Hi,

dbfiddle:
https://dbfiddle.uk/?rdbms=postgres_14&fiddle=060af497bbb75ecddad9fd2744f8022b
---
create  table test101 (  doc_id bigserial, document jsonb);
insert into test101(document) values ('{"user_removed" :false}') returning
*;
insert into  test101(document)  select '{"user_removed" :false}'::jsonb
from generate_series(1,10000);
insert into  test101(document)  select ('{"user_remove"  :false, "test":'
|| i ||'}'::text)::jsonb
                                from generate_series(1,400) i;

CREATE INDEX test101_gin_user_removed_na ON test101 USING GIN (document
jsonb_ops)
    where (document ? 'user_removed') is false;
CREATE INDEX test101_gin_user_removed_na_b ON test101(document)
    where (document ? 'user_removed') is false;

Since 400 is very few percent compared to 10000.
but the following query will not use any of the indexes.
    explain (analyze)  select * from test101 where  document ?
'user_removed' is false ;



-- 
 I recommend David Deutsch's <<The Beginning of Infinity>>

  Jian

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