/24/09, frantisek holop min...@obiit.org wrote: hi there, i have a usb external disk that spins down grotesquely soon, 10s of inactivity sends it sleeping. hearing the disk spin up every time makes me think how soon it will die if i keep this up for long. as atactl is not working for external ata disks used through the scsi layer, i was wondering if anyone has an idea of how to keep the disk spinning in a way that read and write performance doesn't suffer too much. -f -- tower: say position. pilot: position. -- Sent from my mobile device http://www.glumbert.com/media/shift http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tGvHNNOLnCk This officer's men seem to follow him merely out of idle curiosity. -- Sandhurst officer cadet evaluation. Securing an environment of Windows platforms from abuse - external or internal - is akin to trying to install sprinklers in a fireworks factory where smoking on the job is permitted. -- Gene Spafford learn french: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=30v_g83VHK4
Re: help to keep disk spinning
On Fri, 25 Dec 2009 10:16 +1300, Paul M l...@no-tek.com wrote: [snip] Try a different usb enclosure. Some Seagate FreeAgent enclosures do this. Seagate forums have lots of complaints about it. Research before buying another enclosure. I purchased a FreeAgent a few years ago before this issue was well-known. http://news.softpedia.com/news/The-Free-Agent-Gets-Repaired-Linux-Users-Rejoice-73520.shtml Brad
Re: Azalia and ac3
Jacob Meuser wrote: On Thu, Dec 24, 2009 at 11:28:22AM -0600, Chris Bennett wrote: Jacob Meuser wrote: On Tue, Dec 22, 2009 at 06:57:35PM -0600, Chris Bennett wrote: Jacob Meuser wrote: The direction part is clear except for the input-vr0, input-vr50, input-vr80. For what reason would I pick each of these? Is this used to reduce excessively loud inputs? to be able to use common consumer microphones, you usually need to have it's jack/pin set for 50% or better VRef. line level inputs should use Hi-Z (0% VRef) which is just 'input'. yes, that needs to be explained better in the manual. What were or weren't the vendor things? in the case of your codec, nothing. others vary. some are for power saving switches and some completely undocumented. Do I see this correctly: I could play 6 channels with mplayer. 0:1 to one output. 2:3 to another 4:5 to adc-4:5 to sp/dif and then decode that stream externally. you can't output to an adc. adc is the opposite of dac. This would then give 5.1 output. This may seem a little weird to do, but older Sony 5.1 receivers that are broken with easy to fix cold solder joints are only about $25 to buy. it may be possible to mix analog and digital output with azalia hardware, but it is not possible with the azalia driver. to be able to do that, there would need to be another layer of connections exposed in the mixer. for now it's either all digital or all analog. Thanks, that all very clear to me now! Of course, my problems never seem to end lately. mplayer -channels 6 works just fine, this leaves playback through spkr with only background music. are you using aucat? mplayer -channels 6 shouldn't work with your device, unless it's downmixing quietly. I thought that I could hear another pair of channels with 2:3 but even when I plug in a set of speakers or a mic, I can't get anything but unplugged from anything other than spkr. These are from the three jacks on the back of motherboard I have tried changing dir to output from input etc, but nothing works except spkr Am I doing/thinking wrong here or is something not working correctly? are you saying outputs.line-in_sense doesn't change when you plug something into the line-in jack? Sorry for the delay. Yes, I have tried plugging both my mic and speaker in all three By plugging in my mic into speaker, it also shows as plugged. So my mic is ok and not the problem. At this point, I suspect that this motherboard is also defective. This one was not my first choice, that one was defective. What a crappy two weeks for parts! it's possible the makers of the motherboard didn't wire up the jack presence detection circuitry for all the pins/jacks. in that case, though, they're supposed to have the BIOS set the presence detect override bit for those pins in the codec descriptor. this issue is common with the front headphone jack on replacement motherboards. the front headphone jack isn't on the motherboard itself, so the board maker has no way of knowing if the jack has presence detection circuitry. Well, you are right about front jack sense not working. I didn't have the front jacks (only speaker and mic) connected until now. However, I have now discovered that only the front panel mic jack works. There is a spkr, line-in and mic jack built-in to the motherboard. Only spkr works as far as I can tell. I tested with aucat recording and mplayer playing back wav Front panel mic and spkr, ok built-in, only spkr works -- A human being should be able to change a diaper, plan an invasion, butcher a hog, conn a ship, design a building, write a sonnet, balance accounts, build a wall, set a bone, comfort the dying, take orders, give orders, cooperate, act alone, solve equations, analyze a new problem, pitch manure, program a computer, cook a tasty meal, fight efficiently, die gallantly. Specialization is for insects. -- Robert Heinlein
Re: help to keep disk spinning
hmm, on Fri, Dec 25, 2009 at 10:16:28AM +1300, Paul M said that I wouldn't think that spinning up frequently would shorten it's life any more than if it stayed spinning. It may be very irritating from a performance point of view though. i am no hard disk expert, but i was taught at school that the starting part of a usage curve has a much bigger wear on the parts than steady operation. this is at least true for a great number of electric parts. i'd be more than happy to change the sleep timer to a value with some common sense, like 4-5 minutes. it is most annoying when you view some files but linger in one of them more than 10s and in pretty much all the other use cases one can imagine. i find my 3.5 external drive's 10 minutes an excellent choice (this one's a 2.5). Try a different usb enclosure. this is not an option this time. -f -- what, me ambivalent? well, yes and no.
