Re: [HACKERS] Question about optimising (Postgres_)FDW
(2014/04/16 22:16), Hannu Krosing wrote: On 04/16/2014 01:35 PM, Etsuro Fujita wrote: Maybe I'm missing something, but I think that you can do what I think you'd like to do by the following procedure: No, what I'd like PostgreSQL to do is to 1. select the id+set from local table 2. select the rows from remote table with WHERE ID IN (set selected in step 1) 3. then join the original set to selected set, with any suitable join strategy The things I do not want are A. selecting all rows from remote table (this is what your examples below do) or B. selecting rows from remote table by single selects using ID = $ (this is something that I managed to do by some tweaking of costs) as A will be always slow if there are millions of rows in remote table and B is slow(ish) when the idset is over a few hundred ids I hope this is a bit better explanation than I provided before . Ah, I understand what you'd like to do. Thank you for the explanation. P.S. I am not sure if this is a limitation of postgres_fdw or postgres itself If I understand correctly, neither the current postgres_fdw planning function nor the current postgres planner itself support such a plan. For that I think we would probably need to implement a distributed query processing technique such as semijoin or bloomjoin in those modules. Thanks, P.S. or, that as Tom mentioned, by disabling the use_remote_estimate function: I misunderstood the meaning of what Tom pointed out. Sorry for that. Best regards, Etsuro Fujita -- Sent via pgsql-hackers mailing list (pgsql-hackers@postgresql.org) To make changes to your subscription: http://www.postgresql.org/mailpref/pgsql-hackers
Re: [HACKERS] Question about optimising (Postgres_)FDW
(2014/04/16 6:55), Hannu Krosing wrote: -- CREATE EXTENSION postgres_fdw; CREATE SERVER loop foreign data wrapper postgres_fdw OPTIONS (port '5432', dbname 'testdb'); CREATE USER MAPPING FOR PUBLIC SERVER loop; create table onemillion ( id serial primary key, inserted timestamp default clock_timestamp(), data text ); insert into onemillion(data) select random() from generate_series(1,100); CREATE FOREIGN TABLE onemillion_pgfdw ( id int, inserted timestamp, data text ) SERVER loop OPTIONS (table_name 'onemillion', use_remote_estimate 'true'); testdb=# explain analyse select * from onemillion_pgfdw where id in (select id from onemillion where data '0.9' limit 100); QUERY PLAN - Nested Loop (cost=122.49..10871.06 rows=50 width=44) (actual time=4.269..93.444 rows=100 loops=1) - HashAggregate (cost=22.06..23.06 rows=100 width=4) (actual time=1.110..1.263 rows=100 loops=1) - Limit (cost=0.00..20.81 rows=100 width=4) (actual time=0.038..1.026 rows=100 loops=1) - Seq Scan on onemillion (cost=0.00..20834.00 rows=100115 width=4) (actual time=0.036..0.984 rows=100 loops=1) Filter: (data '0.9'::text) Rows Removed by Filter: 805 - Foreign Scan on onemillion_pgfdw (cost=100.43..108.47 rows=1 width=29) (actual time=0.772..0.773 rows=1 loops=100) Total runtime: 93.820 ms (8 rows) Time: 97.283 ms -- ... actually performs 100 distinct SELECT * FROM onemillion WHERE id = $1 calls on remote side. Maybe I'm missing something, but I think that you can do what I think you'd like to do by the following procedure: postgres=# ALTER SERVER loop OPTIONS (ADD fdw_startup_cost '1000'); ALTER SERVER postgres=# EXPLAIN VERBOSE SELECT * FROM onemillion_pgsql WHERE id in (SELECT id FROM onemillion WHERE data '0.9' LIMIT 100); QUERY PLAN --- Hash Semi Join (cost=1023.10..41983.21 rows=100 width=30) Output: onemillion_pgsql.id, onemillion_pgsql.inserted, onemillion_pgsql.data Hash Cond: (onemillion_pgsql.id = onemillion.id) - Foreign Scan on public.onemillion_pgsql (cost=1000.00..39334.00 rows=100 width=29) Output: onemillion_pgsql.id, onemillion_pgsql.inserted, onemillion_pgsql.data Remote