Re: [R] Fitting models in a loop
Murray, How about creating an empty list and filling it during your loop: mod - list() for (i in 1:6) { mod[[i]] - lm(y ~ poly(x,i)) print(summary(mod[[i]])) } All your models are than stored in one object and you can use lapply to do something on them, like: lapply(mod, summary) or lapply(mod, coef) Kind Regards Markus Gesmann FPMA Lloyd's Market Analysis Lloyd's * One Lime Street * London * EC3M 7HA Telephone +44 (0)20 7327 6472 Facsimile +44 (0)20 7327 5718 http://www.lloyds.com -Original Message- From: [EMAIL PROTECTED] [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] On Behalf Of [EMAIL PROTECTED] Sent: 01 August 2006 06:16 To: [EMAIL PROTECTED]; r-help@stat.math.ethz.ch Subject: Re: [R] Fitting models in a loop Murray, Here is a general paradigm I tend to use for such problems. It extends to fairly general model sequences, including different responses, c First a couple of tiny, tricky but useful functions: subst - function(Command, ...) do.call(substitute, list(Command, list(...))) abut - function(...) ## jam things tightly together do.call(paste, c(lapply(list(...), as.character), sep = )) Name - function(...) as.name(do.call(abut, list(...))) Now the gist. fitCommand - quote({ MODELi - lm(y ~ poly(x, degree = i), theData) print(summary(MODELi)) }) for(i in 1:6) { thisCommand - subst(fitCommand, MODELi = Name(model_, i), i = i) print(thisCommand) ## only as a check eval(thisCommand) } At this point you should have the results and objects(pat = ^model_) should list the fitted model objects, all of which can be updated, summarised, plotted, c, because the information on their construction is all embedded in the call. Bill. -Original Message- From: [EMAIL PROTECTED] [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] On Behalf Of Murray Jorgensen Sent: Tuesday, 1 August 2006 2:09 PM To: r-help@stat.math.ethz.ch Subject: [R] Fitting models in a loop If I want to display a few polynomial regression fits I can do something like for (i in 1:6) { mod - lm(y ~ poly(x,i)) print(summary(mod)) } Suppose that I don't want to over-write the fitted model objects, though. How do I create a list of blank fitted model objects for later use in a loop? Murray Jorgensen -- Dr Murray Jorgensen http://www.stats.waikato.ac.nz/Staff/maj.html Department of Statistics, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand Email: [EMAIL PROTECTED]Fax 7 838 4155 Phone +64 7 838 4773 wkHome +64 7 825 0441Mobile 021 1395 862 __ R-help@stat.math.ethz.ch mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code. __ R-help@stat.math.ethz.ch mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code. ** The information in this E-Mail and in any attachments is CON...{{dropped}} __ R-help@stat.math.ethz.ch mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.
Re: [R] trim function in R
See ?substr and ?nchar Try: substr(Hello World, 0, nchar(Hello World)-2) Regards Markus Gesmann FPMA Lloyd's Market Analysis Lloyd's * One Lime Street * London * EC3M 7HA Telephone +44 (0)20 7327 6472 Facsimile +44 (0)20 7327 5718 http://www.lloyds.com -Original Message- From: [EMAIL PROTECTED] [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] On Behalf Of Wade Wall Sent: 24 July 2006 14:42 To: r-help@stat.math.ethz.ch Subject: [R] trim function in R Hi all, I am looking for a function in R to trim the last two characters of an 8 character string in a vector. For example, I have the codes 37-079-2, 370079-3,37-079-8 and want to trim them to 37-079 by removing the last two characters. Is sub the correct function to use, and if so how can I specify trimming the last 2 characters? I have read the help file, but can't quite figure out how to do it. Thanks, Wade __ R-help@stat.math.ethz.ch mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code. ** The information in this E-Mail and in any attachments is CON...{{dropped}} __ R-help@stat.math.ethz.ch mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.
