On Wed, 5 Sep 2007, Yuelin Li wrote:
On a ubuntu linux computer (Feisty, i386), I compile R and additional
packages from source. The compiler is gcc 4.1.2.
The problem is, I can run sudo R and successfully compile all
packages (e.g., MASS, lattice) except rggobi. The error seems to be
in
I have exported a CSV file from my EXCEL worksheet and its last column
contained decimal values:
Subject;Group;Side;Difference;PercentError
M3;1;1;;
M5;1;1;375;18,75
M8;1;1;250;14,58
M10;1;1;500;12,50
M12;1;1;375;25,00
.
.
.
When I tried to do ANOVA test on it, R complained by givin error:
On 9/5/07, D. R. Evans [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
D. R. Evans said the following at 09/04/2007 04:14 PM :
I am 100% certain that there is an easy way to do this, but after
I have reconsidered this and now believe it to be essentially impossible
(or at the very least remarkably difficult)
On 9/6/07, Gustaf Rydevik [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
On 9/5/07, D. R. Evans [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
D. R. Evans said the following at 09/04/2007 04:14 PM :
I am 100% certain that there is an easy way to do this, but after
I have reconsidered this and now believe it to be essentially
Thank you very much, Professor Ripley!
I am using Windows 2000 and the intern=T argument of
system() did exactly what I needed: Now system()
returns the output of the external program as an
object.
Thanks again,
Werner
--- Gustaf Rydevik [EMAIL PROTECTED] schrieb:
On 9/4/07, Werner
Your data file has commas as the decimal point. Use read.csv2 for such
files.
What happened was that PercentError was read as a factor, and you can't do
ANOVA on factors. The warning
In addition: Warning message:
using type=numeric with a factor response will be ignored in:
Hello,
I thougth that there is a function which does the kendall test in R,
I writed on the console apropos(kendall) and I didn't found anything can you
tell me how could I do to use the kendall test?
Thanks.
_
Dear all,
When I use aggregate function as:
attach(warpbreaks)
aggregate(warpbreaks[, 1], list(wool = wool, tension = tension), sum)
The results are right but I get a warning message:
number of items to replace is not a multiple of replacement length.
BTW: I use R version 2.4.1 in Ubuntu 7.04.
Hi ,
I am trying to get the estimate of smooth functions from a gam model
by in the library(gam).
What I get by constructing this model below are edf. values ...and
p-values for the smooths functions and intercept.
model - gam(y~ s(height)+ s(weight)+s(time)+s(pol))
and I also get
On Thursday 06 September 2007 09:48:22 elyakhlifi mustapha wrote:
em I thougth that there is a function which does the kendall test in R,
em I writed on the console apropos(kendall) and I didn't found anything
em can you tell me how could I do to use the kendall test?
?cor.test
btw.:
On 06-Sep-07 06:55:36, Emre Sevinc wrote:
I have exported a CSV file from my EXCEL worksheet and its last column
contained decimal values:
Subject;Group;Side;Difference;PercentError
M3;1;1;;
M5;1;1;375;18,75
M8;1;1;250;14,58
M10;1;1;500;12,50
M12;1;1;375;25,00
.
.
.
When I tried
Xingwang Ye wrote:
Dear all,
When I use aggregate function as:
attach(warpbreaks)
aggregate(warpbreaks[, 1], list(wool = wool, tension = tension), sum)
The results are right but I get a warning message:
number of items to replace is not a multiple of replacement length.
BTW: I use R
Good afternoon!
I'm trying to use the survey package to get a better point of view for my
data, but i need some piece of advice:
i have some data from a survey which has been stratified using 2 criteria:
region(7 values), size of locality(5 values) Using the survey pakage how can i
[EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
I have created a list of matrices using sapply or lapply and wish to
extract each of the matrices as a matrix. Some of them are 2x2, 3x3, etc.
I can do this one at a time as:
M1-as.matrix(D[[1]])
How can repeat this process for an unknown number of entries in
Dear all,
I would like to know how can I order a data.frame with increasing the
dat$Interval (dat$Interval is a factor). There is an example below.