Re: Azalia and ac3
On Thu, Dec 24, 2009 at 04:02:58PM -0600, Chris Bennett wrote: Jacob Meuser wrote: On Thu, Dec 24, 2009 at 11:28:22AM -0600, Chris Bennett wrote: Jacob Meuser wrote: are you saying outputs.line-in_sense doesn't change when you plug something into the line-in jack? Sorry for the delay. Yes, I have tried plugging both my mic and speaker in all three By plugging in my mic into speaker, it also shows as plugged. So my mic is ok and not the problem. At this point, I suspect that this motherboard is also defective. This one was not my first choice, that one was defective. What a crappy two weeks for parts! it's possible the makers of the motherboard didn't wire up the jack presence detection circuitry for all the pins/jacks. in that case, though, they're supposed to have the BIOS set the presence detect override bit for those pins in the codec descriptor. this issue is common with the front headphone jack on replacement motherboards. the front headphone jack isn't on the motherboard itself, so the board maker has no way of knowing if the jack has presence detection circuitry. Well, you are right about front jack sense not working. I didn't have the front jacks (only speaker and mic) connected until now. However, I have now discovered that only the front panel mic jack works. There is a spkr, line-in and mic jack built-in to the motherboard. Only spkr works as far as I can tell. I tested with aucat recording and mplayer playing back wav Front panel mic and spkr, ok built-in, only spkr works strange. is there perhaps a switch/jumper on the board or bios option to choose front or rear audio? -- jake...@sdf.lonestar.org SDF Public Access UNIX System - http://sdf.lonestar.org
Re: help to keep disk spinning
Here we're talking about 2 separate cases, electrical and mechanical. In electrical componentry, it's power up/power down that compromises the reliability of a part (circuit). This is primarily due to heat - it's the temperature cycling in the circuit components thats the bad guy. In Mechanical parts, it's also temperature - cold running of close tolerance parts wear much faster than when they're at normal (design) temperatures. But it's also a function of load - in high power mechanics such as ar engines it will be a real issue, but not so in micropower devices such as a hard disk. paulm On 25/12/2009, at 12:17 PM, frantisek holop wrote: hmm, on Fri, Dec 25, 2009 at 10:16:28AM +1300, Paul M said that I wouldn't think that spinning up frequently would shorten it's life any more than if it stayed spinning. It may be very irritating from a performance point of view though. i am no hard disk expert, but i was taught at school that the starting part of a usage curve has a much bigger wear on the parts than steady operation. this is at least true for a great number of electric parts. i'd be more than happy to change the sleep timer to a value with some common sense, like 4-5 minutes. it is most annoying when you view some files but linger in one of them more than 10s and in pretty much all the other use cases one can imagine. i find my 3.5 external drive's 10 minutes an excellent choice (this one's a 2.5). Try a different usb enclosure. this is not an option this time. -f -- what, me ambivalent? well, yes and no.
Re: Virtual pseudo-device 'vwire()' anyone?
Have you ever looked at http://vde.sourceforge.net/ ? Thanks Chris for your hint, which triggered me to take a look at the VDE project on Sourceforge. Before posting, I was actually reading the documentation WIki of Virtual Square (V^2) at http://wiki.virtualsquare.org . Currently, V^2 and VDE look to me like a very much more comprehensive and complex project. Still, I am unsure about how much of the VDE code is actually specific to (qemu under) Linux. What I am after with vwire is only a tiny subset of that. At the moment, I study the source of vether(4) and try to derive a simple cross-over vwire pseudo-device from it to start with. Which, of course, would be redundant and simply could be eliminated by bridging all interfaces in a single bridge, unless the capability of this simple wire is augmented by channel simulation/emulation features. Then the vwire can link several bridges which run on the same OpenBSD host and 'distort' transmissions between those bridges at Link level (layer-2), for example introduce bit errors, cause bit frame loss, insert delay, etc. Regards, Rolf