SQL: SELECT id, inserted, data FROM public.onemillion - Hash (cost=21.85..21.85 rows=100 width=4) Output: onemillion.id - Limit (cost=0.00..20.85 rows=100 width=4) Output: onemillion.id - Seq Scan on public.onemillion (cost=0.00..20834.00 rows=99918 width=4) Output: onemillion.id Filter: (onemillion.data '0.9'::text) Planning time: 0.690 ms (14 rows) or, that as Tom mentioned, by disabling the use_remote_estimate function: postgres=# ALTER FOREIGN TABLE onemillion_pgsql OPTIONS (SET use_remote_estimate 'false'); ALTER FOREIGN TABLE postgres=# EXPLAIN VERBOSE SELECT * FROM onemillion_pgsql WHERE id in (SELECT id FROM onemillion WHERE data '0.9' LIMIT 100); QUERY PLAN -- Hash Semi Join (cost=123.10..41083.21 rows=100 width=30) Output: onemillion_pgsql.id, onemillion_pgsql.inserted, onemillion_pgsql.data Hash Cond: (onemillion_pgsql.id = onemillion.id) - Foreign Scan on public.onemillion_pgsql (cost=100.00..38434.00 rows=100 width=30) Output: onemillion_pgsql.id, onemillion_pgsql.inserted, onemillion_pgsql.data Remote SQL: SELECT id, inserted, data FROM public.onemillion - Hash (cost=21.85..21.85 rows=100 width=4) Output: onemillion.id - Limit (cost=0.00..20.85 rows=100 width=4) Output: onemillion.id - Seq Scan on public.onemillion (cost=0.00..20834.00 rows=99918 width=4) Output: onemillion.id Filter: (onemillion.data '0.9'::text) Planning time: 0.215 ms (14 rows) Thanks, Best regards, Etsuro Fujita -- Sent via pgsql-hackers mailing list (pgsql-hackers@postgresql.org) To make changes to your subscription: http://www.postgresql.org/mailpref/pgsql-hackers
Re: [HACKERS] Question about optimising (Postgres_)FDW
On 04/16/2014 01:35 PM, Etsuro Fujita wrote: (2014/04/16 6:55), Hannu Krosing wrote: ... Maybe I'm missing something, but I think that you can do what I think you'd like to do by the following procedure: No, what I'd like PostgreSQL to do is to 1. select the id+set from local table 2. select the rows from remote table with WHERE ID IN (set selected in step 1) 3. then join the original set to selected set, with any suitable join strategy The things I do not want are A. selecting all rows from remote table (this is what your examples below do) or B. selecting rows from remote table by single selects using ID = $ (this is something that I managed to do by some tweaking of costs) as A will be always slow if there are millions of rows in remote table and B is slow(ish) when the idset is over a few hundred ids I hope this is a bit better explanation than I provided before . Cheers Hannu P.S. I am not sure if this is a limitation of postgres_fdw or postgres itself P.P.S I tested a little with with Multicorn an postgresql did not request row counts for any IN plans, so it may be that the planner does not consider this kind of plan at all. (testing was on PgSQL 9.3.4) Hannu postgres=# ALTER SERVER loop OPTIONS (ADD fdw_startup_cost '1000'); ALTER SERVER postgres=# EXPLAIN VERBOSE SELECT * FROM onemillion_pgsql WHERE id in (SELECT id FROM onemillion WHERE data '0.9' LIMIT 100); QUERY PLAN --- Hash Semi Join (cost=1023.10..41983.21 rows=100 width=30) Output: onemillion_pgsql.id, onemillion_pgsql.inserted, onemillion_pgsql.data Hash Cond: (onemillion_pgsql.id = onemillion.id) - Foreign Scan on public.onemillion_pgsql (cost=1000.00..39334.00 rows=100 width=29) Output: onemillion_pgsql.id, onemillion_pgsql.inserted, onemillion_pgsql.data Remote SQL: SELECT id, inserted, data FROM public.onemillion - Hash (cost=21.85..21.85 rows=100 width=4) Output: onemillion.id - Limit (cost=0.00..20.85 rows=100 width=4) Output: onemillion.id - Seq Scan on public.onemillion (cost=0.00..20834.00 rows=99918 width=4) Output: onemillion.id Filter: (onemillion.data '0.9'::text) Planning time: 0.690 ms (14 rows) or, that as Tom mentioned, by disabling the use_remote_estimate function: postgres=# ALTER FOREIGN TABLE