Re: [R] about overdispersed poisson model
Dear Chi Kai, Three years ago there was a similar thread. At that time David Firth offered a solution for the quasipoission problem with negative observations, see: http://finzi.psych.upenn.edu/R/Rhelp02a/archive/16143.html I remember that his code gave you slightly different answers than the example in England and Verrall's paper. Kind Regards Markus Gesmann FPMA Lloyd's Market Analysis Lloyd's * One Lime Street * London * EC3M 7HA Telephone +44 (0)20 7327 6472 Facsimile +44 (0)20 7327 5718 http://www.lloyds.com -Original Message- From: [EMAIL PROTECTED] [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] On Behalf Of g0354502 Sent: 10 July 2006 05:26 To: r-help@stat.math.ethz.ch Subject: [R] about overdispersed poisson model Dear R users I have been looking for functions that can deal with overdispersed poisson models. According to actuarial literature (England Verall, Stochastic Claims Reserving in General Insurance , Institute of Actiuaries 2002) this can be handled through the use of quasi likelihoods instead of normal likelihoods. However, we see them frequently in this type of data, and we would like to be able to fit the model anyway. If it is possible, would you please show me how to find the corresponding package and utilize them? Best Regards, Chi Kai ** The information in this E-Mail and in any attachments is CON...{{dropped}} __ R-help@stat.math.ethz.ch mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide! http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html
Re: [R] The beautiful math plot
See: ?image Markus Gesmann FPMA Lloyd's Market Analysis Lloyd's * One Lime Street * London * EC3M 7HA Telephone +44 (0)20 7327 6472 Facsimile +44 (0)20 7327 5718 http://www.lloyds.com -Original Message- From: [EMAIL PROTECTED] [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] On Behalf Of Daniel Yang Sent: 26 April 2006 13:39 To: R-help@stat.math.ethz.ch Subject: [R] The beautiful math plot Dear R-help, How can I replicate the beautiful math plot found in the right-hand side of http://www.r-project.org/screenshots/desktop.jpg? I tried the following code but didn't obtain something as beautiful. r - seq(-10, 10, len=100) y - cos(r^2)*exp(-r/6) par(pty=s) plot(r,y,type=l) Thanks in advance! Yung-jui Yang [[alternative HTML version deleted]] __ R-help@stat.math.ethz.ch mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide! http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html ** The information in this E-Mail and in any attachments is CON...{{dropped}} __ R-help@stat.math.ethz.ch mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide! http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html
Re: [R] footnote in postscript lattice
Here is one example using the page option in xyplot: library(lattice) library(grid) add.footnote - function(string=Hello World, col=grey, lineheight=0.5, cex=0.7){ grid.text(string, x=unit(1, npc) - unit(1, mm), y=unit(1, mm), just=c(right, bottom), gp=gpar(col=col,lineheight=lineheight, cex=cex)) } xyplot(1~1, page=function(n){ add.footnote()}) Markus Gesmann FPMA Lloyd's Market Analysis Lloyd's * One Lime Street * London * EC3M 7HA Telephone +44 (0)20 7327 6472 Facsimile +44 (0)20 7327 5718 http://www.lloyds.com -Original Message- From: [EMAIL PROTECTED] [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] On Behalf Of Dean Sonneborn Sent: 26 January 2006 23:46 To: r-help@stat.math.ethz.ch Subject: [R] footnote in postscript lattice I would like to add a footnote to this graph but do not see a footnote command in the package:lattice documentation. I would like to note the span=.8 as the footnote. postscript(file= C:/Documents and Settings/dsonneborn/My Documents/Slovak/output/pcb_tables/smooth_PCB_lines_four.ps, bg=transparent, onefile=FALSE, pointsize=20,paper=letter, horizontal=TRUE, family=Helvetica,font=Helvetica) xyplot(AWGT ~ lipid_adj_lpcb2_cent | malex*romanix, data=pcb_graph3, auto.key = list(lines = TRUE, points = TRUE), ylab=Birth Weight, xlab=Lipid Adjusted PCB, par.settings = list(superpose.symbol = list(col = colr, pch = plotchar), superpose.line = list(col = colr, pch = plotchar, lty = 1)), type=c(p, smooth), span=.8) dev.off() thanks -- Dean Sonneborn, MS Programmer Analyst Department of Public Health Sciences University of California, Davis (530) 754-9516 __ R-help@stat.math.ethz.ch mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide! http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html LNSCNTMCS01*** The information in this E-Mail and in any attachments is CON...{{dropped}} __ R-help@stat.math.ethz.ch mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide! http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html
[R] change some levels of a factor column in data frame according to a condition
Dear R-users, I am looking for an elegant way to change some levels of a factor column in data frame according to a condition. Lets look at the following data frame: data.frame(crit1=gl(2,5), crit2=factor(letters[1:10]), x=rnorm(10)) crit1 crit2 x 1 1 a -1.06957692 2 1 b 0.24368402 3 1 c -0.24958322 4 1 d -1.37577955 5 1 e -0.01713288 6 2 f -1.25203573 7 2 g -1.94348533 8 2 h -0.16041719 9 2 i -1.91572616 10 2 j -0.20256478 Now I would like to find for each level in crit1 the two smallest values of x and change the levels of crit2 to small, so the result would look like this: crit1 crit2 x 1 1 small -1.06957692 2 1 b 0.24368402 3 1 c -0.24958322 4 1 small -1.37577955 5 1 e -0.01713288 6 2 f -1.25203573 7 2 small -1.94348533 8 2 h -0.16041719 9 2 small -1.91572616 10 2 j -0.20256478 Thank you for advice! Markus Gesmann LNSCNTMCS01*** The information in this E-Mail and in any attachments is CON...{{dropped}} __ R-help@stat.math.ethz.ch mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide! http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html
RE: [R] GLM question
It appears that you try to do some insurance reserving analysis. Have a look at http://finzi.psych.upenn.edu/R/Rhelp02a/archive/15315.html, this might be helpful. Regards Markus -Original Message- From: [EMAIL PROTECTED] [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] On Behalf Of Laetitia Mestdagh Sent: 31 May 2005 14:44 To: r-help@stat.math.ethz.ch Subject: [R] GLM question I am unfamiliar with R and I'm trying to do few statistical things like GLM and GAM with it. I hope my following questions will be clear enough: My datas ( y(i,j ))are run off triangles for example : J=1 J=2 J=3 I=1 1 2 3 I=2 4 5 I=3 6 My model is : E[y(i,j)] =m(i,j) Var[y(i,j)] =constant *m(i,j) Log(m(i,j)) = eta (i,j) eta (i,j) = c + alpha(i) + beta(j) The y(i,j) are the response and they have no specified distribution. Here is what I did and I'm not getting the right results: y1-c(1,0,0,0,0) y2-c(1,0,0,1,0) y3-c(1,0,0,0,1) y4-c(1,1,0,0,0) y5-c(1,1,0,1,0) y6-c(1,0,1,0,0) C-matrix(nrow = 6, ncol = 5, byrow= TRUE) C[1,]-y1 C[2,]-y2 C[3,]-y3 C[4,]-y4 C[5,]-y5 C[6,]-x6 m-c(1,2,3,4,5,6) Cdata-data.frame(C[,1],C[,2],C[,3],C[,4],C[,5]) fmp-glm(m~C,family = quasipoisson(link = log),data=Cdata) fitted.values(fmp) 123456 1.25 1.75 3.00 3.75 5.25 6.00 So my question are : - Why are the fitted wrong (except for 3 and 6)? - Is the quasipoisson the right family for my model? I am a little bit lost and not an expert of R, so I thank in advance for any kind of advice Laetitia - ils, photos et vidéos ! [[alternative HTML version deleted]] __ R-help@stat.math.ethz.ch mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide! http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html LNSCNTMCS01*** The information in this E-Mail and in any attachments is CON...{{dropped}} __ R-help@stat.math.ethz.ch mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide! http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html
