salam,
ada banyak hal menarik yang perlu dipelajari dalam revolusi Bolivarian. simak beberapa tulisan tentang presidennya, Chavez. lebih lengkap di http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%E1vez Chávez has made Latin American integration one of the centerpieces of his policies. This has come in many forms: the creation or extension of joint institutions like Petrosur, Telesur, and Mercosur; bilateral trade relationships with other Latin American countries, including arms purchases from Brazil, oil-for-expertise trades with Cuba, and a pipeline through Colombia. Venezeula's relationship with its neighbor Colombia has been rocky at times, though; with events like the Rodrigo Granda affair temporarily throwing the relationship into crisis. President Hugo Chávez and Saddam Hussein in 2000 President Hugo Chávez and Saddam Hussein in 2000 Venezuela has had a mostly antagonistic relationship with the United States for many reasons: Chávez's hawkish stance in OPEC, his public friendship and trade relationship with Cuba and Fidel Castro; and his numerous public statements in opposition to U.S. economic and foreign policy. In response to the ouster of Haitian President Jean-Bertrand Aristide in February 2004, with U.S. assistance, Chávez called U.S. President George W. Bush a pendejo ("prick") and threatened to cut off all oil exports to the United States if it took any more action against his country. [4] (http://www.reuters.com/locales/newsArticle.jsp;:4042a149:0c1a48964cc2b5?type=worldNews&locale=en_IN&storyID=4463411) He was also the first democratically-elected president to visit Iraqi President Saddam Hussein since the 1991 Gulf War, on August 11, 2000, and strongly opposed the 2003 invasion of Iraq. The United States has consistently opposed Chávez, though constitutionally elected, recognizing the Carmona government during the 2002 coup, calling Chávez a "negative force" in the region, and requesting support from Venezuela's neighbors in isolating Chavez. On 20 February 2005, Chávez stated that he had reasons to believe that the U.S. had plans to have him assassinated; he said that any attempt would mean that Venezuela would cut off oil to the U.S. [5] (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4282603.stm) This was a claim first made a week before by Fidel Castro [6] (http://www.mercurynews.com/mld/mercurynews/news/world/10886111.htm?1c) [edit] Social programs Venezuela under Chávez has started numerous social programs: Barrio Adentro, an initiative to provide free health care to poor and underserved areas, Mission Robinson and Mission Sucre to increase literacy and basic education. The literacy programs are centered on learning to read and understand the Venezuelan Constitution and their inherent rights as Venezuelan citizens. These programs have been criticized as inefficient and incomplete by opposition figures but are widely heralded and appreciated by Chávez backers. Chávez speaks at an camp. (Photo: Marcello Jr/ABr) Enlarge Chávez speaks at an MST camp. (Photo: Marcello Jr/ABr) Many of these programs involve importing expertise from abroad; Venezuela is providing Cuba with 53,000 barrels (8,000 mł) of below-market-rate oil a day in exchange for the service of hundreds of physicians, teachers, and other professionals. (BBC) (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4035787.stm) The Ley de Tierras ("Land Law"), passed by decree in November 2001, created Plan Zamora to enact land reforms in Venezuelan agriculture: taxing unused landholdings, expropriating unused private lands (with compensation), and giving inheritable, unsellable land grants to small farmers and farm collectives. The rationale given for this program was that it would be part of generating "food security" for the country, a net food importer which has seen vast disinvestment in its rural areas since oil wealth was discovered. However, the eventual reach of such reforms is questioned as Venezuela has already near 90% of its population in urban settings. In early 2005 forced seizures were initiated against the law own provisions, dangerously politicizing the process of land redestribution. [edit] Media All of the five mainstream TV networks and most major mainstream newspapers oppose Chávez, but a small minority of the media is said to support him. Chávez claims the opposition media is controlled by the interests which oppose him, whereas the media accuse him of having intimidated journalists with his pronouncements and of allegedly sending gangs to threaten journalists with physical violence. In 2005, the Chávez government announced the creation of Telesur, a proposed Latin America-wide television network to compete with CNN en espańol and Univision. [edit] Labor Chávez has had a combative relationship with the nation's largest trade union confederation, the CTV, historically aligned with the Acción Democrática party. During December 2000 local elections, Chávez placed a referendum on the ballot to force internal elections within unions. The referendum, condemned by the International Labour Organisation (ILO) and International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU) as interference in internal union matters, passed by a large margin on very thin turnout. In the ensuing elections, Carlos Ortega declared victory and remained in office, whereas Chavista candidates declared fraud. The Union Nacional de los Trabajadores (UNT, National Workers' Union) is a pro-Chávez union federation which has been growing during Chávez's presidency, with some pro-Chávez unions disaffiliating with CTV because of their strident anti-Chávez activism and affiliating with the UNT. In 2003, Chávez sent UNT representatives to an ILO meeting, rather than CTV. On January 19, 2005, Chávez nationalized Venepal, a paper- and cardboard-manufacturing company at the request of its workers. The company had gone bankrupt and participation in the general lockout in 2003 was its final undoing. Workers occupied the factory and restarted production, but following a failed deal with management and amidst management threats to sell off equipment, Chávez ordered the nationalization, extended a line of credit, and ordered that the Venezuelan educational missions (see above) purchase paper products from the company. [edit] Socialism On 30 January, 2005 at the World Social Forum in Porto Alegre, Brazil, Chavez declared his support for democratic socialism, in his words "a new type of socialism, a humanist one, which puts humans and not machines or the state ahead of everything." [7] (http://www.venezuelanalysis.com/news.php?newsno=1486) He later reiterated this in a February 26 speech at the 4th Summit on the Social Debt held in Caracas. [8] (http://www.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/americas/02/25/venezuela.chavez.reut/) [edit] External links * "Hugo Chávez Frias' Landslide Victory" (http://montages.blogspot.com/2004/08/hugo-chvez-frias-landslide-victory.html) * Venezuelanalysis.com (http://www.venezuelanalysis.com/) * The Devil's Excrement (http://blogs.salon.com/0001330/) * Venezuela News and Views (http://daniel-venezuela.blogspot.com/) * Vcrisis.com (http://www.vcrisis.com/) * Letter from Venezuela (http://pliniocabrera.blogspot.com/) * January 15, 2004 State of the Union speech by Chávez (http://www.proveo.org/Chávezdiscurso.pdf) * Venezuelan Politics (http://vzlanpolitics.blogspot.com/) * "Hugo Chávez and Petro Populism" (http://www.thenation.com/doc.mhtml?i=20050411&s=parenti) * "Bonds That Bind: Argentina, Venezuela, and the US Current Account Deficit" (http://montages.blogspot.com/2005/03/bonds-that-bind-argentina-venezuela.html) * Documentary Film - The Revolution Will Not Be Televised (http://www.chavezthefilm.com/) Good Hope, Widya ------------------------ Yahoo! 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