onemillion_pgsql OPTIONS (SET use_remote_estimate 'false'); ALTER FOREIGN TABLE postgres=# EXPLAIN VERBOSE SELECT * FROM onemillion_pgsql WHERE id in (SELECT id FROM onemillion WHERE data '0.9' LIMIT 100); QUERY PLAN -- Hash Semi Join (cost=123.10..41083.21 rows=100 width=30) Output: onemillion_pgsql.id, onemillion_pgsql.inserted, onemillion_pgsql.data Hash Cond: (onemillion_pgsql.id = onemillion.id) - Foreign Scan on public.onemillion_pgsql (cost=100.00..38434.00 rows=100 width=30) Output: onemillion_pgsql.id, onemillion_pgsql.inserted, onemillion_pgsql.data Remote SQL: SELECT id, inserted, data FROM public.onemillion - Hash (cost=21.85..21.85 rows=100 width=4) Output: onemillion.id - Limit (cost=0.00..20.85 rows=100 width=4) Output: onemillion.id - Seq Scan on public.onemillion (cost=0.00..20834.00 rows=99918 width=4) Output: onemillion.id Filter: (onemillion.data '0.9'::text) Planning time: 0.215 ms (14 rows) Thanks, Best regards, Etsuro Fujita -- Sent via pgsql-hackers mailing list (pgsql-hackers@postgresql.org) To make changes to your subscription: http://www.postgresql.org/mailpref/pgsql-hackers
Re: [HACKERS] Question about optimising (Postgres_)FDW
On 04/16/2014 03:16 PM, Hannu Krosing wrote: On 04/16/2014 01:35 PM, Etsuro Fujita wrote: (2014/04/16 6:55), Hannu Krosing wrote: ... Maybe I'm missing something, but I think that you can do what I think you'd like to do by the following procedure: No, what I'd like PostgreSQL to do is to 1. select the id+set from local table 2. select the rows from remote table with WHERE ID IN (set selected in step 1) 3. then join the original set to selected set, with any suitable join strategy The things I do not want are A. selecting all rows from remote table (this is what your examples below do) or B. selecting rows from remote table by single selects using ID = $ (this is something that I managed to do by some tweaking of costs) as A will be always slow if there are millions of rows in remote table and B is slow(ish) when the idset is over a few hundred ids I hope this is a bit better explanation than I provided before . Cheers Hannu P.S. I am not sure if this is a limitation of postgres_fdw or postgres itself P.P.S I tested a little with with Multicorn an postgresql did not request row counts for any IN plans, so it may be that the planner does not consider this kind of plan at all. (testing was on PgSQL 9.3.4) Hannu Also a sample run of the two plans to illustrate my point How it is run now: testdb=# explain analyse verbose select r.data, l.data from onemillion_pgfdw r join onemillion l on r.id = l.id and l.id between 10 and 100100; QUERY PLAN -- Hash Join (cost=111.61..198.40 rows=1 width=16) (actual time=7534.360..8731.541 rows=101 loops=1) Output: r.data, l.data Hash Cond: (r.id = l.id) - Foreign Scan on public.onemillion_pgfdw r (cost=100.00..178.25 rows=2275 width=12) (actual time=1.628..8364.688 rows=100 loops=1) Output: r.id, r.inserted, r.data Remote SQL: SELECT id, data FROM public.onemillion - Hash (cost=10.39..10.39 rows=98 width=12) (actual time=0.179..0.179 rows=101 loops=1) Output: l.data, l.id Buckets: 1024 Batches: 1 Memory Usage: 5kB - Index Scan using onemillion_pkey on public.onemillion l (cost=0.42..10.39 rows=98 width=12) (actual time=0.049..0.124 rows=101 loops=1) Output: l.data, l.id Index Cond: ((l.id = 10) AND (l.id = 100100)) Total runtime: 8732.213 ms (13 rows) Time: 8733.799 ms And how the above query should be planned/executed: testdb=# explain analyse verbose select r.data, l.data from (select * from onemillion_pgfdw where id = any (array(select id from onemillion where id between 10 and 100100))) r join onemillion l on r.id = l.id; QUERY PLAN Nested Loop (cost=110.81..1104.30 rows=111 width=16) (actual time=2.756..3.738 rows=101 loops=1) Output: onemillion_pgfdw.data, l.data InitPlan 1 (returns $0) - Index Only