Original data.frame:
dat
Interval Number_reads
0-100 685
Stefan Grosse wrote:
On Thursday 06 September 2007 09:48:22 elyakhlifi mustapha wrote:
em I thougth that there is a function which does the kendall test in R,
em I writed on the console apropos(kendall) and I didn't found anything
em can you tell me how could I do to use the kendall test?
Bin Sun wrote:
I need to extract t-test statistics from glm(). For example,
Coefficients:
Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(|t|)
(Intercept) 46.219911.6310 3.974 0.000106 ***
Var1 1.0440 0.5948 1.755 0.081088 .
Var2 -0.4717
Monica Pisica pisicandru at hotmail.com writes:
Hi,
I have a matrix of data which i can vizualize as an image - for example.
I would like to save this image as a
geotiff file or at a tiff file with a world file which holds the projection
of my data (ultimately the data
represent a map
Hi,
I have a list named lista, which has 50 vectors and each vector has the
length about 1200. I would like to creat a matrix out of lista. What I try
now is cbind(lista[[1]],lista[[2]],...,lista[[50]]). I guess there would be
an easy way of doing this. Could anyone give me some advice?
--
livia wrote:
Hi,
I have a list named lista, which has 50 vectors and each vector has the
length about 1200. I would like to creat a matrix out of lista. What I try
now is cbind(lista[[1]],lista[[2]],...,lista[[50]]). I guess there would be
an easy way of doing this. Could anyone give me
On 9/6/07, João Fadista [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
I would like to know how can I order a data.frame with increasing the
dat$Interval (dat$Interval is a factor). There is an example below.
Original data.frame:
dat
Interval Number_reads
0-100
Mark W Kimpel wrote:
I am using heatmap with the arguments below. The title size stays the
same no matter what I set cex.main to. Is this expected? Can I adjust
the title size in heatmap?
Also, the position of the main title is at the very upper edge of the
output and if I use a \n to
Hi ,
I am trying to get the estimate of smooth functions from a gam model
by in the library(gam).
What I get by constructing this model below are edf. values ...and
p-values for the smooths functions and intercept.
model - gam(y~ s(height)+ s(weight)+s(time)+s(pol))
and I also get
Many thanks.
Uwe Ligges wrote:
livia wrote:
Hi,
I have a list named lista, which has 50 vectors and each vector has the
length about 1200. I would like to creat a matrix out of lista. What I
try
now is cbind(lista[[1]],lista[[2]],...,lista[[50]]). I guess there would
be
an easy
Paul Smith wrote:
On 9/6/07, João Fadista [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
I would like to know how can I order a data.frame with increasing the
dat$Interval (dat$Interval is a factor). There is an example below.
Original data.frame:
dat
Interval
Hi,
I want to read a ascii-file using the function read.table.
With 'skip' and 'nrows' I can select the rows to read from this file.
Is there a way to select columns (in the selected rows)?
Thanks,
Ingo
__
R-help@stat.math.ethz.ch mailing list
Ingo Holz wrote:
Hi,
I want to read a ascii-file using the function read.table.
With 'skip' and 'nrows' I can select the rows to read from this file.
Is there a way to select columns (in the selected rows)?
Yes, use the colClasses argument.
(I won't rewrite the help page here; I
?cor perhaps
--- elyakhlifi mustapha [EMAIL PROTECTED]
wrote:
Hello,
I thougth that there is a function which does the
kendall test in R,
I writed on the console apropos(kendall) and I
didn't found anything can you tell me how could I do
to use the kendall test?
Thanks.
Good afternoon!
I'm trying to use the Survey package for a stratified sample which has 4
criteria on which the stratification is based. I would like to get the
corrected weights and for every element i get a weight of 1
E.g: tipping
design - svydesign (id=~1, strata= ~regiune
Hello R-helpers,
I'm trying to add labels to points in xyplot graphs, but I want lo label only
those points which have a certain level of my grouping variable, and have
encountered a few problems.
An example dataframe that goes with the following code is at the end of this
message.
1st step,
Hello everybody, has anyone got a function for smooth monotonic interpolation
(splines ...) of a univariate function (like a distribution function for
example) ?
Thanks everybody.