RE: [R] R -SQL
Your code looks more like Visual Basic rather than R. What you want is: for(j in 1:length(criteria$Title)){ sqlstring - paste(select q.type,crit.Title, r.Value from criteria crit, reply r,question_reply qr, question q, question_criteria qc, form_question fq where qr.reply=r.ID and qr.question=q.ID and qc.question=q.ID and crit.ID=qc.criteria and fq.question=q.ID and fq.form=4 and crit.Title=', criteria$Title[j], ';, sep=) graphe_par-sqlQuery(channel,sqlstring) } See ?paste Regards Markus Your SQL statement seems to be wrong. -Original Message- From: [EMAIL PROTECTED] [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] On Behalf Of Navarre Sabine Sent: 18 May 2005 13:03 To: r-help@stat.math.ethz.ch Subject: [R] R -SQL Hello, I've got a problem in a sql query! for(j in 1:length(criteria$Title)) { graphe_par-sqlQuery(channel,select q.type,crit.Title, r.Value from criteria crit, reply r,question_reply qr, question q, question_criteria qc, form_question fq where qr.reply=r.ID and qr.question=q.ID and qc.question=q.ID and crit.ID=qc.criteria and fq.question=q.ID and fq.form=4 and crit.Title= criteria$Title[j] ;) } criteria$Title [1] Content Logistic Trainer Supply User contribution Levels: Content Logistic Supply Trainer User contribution The error is: Error in select q.type,crit.Title, r.Value from criteria crit, reply r,question_reply qr, question q, question_criteria qc, form_question fq where qr.reply=r.ID and qr.question=q.ID and qc.question=q.ID and crit.ID=qc.criteria and fq.question=q.ID and fq.form=4 and crit.Title= : operations are possible only for numeric or logical types In addition: Warning message: not meaningful for factors in: Ops.factor(select q.type,crit.Title, r.Value from criteria crit, reply r,question_reply qr, question q, question_criteria qc, form_question fq where qr.reply=r.ID and qr.question=q.ID and qc.question=q.ID and crit.ID=qc.criteria and fq.question=q.ID and fq.form=4 and crit.Title=, please help me, Thanks a lot! Sabine - ils, photos et vidéos ! [[alternative HTML version deleted]] __ R-help@stat.math.ethz.ch mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide! http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html LNSCNTMCS01*** The information in this E-Mail and in any attachments is CON...{{dropped}} __ R-help@stat.math.ethz.ch mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide! http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html
[R] Legend in xyplot two columns
Dear R-Help I have some trouble to set the legend in a xyplot into two rows. The code below gives me the legend in the layout I am looking for, I just rather have it in two rows. library(lattice) schluessel - list( points=list( col=red, pch=19, cex=0.5 ), text=list(lab=John), lines=list(col=blue), text=list(lab=Paul), lines=list(col=green), text=list(lab=George), lines=list(col=orange), text=list(lab=Ringo), rectangles = list(col= #CC, border=FALSE), text=list(lab=The Beatles), ) xyplot(1~1, key=schluessel) The next code gives me two rows, but repeates all the points,lines, and rectangles. schluessel2 - list( points=list( col=red, pch=19, cex=0.5 ), lines=list(col=c(blue, green, orange)), rectangles = list(col= #CC, border=FALSE), text=list(lab=c(John,Paul,George,Ringo, The Beatles)), columns=3, ) xyplot(1~1, key=schluessel2) So I think each list has to have 6 items, but some with no content. How do I do this? Thank you very much! Markus LNSCNTMCS01*** The information in this E-Mail and in any attachments is CON...{{dropped}} __ R-help@stat.math.ethz.ch mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide! http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html