Scan using onemillion_pkey on public.onemillion (cost=0.42..10.39 rows=98 width=4) (actual time=0.055..0.118 rows=101 loops=1) Output: onemillion.id Index Cond: ((onemillion.id = 10) AND (onemillion.id = 100100)) Heap Fetches: 101 - Foreign Scan on public.onemillion_pgfdw (cost=100.00..163.41 rows=111 width=12) (actual time=2.729..3.012 rows=101 loops=1) Output: onemillion_pgfdw.id, onemillion_pgfdw.inserted, onemillion_pgfdw.data Remote SQL: SELECT id, data FROM public.onemillion WHERE ((id = ANY ($1::integer[]))) - Index Scan using onemillion_pkey on public.onemillion l (cost=0.42..8.37 rows=1 width=12) (actual time=0.005..0.006 rows=1 loops=101) Output: l.id, l.inserted, l.data Index Cond: (l.id = onemillion_pgfdw.id) Total runtime: 4.469 ms (14 rows) Time: 6.437 ms postgres=# ALTER SERVER loop OPTIONS (ADD fdw_startup_cost '1000'); ALTER SERVER postgres=# EXPLAIN VERBOSE SELECT * FROM onemillion_pgsql WHERE id in (SELECT id FROM onemillion WHERE data '0.9' LIMIT 100); QUERY PLAN --- Hash Semi Join (cost=1023.10..41983.21 rows=100 width=30) Output: onemillion_pgsql.id, onemillion_pgsql.inserted, onemillion_pgsql.data Hash Cond: (onemillion_pgsql.id = onemillion.id) - Foreign Scan on public.onemillion_pgsql (cost=1000.00..39334.00 rows=100 width=29)
Re: [HACKERS] Question about optimising (Postgres_)FDW
AFAIK, PostgreSQL's join nodes (except for hash join) consider one row at a time from outer table and match inner table rows one at a time. What needs to be done in the case you are suggesting is that it needs to consider all the rows of outer table, fetch their respective joining columns and then pass that information down to inner side. The inner side then would give a bunch of rows qualifying the join condition. Join this set with outer rows again. For an equality operator, this might be possible in Hash join but for other operator, hash join won't work. Thus for other operators, we will need to materialize the outer result, which seems to have its cost, which needs to be factored. Lot of changes, but those may be worth it, for foreign scans with high connection costs. On Wed, Apr 16, 2014 at 9:40 PM, Hannu Krosing ha...@krosing.net wrote: On 04/16/2014 03:16 PM, Hannu Krosing wrote: On 04/16/2014 01:35 PM, Etsuro Fujita wrote: (2014/04/16 6:55), Hannu Krosing wrote: ... Maybe I'm missing something, but I think that you can do what I think you'd like to do by the following procedure: No, what I'd like PostgreSQL to do is to 1. select the id+set from local table 2. select the rows from remote table with WHERE ID IN (set selected in step 1) 3. then join the original set to selected set, with any suitable join strategy The things I do not want are A. selecting all rows from remote table (this is what your examples below do) or B. selecting rows from remote table by single selects using ID = $ (this is something that I managed to do by some tweaking of costs) as A will be always slow if there are millions of rows in remote table and B is slow(ish) when the idset is over a few hundred ids I hope this is a bit better explanation than I provided before . Cheers Hannu P.S. I am not sure if this is a limitation of postgres_fdw or postgres itself P.P.S I tested a little with with Multicorn an postgresql did not request row counts for any IN plans, so it may be that the planner does not consider this kind of plan at all. (testing was on PgSQL 9.3.4) Hannu Also a sample run of the two plans to illustrate my point How it is run now: testdb=# explain analyse verbose select r.data, l.data from onemillion_pgfdw r join onemillion l on r.id = l.id and l.id between 10 and 100100; QUERY PLAN -- Hash Join (cost=111.61..198.40 rows=1 width=16) (actual time=7534.360..8731.541 rows=101 loops=1) Output: r.data, l.data Hash Cond: (r.id = l.id) - Foreign Scan on public.onemillion_pgfdw r (cost=100.00..178.25 