--
View this message in context:
http://www.nabble.com/Monotonic-interpolation-tf4392288.html#a12522970
Sent from
Thank you for sharing your experience.
The example data I used is from help for by function, so every one
could have a try.
After using $, the warning message disappeared:
aggregate(warbreaks[,1], list(wool = warbreaks$wool,
tension=warbreaks$tension),sum)
Another approach may be to restart
Try this:
do.call(cbind, lista)
On 9/6/07, livia [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
Hi,
I have a list named lista, which has 50 vectors and each vector has the
length about 1200. I would like to creat a matrix out of lista. What I try
now is cbind(lista[[1]],lista[[2]],...,lista[[50]]). I guess
Le jeu. 6 sept. à 09:45, excalibur a écrit :
Hello everybody, has anyone got a function for smooth monotonic
interpolation
(splines ...) of a univariate function (like a distribution
function for
example) ?
approxfun() might be what your looking for.
Le jeu. 6 sept. à 09:45, excalibur a écrit :
Hello everybody, has anyone got a function for smooth monotonic
interpolation
(splines ...) of a univariate function (like a distribution
function for
example) ?
approxfun() might be what your looking for.
Is the result of approxfun()
RSiteSearch(monotone, restr=func) will give you several packages and
functions for monotone smoothing, including the isoreg() function in the
standard stats package. You can determine if any of these does what you
want.
Bert Gunter
Genetech Nonclinical Statistics
-Original Message-
Not if Mr. excalibur really want interpolating (as oppose to
smooting) splines. Other than linear, I'm not even sure if
it can be done (though I'm no expert on this).
One possibility is to use the cobs package and play with
the amount of smoothing...
Andy
From: Bert Gunter
You might look at the monotone fitting available in the rqss()
function of the quantreg package.
url:www.econ.uiuc.edu/~rogerRoger Koenker
email[EMAIL PROTECTED]Department of Economics
vox: 217-333-4558University of Illinois
fax:
Or something like:
R do.call(paste, c(expand.grid(LETTERS[1:3], 1:3), sep=))
[1] A1 B1 C1 A2 B2 C2 A3 B3 C3
(The ordering is bit different, but that shouldn't matter.)
Andy
From: Dimitris Rizopoulos
try this:
paste(rep(LETTERS[1:3], each = 3), 1:3, sep = )
Best,
Dimitris
Or:
sort(levels(interaction(LETTERS[1:3], 1:3, sep = )))
[1] A1 A2 A3 B1 B2 B3 C1 C2 C3
Marc
On Thu, 2007-09-06 at 11:46 -0400, Liaw, Andy wrote:
Or something like:
R do.call(paste, c(expand.grid(LETTERS[1:3], 1:3), sep=))
[1] A1 B1 C1 A2 B2 C2 A3 B3 C3
(The ordering is bit different,
See the example in ?save on how to set defaults via options().
Andy
From: Gabor Grothendieck
You could try saving prior to quitting in the future if you
want to try
those arguments.
On 9/3/07, Paul August [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
Thanks for sharing your experience. In my case, the
Servien remi ([EMAIL PROTECTED]) wrote:
I want to use splines to estimate a function but i want to force the
interpolation to be monotone. Is this possible with R ?
There are a few options. You can use mono.con in mgcv (see the example code in
?pcls), or smooth.monotone in fda. In both of
Similar story with gene names.
I have a few genes such as SEP7, SEP10... if the file is touched by
Excel, they're gone!
I can avoid using Excel, but I can't be sure that when I receive a
file from somebody else it will not contain that sort of errors.
The first thing I do when I get a new
Quoting Robert A LaBudde [EMAIL PROTECTED]:
If you format the column as Text, you won't have this problem. By
leaving the cells as General, you leave it up to Excel to guess at
the correct interpretation.
You will note that the conversion to a date occurs immediately in
Excel when you enter
Quoting J Dougherty [EMAIL PROTECTED]:
On Monday 27 August 2007 22:21, David Scott wrote:
On Tue, 28 Aug 2007, Robert A LaBudde wrote:
If you format the column as Text, you won't have this problem. By
leaving the cells as General, you leave it up to Excel to guess at
the correct
On my version of Excel (Excel 2007 under Vista) using
File | Open on a file, a.txt such as:
a b
sep7 10
sep10 11
causes it to enter a wizard where it asks you for the delimiters and
column types so you can change it from what it offers as the default.