Re: [R] Legend in xyplot two columns
Thanks Deepayan! Your solution does excatly what I want. Further experiments and thoughts on my side brought me also to a solution. If I use the option rep=FALSE, and plot the bullit with lines and split the lines argument into two groups it gives me the same result, as every item in the key list starts a new column. library(lattice) key - list( rep=FALSE, lines=list(col=c(red, blue), type=c(p,l), pch=19), text=list(lab=c(John,Paul)), lines=list(col=c(green, red), type=c(l, l)), text=list(lab=c(George,Ringo)), rectangles = list(col= #CC, border=FALSE), text=list(lab=The Beatles), ) xyplot(1~1, key=key) But your solution is much more felxible! Kind Regards Markus -Original Message- LNSCNTMCS01*** The information in this E-Mail and in any attachments is CONFIDENTIAL and may be privileged. If you are NOT the intended recipient, please destroy this message and notify the sender immediately. You should NOT retain, copy or use this E-mail for any purpose, nor disclose all or any part of its contents to any other person or persons. Any views expressed in this message are those of the individual sender, EXCEPT where the sender specifically states them to be the views of Lloyd's. Lloyd's may monitor the content of E-mails sent and received via its network for viruses or unauthorised use and for other lawful business purposes. Lloyd's is authorised under the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 From: Deepayan Sarkar [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] Sent: 14 April 2005 16:01 To: r-help@stat.math.ethz.ch Cc: Gesmann, Markus Subject: Re: [R] Legend in xyplot two columns On Thursday 14 April 2005 05:30, Gesmann, Markus wrote: Dear R-Help I have some trouble to set the legend in a xyplot into two rows. The code below gives me the legend in the layout I am looking for, I just rather have it in two rows. library(lattice) schluessel - list( points=list( col=red, pch=19, cex=0.5 ), text=list(lab=John), lines=list(col=blue), text=list(lab=Paul), lines=list(col=green), text=list(lab=George), lines=list(col=orange), text=list(lab=Ringo), rectangles = list(col= #CC, border=FALSE), text=list(lab=The Beatles), ) xyplot(1~1, key=schluessel) The next code gives me two rows, but repeates all the points,lines, and rectangles. schluessel2 - list( points=list( col=red, pch=19, cex=0.5 ), lines=list(col=c(blue, green, orange)), rectangles = list(col= #CC, border=FALSE), text=list(lab=c(John,Paul,George,Ringo, The Beatles)), columns=3, ) xyplot(1~1, key=schluessel2) So I think each list has to have 6 items, but some with no content. How do I do this? You could try using col=transparent to suppress things, but that's not a very satisfactory solution. The function to create the key is simply not designed to create unstructured legends like this. However, you can create an use an arbitrary ``grob'' (grid graphics object) for a legend, e.g.: ##- library(grid) library(lattice) fl - grid.layout(nrow = 2, ncol = 6, heights = unit(rep(1, 2), lines), widths = unit(c(2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1), c(cm, strwidth, cm, strwidth, cm, strwidth), data = list(NULL, John, NULL, George, NULL, The Beatles))) foo - frameGrob(layout = fl) foo - placeGrob(foo, pointsGrob(.5, .5, pch=19, gp = gpar(col=red, cex=0.5)), row = 1, col = 1) foo - placeGrob(foo, linesGrob(c(0.2, 0.8), c(.5, .5), gp = gpar(col=blue)), row = 2, col = 1) foo - placeGrob(foo, linesGrob(c(0.2, 0.8), c(.5, .5), gp = gpar(col=green)), row = 1, col = 3) foo - placeGrob(foo, linesGrob(c(0.2, 0.8), c(.5, .5), gp = gpar(col=orange)), row = 2, col = 3) foo - placeGrob(foo, rectGrob(width = 0.6, gp = gpar(col=#CC, fill = #CC)), row = 1, col = 5) foo - placeGrob(foo, textGrob(lab = John), row = 1, col = 2) foo - placeGrob(foo, textGrob(lab = Paul), row = 2, col = 2) foo - placeGrob(foo, textGrob(lab = George), row = 1, col = 4) foo - placeGrob(foo