rows=2275 width=12) (actual time=1.628..8364.688 rows=100 loops=1) Output: r.id, r.inserted, r.data Remote SQL: SELECT id, data FROM public.onemillion - Hash (cost=10.39..10.39 rows=98 width=12) (actual time=0.179..0.179 rows=101 loops=1) Output: l.data, l.id Buckets: 1024 Batches: 1 Memory Usage: 5kB - Index Scan using onemillion_pkey on public.onemillion l (cost=0.42..10.39 rows=98 width=12) (actual time=0.049..0.124 rows=101 loops=1) Output: l.data, l.id Index Cond: ((l.id = 10) AND (l.id = 100100)) Total runtime: 8732.213 ms (13 rows) Time: 8733.799 ms And how the above query should be planned/executed: testdb=# explain analyse verbose select r.data, l.data from (select * from onemillion_pgfdw where id = any (array(select id from onemillion where id between 10 and 100100))) r join onemillion l on r.id = l.id; QUERY PLAN Nested Loop (cost=110.81..1104.30 rows=111 width=16) (actual time=2.756..3.738 rows=101 loops=1) Output: onemillion_pgfdw.data, l.data InitPlan 1 (returns $0) - Index Only Scan using onemillion_pkey on public.onemillion (cost=0.42..10.39 rows=98 width=4) (actual time=0.055..0.118 rows=101 loops=1) Output: onemillion.id Index Cond: ((onemillion.id = 10) AND (onemillion.id = 100100)) Heap Fetches: 101 - Foreign Scan on public.onemillion_pgfdw (cost=100.00..163.41 rows=111 width=12) (actual time=2.729..3.012 rows=101 loops=1) Output: onemillion_pgfdw.id, onemillion_pgfdw.inserted, onemillion_pgfdw.data Remote SQL: SELECT id, data FROM public.onemillion WHERE ((id = ANY ($1::integer[]))) - Index Scan using onemillion_pkey on public.onemillion l (cost=0.42..8.37 rows=1 width=12) (actual time=0.005..0.006 rows=1 loops=101) Output: l.id, l.inserted, l.data Index Cond: (l.id = onemillion_pgfdw.id) Total runtime: 4.469 ms (14 rows)
Re: [HACKERS] Question about optimising (Postgres_)FDW
Hannu Krosing ha...@2ndquadrant.com writes: Is there a way to force it to prefer a plan where the results of (select id from onemillion where data '0.9' limit 100) are passed to FDW as a single IN ( = ANY(...)) query and are retrieved all at once ? You could write the query like that: select * from onemillion_pgfdw where id = any (array(select id from onemillion where data '0.9' limit 100)); Or at least you should be able to, except when I try it I get explain analyze select * from onemillion_pgfdw where id = any (array(select id from onemillion where data '0.9' limit 100)); ERROR: operator does not exist: integer = integer[] HINT: No operator matches the given name and argument type(s). You might need to add explicit type casts. CONTEXT: Remote SQL command: EXPLAIN SELECT id, inserted, data FROM public.onemillion WHERE ((id = ANY ((SELECT null::integer[] so there's something the remote-estimate code is getting wrong here. (It seems to work without remote_estimate, though.) regards, tom lane -- Sent via pgsql-hackers mailing list (pgsql-hackers@postgresql.org) To make changes to your subscription: http://www.postgresql.org/mailpref/pgsql-hackers
Re: [HACKERS] Question about optimising (Postgres_)FDW
On 04/16/2014 01:25 AM, Tom Lane wrote: Hannu Krosing ha...@2ndquadrant.com writes: Is there a way to force it to prefer a plan where the results of (select id from onemillion where data '0.9' limit 100) are passed to FDW as a single IN ( = ANY(...)) query and are retrieved all at once ? You could write the query like that: select * from onemillion_pgfdw where id = any (array(select id from onemillion where data '0.9' limit 100)); My actual use-case was about a join between a local and a remote table and without rewriting the query (they come from ORM) I was hoping to be able to nudge postgresql towards a better plan via some tuning of table/fdw options or GUCs. for example, would postgresql use the WHERE id IN (...) query on remote side for a query like select r.data, l.data from onemillion_pgfdw