In particular, if you leave it at General it
I mainly program in Common Lisp and use R for statistical analysis.
While in R I miss the power and ease of use of Lisp, especially its many
primitives such as find, member, cond, and (perhaps a bridge too far)
loop.
Has anyone created a package that includes R analogs to a subset of Lisp
Yes, and then you save it, you open it again... same behaviour.
The only way I found around it was to insert a character at the
beginning of every element in such columns. An apostrophe works, but
it looks ugly. Yes, when loading the data in R you could easily clean
it up automatically...
That is not what happens in Excel 2007 when I tried it just now. I tried
saving the same file I displayed in my prior message as an .xls file and
as an .xlsx file and in both cases the first column came back as text,
as I had specified to the Wizard on the initial import. I guess they fixed
the
Dear R-users,
I have encountered the following problem every now and then. But I was
dealing with a very small dataset before, so it wasn't a problem (I
just edited the dataset in Openoffice speadsheet). This time I have to
deal with many large datasets containing commuting flow data. I
Reduce, Filter and Map are part of R 2.6.0. Try ?Reduce
On 9/6/07, Chris Elsaesser [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
I mainly program in Common Lisp and use R for statistical analysis.
While in R I miss the power and ease of use of Lisp, especially its many
primitives such as find, member, cond, and
Hi,
Doing more search i've discovered package RGDAL that can write a geotiff file
with projection. I saved a geotiff file in UTM projection and if i read the
file back in R and check the projection seems that everything is OK. But if i
load the file in ArcGIS (ESRI product) i get the warning
See ?count.fields to get a vector of how many fields are on each line.
Also fill = TRUE on read.table() can be used to fill out short lines if
that is appropriate.
On 9/6/07, [EMAIL PROTECTED] [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
Dear R-users,
I have encountered the following problem every now and then.
[EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
Dear R-users,
I have encountered the following problem every now and then. But I was
dealing with a very small dataset before, so it wasn't a problem (I
just edited the dataset in Openoffice speadsheet). This time I have to
deal with many large datasets containing
Thank you very much for help. I am learning R every day
Taka
Quoting Peter Dalgaard [EMAIL PROTECTED]:
[EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
Dear R-users,
I have encountered the following problem every now and then. But I
was dealing with a very small dataset before, so it wasn't a problem
(I just
See ?print
and try getOption('digits')
and try print(a, digits=10)
Best wishes,
Mark
P.S. Your number is internally correct, but the default print() will
round numbers for display. You can change this option if you need to.
On 06/09/07, Monica Pisica [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
Hi,
I am
?options
Look at the entry on 'digits'. Does that fix the problem? If not, give
a little more detail on what you are doing.
--
Gregory (Greg) L. Snow Ph.D.
Statistical Data Center
Intermountain Healthcare
[EMAIL PROTECTED]
(801) 408-8111
-Original Message-
From: [EMAIL
On 9/6/07, GOUACHE David [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
Hello R-helpers,
I'm trying to add labels to points in xyplot graphs, but I want lo label only
those points which have a certain level of my grouping variable, and have
encountered a few problems.
An example dataframe that goes with the
Not all of us are familiar with lisp (I have done a little, but not
enough to really understand what you are asking). If you tell us what
find, member, cond, and loop do, or what functionality you are looking
for, then we will have a better chance of telling you how to do the same
in R.
Just
Hi All,
I can't get text to print on a boxplot using the 'text' command. 'mtext'
works, but not 'text'. Is it a matter of boxplots being drawn over text?
Pointers appreciated.
TIA,
YVes
--
View this message in context:
http://www.nabble.com/text-in-boxplots-tf4394528.html#a12530892
Sent
It works for me:
boxplot( split(state.x77[,'Frost'], state.region) )
text( 1:4, -5, rep('test',4), col='green' )
Show us what you tried and maybe we can be of more help,
--
Gregory (Greg) L. Snow Ph.D.