RE: [R] 'pch' plot symbol with more than one character
This might do what you want: plot.new() plot.window(xlim=c(1,10), ylim=c(1,10)) text(x=1:10, y=1:10, labels=Hallo) Look at ?text Regards Markus -Original Message- From: [EMAIL PROTECTED] [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] On Behalf Of Luis Ridao Cruz Sent: 14 March 2005 10:37 To: r-help@stat.math.ethz.ch Subject: [R] 'pch' plot symbol with more than one character R-help, Argument 'pch' in 'plot' can only represent a single character. Is it possible to represent, let's say, two instead? Thanks in advance. I'm running on Windows Xp version _ platform i386-pc-mingw32 arch i386 os mingw32 system i386, mingw32 status major2 minor0.1 year 2004 month11 day 15 language R __ R-help@stat.math.ethz.ch mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide! http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html LNSCNTMCS01*** The information in this E-Mail and in any attachments is CON...{{dropped}} __ R-help@stat.math.ethz.ch mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide! http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html
[R] To convert an adjacency list model into a nested set model
Dear R-help I am wondering if somebody wrote some code to convert an adjacency list model into a nested set model. In principal I want to do the same as John Celko mentioned it here with SQL: http://groups.google.co.uk/groups?hl=enlr=lang_enselm=8j0n05%24n31%241 %40nnrp1.deja.com Assume you have a tree structure like this Albert / \ / \ BertChuck /| \ / | \ /| \ / | \ DonnaEddie Fred in an adjacency list model: emp=c(Albert, Bert, Chuck, Donna, Eddie, Fred) boss=c(NA, Albert, Albert, Chuck, Chuck, Chuck) print(Personnel-data.frame(emp, boss)) emp boss 1 Albert NA 2 Bert Albert 3 Chuck Albert 4 Donna Chuck 5 Eddie Chuck 6 Fred Chuck Then it is quite hard to find the all the supervisors of one employee. John's suggestion is to convert the adjacency list model into a nested set model. The organizational chart would look like this as a directed graph: Albert (1,12) /\ /\ Bert (2,3)Chuck (4,11) /| \ / | \ /| \ / | \ Donna (5,6) Eddie (7,8) Fred (9,10) The data is than stored in the following form: lft=c(1,2,4,5,7,9) rgt=c(12,3,11,6,8,10) print(Per-data.frame(emp, lft, rgt)) emp lft rgt 1 Albert 1 12 2 Bert 2 3 3 Chuck 4 11 4 Donna 5 6 5 Eddie 7 8 6 Fred 9 10 To find now the supervisor of an employee all you have to do is to look where the employees lft figure is between lft and rgt. The supervisors of Eddie are therefore subset(Per, lft 7 rgt 7) emp lft rgt 1 Albert 1 12 3 Chuck 4 11 In the site mentioned above John provides also some code to transform a adjacency list model into a nested set model. Does somebody know if there is already a package for this in R? Kind Regards Markus Gesmann LNSCNTMCS01*** The information in this E-Mail and in any attachments is CONFIDENTIAL and may be privileged. If you are NOT the intended recipient, please destroy this message and notify the sender immediately. You should NOT retain, copy or use this E-mail for any purpose, nor disclose all or any part of its contents to any other person or persons. Any views expressed in this message are those of the individual sender, EXCEPT where the sender specifically states them to be the views of Lloyd's. Lloyd's may monitor the content of E-mails sent and received via its network for viruses or unauthorised use and for other lawful business purposes. Lloyd's is authorised under the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 __ R-help@stat.math.ethz.ch mailing list https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide! http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html