[R] question about non-linear least squares in R

2007-09-05 Thread Yu (Warren) Wang
Hi, everyone,
My question is: It's not every time that you can get a converged 
result from the nls function. Is there any solution for me to get a 
reasonable result? For example:

x - c(-0.06,-0.04,-0.025,-0.015,-0.005,0.005,0.015,0.025,0.04,0.06)

y - 
c(1866760,1457870,1314960,1250560,1184850,1144920,1158850,1199910,1263850,1452520)

fitOup- nls(y ~ constant + A*(x-MA)^4 + B*(x-MA)^2, 
start=list(constant=1000, A=1, B=-100, MA=0), 
control=nls.control(maxiter=100, minFactor=1/4096), trace=TRUE)

 

 For this one, I cannot get the converged result, how can I reach it? To 
use another funtion or to modify some settings for nls?

Thank you very much!

Yours,

Warren

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[R] difftime for handling time units--hours, minutes, days--from file times

2006-11-17 Thread Warren
Thanks, Tim
To get the time difference in the proper units, it's as simple as this:
difftime(myfileinfo$mtime[2], myfileinfo$mtime[1], units=hours)
Cheers,
Warren



On 11/13/06, Tim Calkins [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:

 hardly the most efficient way to go, but consider using a substring
 function to extract the time bits from your data, then reading them as POSIX
 dates and using difftime.

 for example,

  mytime - c(G2659310 2006-310-10-55-32.txt 10134 FALSE  666 2006-11-06
 10:49:00 2006-11-13 10:56:41,
 G2659310 2006-310-11-31-43.txt 10136 FALSE  666 2006-11-06 11:25:00
 2006-11-13 10:56:41,
 G2659310 2006-310-12-08-04.txt 10140 FALSE  666 2006-11-06 12:02:00
 2006-11-13 10:56:41,
 G2659310 2006-310-12-43-17.txt 10148 FALSE  666 2006-11-06 12:38:00
 2006-11-13 10:56:41,
 G2659310 2006-310-13-20-21.txt 10138 FALSE  666 2006-11-06 13:15:00
 2006-11-13 10:56:41,
 G2659310 2006-310-13-56-28.txt 10080 FALSE  666 2006-11-06 13:51:00
 2006-11-13 10:56:38)
  time1 - substring(mytime,49,67)
  time2 - substring(mytime,69,87)

 interval - difftime( as.POSIXct(time1, tz = AET10ADT), as.POSIXct(time2,
 tz = AET10ADT), units = hours)
 interval
Time differences of -168.1281, -167.5281, -166.9114, -166.3114, -
 165.6947, -165.0939 hours

 i'm not exactly sure what you're after, but here's a vector of time
 differences.  in general the POSIX class holds the most detailed information
 about time -- note the specification of tz (time zone) -- and should be used
 when a great deal of precision is required.

 tc



  On 11/14/06, Warren [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:

  Dear R-helpers,
  I am trying to generalize my function for recording measurement times
  from
  file times mtime--my intervals are minutes to hours over the course of
  several days.  I want to use hours as my units, and I have had trouble
  dealing with time units in a general way.  I have a simple solution for
  the
  dealing with regular intervals, but I have not been able to handle
  irregular
  intervals.  I tried using the zoo package, and had similar problems with
  the
  conversion of time units.
 
  Code and sample data is below--
  for your info--after this, I am feeding the times and measurements to
  nls.
 
  Thanks in advance,
  -- Warren
 
 
  #Here is the failed code:
 
  myfilenames-row.names(myfileinfo)
 
  fileno-length(myfilenames)
 
  filetimes-numeric()
 
  for (i in 2:fileno){rel.read.time
  -myfileinfo$mtime[i]-myfileinfo$mtime[1]
 
  rel.read.time-( as.numeric(rel.read.time))
 
  ##this next part is problematic
 
  ##i would love to say  time.in.hours-as.hours
  (myfileinfo$mtime[i]-myfileinfo$mtime[1])
 
  ifelse(rel.read.time =5, hour.read.time -(rel.read.time /60),
  hour.read.time-rel.read.time)
 
  filetimes-c(filetimes,rel.read.time)}
 
 
  #For regular intervals of readings, the code below generates measurement
  times from the first interval:
 
  myfilenames-row.names(myfileinfo)
  fileno-length(myfilenames)
  intervalue- myfileinfo$mtime[2] - myfileinfo$mtime[1]
 
  unitless.interval-(as.numeric(intervalue))
 
  ifelse(unitless.interval =5, hour.interval-(unitless.interval/60),
  hour.interval-unitless.interval)
 
  hours-0
 
  for (i in 1:(fileno-1)){hours-c(hours,(i*hour.interval))}
 
 
 