Statistical Data Center
Intermountain Healthcare
[EMAIL PROTECTED]
(801) 408-8111
Hi there,
I have a question on cross over design. There are 3 treatments, each
with 3 dose levels, a total of 27 treatment combinations. Each
treatment combination is given to a subject in 1 day. However, we can
only keep each subject for 9 days, i.e. each subject can have only
take 9
If I use your code, I don't get the error.
Maybe you stripped your code to create a minimal, self-contained,
reproducible code?
Perhaps in your original code, you store the result of the aggragate
function in a dataframe of a different size than the results?
Bart
felix-36 wrote:
Dear
Hi,
I am sure there is a reason but .. why larger decimal numbers get rounded
to the nearest integer?
Example:
a - 3308000.5
a
[1] 3308001
I would like my numbers to be decimals since they do represent coordinates
and i don't want them rounded how can i keep them as they
Dear friends.
I use nls() and encounter the following puzzling problem:
I have a function f(a,b,c,x), I have a data vector of x and a vectory y of
realized value of f.
Case1
I tried to estimate c with (a=0.3, b=0.5) fixed:
nls(y~f(a,b,c,x), control=list(maxiter = 10, minFactor=0.5
The first version of the package plink has been uploaded to CRAN.
plink is a package for conducting unidimensional IRT scaling and chain
linking for multiple groups for single-format or mixed-format common
items. The package supports eight IRT models and four calibration
methods.
Dichotomous
Hi R-ers:
I need to compute the distance between 2 street addresses in either km
or miles. I do not care if the distance is a shortest driving route or
if it is as the crow flies.
Does anybody know how to do this? Can it be done in R? I have thousands
of addresses, so I think that Mapquest is
In case 1 graph your function and then use optimize rather than nls.
In case 2 a and b may have the same effect as c on f whereas they
don't vary in case 1 so it does not matter. For example consider
minimizing f - function(a, b) (a + b)^2 If a is fixed at zero then
the minimum occurs for b=0
[Chris Elsaesser]
I mainly program in Common Lisp and use R for statistical analysis.
While in R I miss the power and ease of use of Lisp, especially its
many primitives such as find, member, cond, and (perhaps a bridge too
far) loop. Has anyone created a package that includes R analogs
On 06-Sep-07 18:42:32, Philip James Smith wrote:
Hi R-ers:
I need to compute the distance between 2 street addresses in
either km or miles. I do not care if the distance is a shortest
driving route or if it is as the crow flies.
Does anybody know how to do this? Can it be done in R? I
On 06/09/2007 6:17 PM, (Ted Harding) wrote:
On 06-Sep-07 18:42:32, Philip James Smith wrote:
Hi R-ers:
I need to compute the distance between 2 street addresses in
either km or miles. I do not care if the distance is a shortest
driving route or if it is as the crow flies.
Does anybody know
On 9/6/07, Rolf Turner [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
On 7/09/2007, at 10:17 AM, (Ted Harding) wrote:
On 06-Sep-07 18:42:32, Philip James Smith wrote:
Hi R-ers:
I need to compute the distance between 2 street addresses in
either km or miles. I do not care if the distance is a shortest
-Original Message-
From: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
[mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] On Behalf Of Duncan Murdoch
Sent: Thursday, September 06, 2007 4:54 PM
To: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Cc: r-help@stat.math.ethz.ch; Philip James Smith
Subject: Re: [R] computing distance in miles or km between 2
street
Thank you for your useful response. I will study it carefully.
Best regards,
Phil Smith
(Ted Harding) wrote:
On 06-Sep-07 18:42:32, Philip James Smith wrote:
Hi R-ers:
I need to compute the distance between 2 street addresses in
either km or miles. I do not care if the distance is a
On Thu, 2007-09-06 at 16:40 -0700, Henrik Bengtsson wrote:
On 9/6/07, Rolf Turner [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
On 7/09/2007, at 10:17 AM, (Ted Harding) wrote:
On 06-Sep-07 18:42:32, Philip James Smith wrote:
Hi R-ers:
I need to compute the distance between 2 street addresses in
I'm slowly clearing my back-log of r-help messages...
Please see reply inline below.