r join onemillion l on r.id = l.id and l.data '0.999'; if it recognizes that the local side returns only 1000 rows ? or would it still use 1000 individual WHERE id = $1 queries. Is getting the foreign data via IN and then turning the data into a hash for joining one of the plans it considers at all ? Best Hannu Or at least you should be able to, except when I try it I get explain analyze select * from onemillion_pgfdw where id = any (array(select id from onemillion where data '0.9' limit 100)); ERROR: operator does not exist: integer = integer[] HINT: No operator matches the given name and argument type(s). You might need to add explicit type casts. CONTEXT: Remote SQL command: EXPLAIN SELECT id, inserted, data FROM public.onemillion WHERE ((id = ANY ((SELECT null::integer[] so there's something the remote-estimate code is getting wrong here. (It seems to work without remote_estimate, though.) regards, tom lane -- Hannu Krosing PostgreSQL Consultant Performance, Scalability and High Availability 2ndQuadrant Nordic OÜ -- Sent via pgsql-hackers mailing list (pgsql-hackers@postgresql.org) To make changes to your subscription: http://www.postgresql.org/mailpref/pgsql-hackers
Re: [HACKERS] Question about optimising (Postgres_)FDW
On 04/16/2014 06:12 AM, Hannu Krosing wrote: On 04/16/2014 01:25 AM, Tom Lane wrote: Hannu Krosing ha...@2ndquadrant.com writes: Is there a way to force it to prefer a plan where the results of (select id from onemillion where data '0.9' limit 100) are passed to FDW as a single IN ( = ANY(...)) query and are retrieved all at once ? You could write the query like that: select * from onemillion_pgfdw where id = any (array(select id from onemillion where data '0.9' limit 100)); My actual use-case was about a join between a local and a remote table and without rewriting the query (they come from ORM) I was hoping to be able to nudge postgresql towards a better plan via some tuning of table/fdw options or GUCs. for example, would postgresql use the WHERE id IN (...) query on remote side for a query like select r.data, l.data from onemillion_pgfdw r join onemillion l on r.id = l.id and l.data '0.999'; if it recognizes that the local side returns only 1000 rows ? or would it still use 1000 individual WHERE id = $1 queries. Is getting the foreign data via IN and then turning the data into a hash for joining one of the plans it considers at all ? It sees that could we need an extra tuning parameter for choosing the ID IN (...) + HASH plan over individual SELECT .. WHERE ID = $1 something between `fdw_startup_cost` and `fdw_tuple_cost` to signify that an IN query returning 1000 rows runs faster than 1000 = queries as I understan currently they both would be estimated as fdw_startup_cost + 1000 * fdw_tuple_cost the new parameter could be fdw_call_cost or fdw_query_cost and would estimate how much each individual call to fdw costs, thus favouring calls which return more data in one call Cheers Hannu Best Hannu Or at least you should be able to, except when I try it I get explain analyze select * from onemillion_pgfdw where id = any (array(select id from onemillion where data '0.9' limit 100)); ERROR: operator does not exist: integer = integer[] HINT: No operator matches the given name and argument type(s). You might need to add explicit type casts. CONTEXT: Remote SQL command: EXPLAIN SELECT id, inserted, data FROM public.onemillion WHERE ((id = ANY ((SELECT null::integer[] so there's something the remote-estimate code is getting wrong here. (It seems to work without remote_estimate, though.) regards, tom lane -- Hannu Krosing PostgreSQL Consultant Performance, Scalability and High Availability 2ndQuadrant Nordic OÜ -- Sent via pgsql-hackers mailing list (pgsql-hackers@postgresql.org) To make changes to your subscription: http://www.postgresql.org/mailpref/pgsql-hackers