  myfileinfo -
  size isdir mode
  mtime   ctime
  G2659310 2006-307-21-09-57.txt 10220 FALSE  666 2006-11-03 21:04:00
  2006-11-13 10:56:39
  G2659310 2006-307-21-45-55.txt 10230 FALSE  666 2006-11-03 21:40:00
  2006-11-13 10:56:39
  G2659310 2006-307-22-23-00.txt 10236 FALSE  666 2006-11-03 22:17:00
  2006-11-13 10:56:39
  G2659310 2006-307-23-00-33.txt 10236 FALSE  666 2006-11-03 22:54:00
  2006-11-13 10:56:39
  G2659310 2006-307-23-39-39.txt 10234 FALSE  666 2006-11-03 23:33:00
  2006-11-13 10:56:39
  G2659310 2006-308-00-17-25.txt 10234 FALSE  666 2006-11-04 00:11:00
  2006-11-13 10:56:39
  G2659310 2006-308-00-53-45.txt 10228 FALSE  666 2006-11-04 00:48:00
  2006-11-13 10:56:39
  G2659310 2006-308-01-30-03.txt 10208 FALSE  666 2006-11-04 01:25:00
  2006-11-13 10:56:39
  G2659310 2006-308-02-06-00.txt 10188 FALSE  666 2006-11-04 02:00:00
  2006-11-13 10:56:39
  G2659310 2006-308-02-41-57.txt 10168 FALSE  666 2006-11-04 02:36:00
  2006-11-13 10:56:39
  G2659310 2006-308-03-17-54.txt 10158 FALSE  666 2006-11-04 03:12:00
  2006-11-13 10:56:39
  G2659310 2006-308-03-53-51.txt 10148 FALSE  666 2006-11-04 03:48:00
  2006-11-13 10:56:39
  G2659310 2006-308-04-29-48.txt 10144 FALSE  666 2006-11-04 04:24:00
  2006-11-13 10:56:39
  G2659310 2006-308-05-05-44.txt 10132 FALSE  666 2006-11-04 05:00:00
  2006-11-13 10:56:39
  G2659310 2006-308-05-41-41.txt 10136 FALSE  666 2006-11-04 05:35:00
  2006-11-13 10:56:39
  G2659310 2006-308-06-17-39.txt 10128 FALSE  666 2006-11-04 06:11:00
  2006-11-13 10:56:39
  G2659310 2006-308-06-52-27.txt 10128 FALSE  666 2006-11-04 06:47:00
  2006-11-13 10:56:39
  G2659310 2006-308-07-28-25.txt 10130 FALSE  666 2006-11-04 07:23:00
  2006-11-13 10:56:39
  G2659310 2006

[R] creating and calling objects based on elements of another object...

2006-11-17 Thread Warren
Hi R community,

I'd like to automatically create a number of matrices named for
elements of another list or matrix.

#I'm planning to deposit data into matrices named for plates in a platelist
platelist- c(G2625462, G2625464, G2625466, G2625468,
G2625470, G2625472, G2625474, G2625476, G2625478,
G2625480, G2659264, G2659266, G2659268, G2659270,
G2659272, G2659274, G2659276, G2659278, G2659280,
G2661382, G2661384, G2661386, G2661388, G2661390,
G2661392, G2661394, G2661396, G2661398, G2661400,
G2661412, G2661414, G2661416, G2661418, G2661420,
G2661562, G2661564, G2661568, G2661570, G2661576,
G2661578, G2661580)
platenumber-length(platelist)

#failed attempt to create places to put data from each plate above
platenumber-length(platelist)
for (i in 1:platenumber){
as.name(platelist[i])-matrix()
}

#eventually I would like to use these matrices to read in the contents
of multiple files, but using as.name hasn't worked her either.
for (i in 1:fileno){
as.name(plateID[i])-cbind(as.name(plateID[i]),read.delim(myfilenames[i],
header=FALSE))
}

I have been trying multiple functions to force evaluation and treat
these elements as objects, and I get errors like: could not find
function as.name-
Directly trying to create matrices doesn't work like this:
 for (i in 1:platenumber){
+ platelist[i]-matrix()
+ }
 platelist
 [1] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
[26] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

I am exploring the alternative of making an immense dataframe, and I'm
trying to get through the R language definition documentation to build
these functions--any expert advice would be tremendously helpful.
Thanks for your time.

Cheers,
Warren

Warren G. Lewis
[EMAIL PROTECTED]

__
R-help@stat.math.ethz.ch mailing list
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PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html
and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.