Andy
From: Mathe, Ewy (NIH/NCI) [F]
Hello,
I am trying to explore the use of random forests for
classification and
am certain about the interpretation of the importance measurements.
When
If I have a contourplot (in the lattice package) and I want to add
straight lines to it, how do I do this?
I see that there are llines() and lsegement() functions for lattice
plots, but they don't seem to do anything in this case:
library(lattice)
library(KernSmooth)
x=rnorm(1)
On Thu, 6 Sep 2007, Nordlund, Dan (DSHS/RDA) wrote:
-Original Message-
From: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
[mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] On Behalf Of Duncan Murdoch
Sent: Thursday, September 06, 2007 4:54 PM
To: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Cc: r-help@stat.math.ethz.ch; Philip James Smith
Subject: Re: [R]
On 9/6/07, Ted Harding [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
On 06-Sep-07 18:42:32, Philip James Smith wrote:
Hi R-ers:
I need to compute the distance between 2 street addresses in
either km or miles. I do not care if the distance is a shortest
driving route or if it is as the crow flies.
Does
Hello,
I have a peculiar problem which I am hoping I can get help on.
I am using the write.csv command to write a matrix structure to a file,
which I later read in excel. The command works quite well for most strings
and numerical values in the matrix structure.
However, I have found that
On 9/5/07, [EMAIL PROTECTED] [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
Dear All:
I need to have some data frame objects.
First aa object:
pH Formulation time Subject
[1]1.2 F 0 1
[2]7.4 S 1 2
[3]MF 2 3
[4] 3 4
[5]
No one seemed to have picked up on this, so I'll take a stab:
You need to read para and meta into R as factors, and if you want the
coefficients to match the way you showed, you also need to take care that the
factor levels are in the same order as you showed in the coefficient table.
I
observation %in% ID
b
On Sep 7, 2007, at 1:40 AM, Takatsugu Kobayashi wrote:
Hi RUsers,
I am wonder if I can search observations whose IDs matches any of the
values in another vector, such as in MySQL. While I am learing
MySQL for
future database management, I appreciate if anyone could
Hi RUsers,
I am wonder if I can search observations whose IDs matches any of the
values in another vector, such as in MySQL. While I am learing MySQL for
future database management, I appreciate if anyone could give me a hint.
Suppose I have one 5*1 vector containing observation IDs and
To learn more about panel functions see the help page for xyplot and especially
the panel argument.
You can get what you want by
contourplot(z~x*y,data=grid,region=T,
col.regions=gray(seq(1,0,len=255)),
colorkey=T,cuts=50,contour=F,
panel =
Dear UseRs,
I would like to know which function is the most efficient in finding
convex hull of points in 3(or 2)-dimensional case?
Functions for finding convex hull is the following:
convex.hull (tripack), chull (grDevices), in.chull (sgeostat),
convhulln (geometry), convexhull.xy
What software are you using, exactly? I'm the maintainer of the
randomForest package, yet I do not know which manual you are quoting.
If you are using the randomForest package, the model object can be saved
to a file by save(Rfobject, file=myRFobject.rda). If you need that to
be in ascii, use
There is a well-known (greeedy) algorithm due to Dijkstra for choosing the
shortest path = minimum weight path on a weighted digraph between two
vertices. I'm sure numerous open source versions of this are available.
optim() is not relevant.
Bert Gunter
Genentech Nonclinical Statistics
On 7/09/2007, at 10:17 AM, (Ted Harding) wrote:
On 06-Sep-07 18:42:32, Philip James Smith wrote:
Hi R-ers:
I need to compute the distance between 2 street addresses in
either km or miles. I do not care if the distance is a shortest
driving route or if it is as the crow flies.
Does
François Pinard wrote:
I wonder what happened, for R to hide the underlying Scheme so fully, at
least at the level of the surface language (despite there are hints).
As far as I understood, the original version of Ihaka/Gentleman was
written in Scheme. But even if you look at the source
On 06/09/2007 7:36 PM, Roland Rau wrote:
François Pinard wrote:
I wonder what happened, for R to hide the underlying Scheme so fully, at
least at the level of the surface language (despite there are hints).
As far as I understood, the original version of Ihaka/Gentleman was
written in
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