[R] handling time units--hours, minutes, days--from file times

2006-11-13 Thread Warren
Dear R-helpers,
I am trying to generalize my function for recording measurement times from
file times mtime--my intervals are minutes to hours over the course of
several days.  I want to use hours as my units, and I have had trouble
dealing with time units in a general way.  I have a simple solution for the
dealing with regular intervals, but I have not been able to handle irregular
intervals.  I tried using the zoo package, and had similar problems with the
conversion of time units.

Code and sample data is below--
for your info--after this, I am feeding the times and measurements to nls.

Thanks in advance,
-- Warren


#Here is the failed code:

myfilenames-row.names(myfileinfo)

fileno-length(myfilenames)

filetimes-numeric()

for (i in 2:fileno){rel.read.time-myfileinfo$mtime[i]-myfileinfo$mtime[1]

rel.read.time-(as.numeric(rel.read.time))

##this next part is problematic

##i would love to say  time.in.hours-as.hours
(myfileinfo$mtime[i]-myfileinfo$mtime[1])

ifelse(rel.read.time =5, hour.read.time-(rel.read.time /60),
hour.read.time-rel.read.time)

filetimes-c(filetimes,rel.read.time)}


#For regular intervals of readings, the code below generates measurement
times from the first interval:

myfilenames-row.names(myfileinfo)
fileno-length(myfilenames)
intervalue- myfileinfo$mtime[2] - myfileinfo$mtime[1]

unitless.interval-(as.numeric(intervalue))

ifelse(unitless.interval=5, hour.interval-(unitless.interval/60),
hour.interval-unitless.interval)

hours-0

for (i in 1:(fileno-1)){hours-c(hours,(i*hour.interval))}



myfileinfo -
size isdir mode
mtime   ctime
G2659310 2006-307-21-09-57.txt 10220 FALSE  666 2006-11-03 21:04:00
2006-11-13 10:56:39
G2659310 2006-307-21-45-55.txt 10230 FALSE  666 2006-11-03 21:40:00
2006-11-13 10:56:39
G2659310 2006-307-22-23-00.txt 10236 FALSE  666 2006-11-03 22:17:00
2006-11-13 10:56:39
G2659310 2006-307-23-00-33.txt 10236 FALSE  666 2006-11-03 22:54:00
2006-11-13 10:56:39
G2659310 2006-307-23-39-39.txt 10234 FALSE  666 2006-11-03 23:33:00
2006-11-13 10:56:39
G2659310 2006-308-00-17-25.txt 10234 FALSE  666 2006-11-04 00:11:00
2006-11-13 10:56:39
G2659310 2006-308-00-53-45.txt 10228 FALSE  666 2006-11-04 00:48:00
2006-11-13 10:56:39
G2659310 2006-308-01-30-03.txt 10208 FALSE  666 2006-11-04 01:25:00
2006-11-13 10:56:39
G2659310 2006-308-02-06-00.txt 10188 FALSE  666 2006-11-04 02:00:00
2006-11-13 10:56:39
G2659310 2006-308-02-41-57.txt 10168 FALSE  666 2006-11-04 02:36:00
2006-11-13 10:56:39
G2659310 2006-308-03-17-54.txt 10158 FALSE  666 2006-11-04 03:12:00
2006-11-13 10:56:39
G2659310 2006-308-03-53-51.txt 10148 FALSE  666 2006-11-04 03:48:00
2006-11-13 10:56:39
G2659310 2006-308-04-29-48.txt 10144 FALSE  666 2006-11-04 04:24:00
2006-11-13 10:56:39
G2659310 2006-308-05-05-44.txt 10132 FALSE  666 2006-11-04 05:00:00
2006-11-13 10:56:39
G2659310 2006-308-05-41-41.txt 10136 FALSE  666 2006-11-04 05:35:00
2006-11-13 10:56:39
G2659310 2006-308-06-17-39.txt 10128 FALSE  666 2006-11-04 06:11:00
2006-11-13 10:56:39
G2659310 2006-308-06-52-27.txt 10128 FALSE  666 2006-11-04 06:47:00
2006-11-13 10:56:39
G2659310 2006-308-07-28-25.txt 10130 FALSE  666 2006-11-04 07:23:00
2006-11-13 10:56:39
G2659310 2006-308-08-04-22.txt 10130 FALSE  666 2006-11-04 07:59:00
2006-11-13 10:56:39
G2659310 2006-308-08-40-20.txt 10134 FALSE  666 2006-11-04 08:35:00
2006-11-13 10:56:39
G2659310 2006-308-09-16-18.txt 10166 FALSE  666 2006-11-04 09:11:00
2006-11-13 10:56:39
G2659310 2006-308-09-52-15.txt 10180 FALSE  666 2006-11-04 09:46:00
2006-11-13 10:56:39
G2659310 2006-308-10-28-13.txt 10192 FALSE  666 2006-11-04 10:22:00
2006-11-13 10:56:39
G2659310 2006-308-11-04-10.txt 10210 FALSE  666 2006-11-04 10:58:00
2006-11-13 10:56:39
G2659310 2006-308-11-40-08.txt 10210 FALSE  666 2006-11-04 11:34:00
2006-11-13 10:56:39
G2659310 2006-308-12-16-06.txt 10222 FALSE  666 2006-11-04 12:10:00
2006-11-13 10:56:39
G2659310 2006-308-12-50-55.txt 10222 FALSE  666 2006-11-04 12:46:00
2006-11-13 10:56:39
G2659310 2006-308-13-26-54.txt 10224 FALSE  666 2006-11-04 13:21:00
2006-11-13 10:56:39
G2659310 2006-308-14-02-52.txt 10220 FALSE  666 2006-11-04 13:57:00
2006-11-13 10:56:39
G2659310 2006-308-14-38-51.txt 10224 FALSE  666 2006-11-04 14:33:00
2006-11-13 10:56:39
G2659310 2006-308-15-14-50.txt 10216 FALSE  666 2006-11-04 15:09:00
2006-11-13 10:56:39
G2659310 2006-308-15-50-47.txt 10202 FALSE  666 2006-11-04 15:45:00
2006-11-13 10:56:39
G2659310 2006-308-16-26-45.txt 10202 FALSE  666 2006-11-04 16:21:00
2006-11-13 10:56:39
G2659310 2006-308-17-02-43.txt 10190 FALSE  666 2006-11-04 16:57:00
2006-11-13 10:56:39
G2659310 2006-308-17-38-41.txt 10188 FALSE  666 2006-11-04 17:32:00
2006-11-13 10:56:39
G2659310 2006-308-18-14-40.txt 10174 FALSE  666 2006-11-04 18:08:00
2006-11-13 10:56:39
G2659310 2006-308-18-49-29.txt 10170 FALSE  666 2006-11-04 18:44:00
2006-11-13 10:56:39
G2659310 2006-308-19-25-28.txt 10158 FALSE  666 2006-11-04 19:20:00
2006-11-13 10:56:39
G2659310 2006

[R] during fitting of successive datasets, stall crashes iterations

2006-10-10 Thread Warren
Hi all,
I am trying to do fitting of large sets of timeseries data, and error
messages derail the process when I encounter a dataset that doesn't fit. I'd
like to ignore those misfits and try another equation or move to the next
dataset. Any ideas?  (piece of code below)

Thanks,--Warren

##The code looks something like this:
attach(zf)
x - hours
n-length(zf[,2])
for (i in 2:n)
{y - zf[,i]
plot(y ~ x, xlab = Time (h), ylab = Lumi, pch = 15)
# fitting algorithm  looks like this:
sine- nls (y ~ baseline + trend*x + amplitude*(sin(2*pi*(x+phase)/period)),
  start=list(baseline=4000, amplitude=4000, phase=0, period=24, trend=0),
  trace=TRUE)
...
}




-- 
Warren G. Lewis
[EMAIL PROTECTED]

[[alternative HTML version deleted]]

__
R-help@stat.math.ethz.ch mailing list
https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help
PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html
and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.


[R] recursive methods for concatenating sets of files

2006-09-13 Thread Warren
Hello,

I would like to read sets of files within a folder, perhaps using recursive
methods.

Right now, I rename the files before import.
It would be even better to do this without renaming files, without providing
explicit filenames, perhaps by importing files based on chronology,
and translating each filename into a header?

Please excuse my ignorance, and help cure my clunky programming
(below) with more elegant code.

Thanks,
Warren





data0 -read.delim(t.txt, quote=, as.is=TRUE)

data1 -read.delim(t (1).txt, quote=, as.is=TRUE)

data2 -read.delim(t (2).txt, quote=, as.is=TRUE)

data3 -read.delim(t (3).txt, quote=, as.is=TRUE)

data4 -read.delim(t (4).txt, quote=, as.is=TRUE)

data5 -read.delim(t (5).txt, quote=, as.is=TRUE)

data6 -read.delim(t (6).txt, quote=, as.is=TRUE)

data7 -read.delim(t (7).txt, quote=, as.is=TRUE)

data8 -read.delim(t (8).txt, quote=, as.is=TRUE)

data9 -read.delim(t (9).txt, quote=, as.is=TRUE)

data10 -read.delim(t (10).txt, quote=, as.is=TRUE)

data11 -read.delim(t (11).txt, quote=, as.is=TRUE)

data12 -read.delim(t (12).txt, quote=, as.is=TRUE)

data13 -read.delim(t (13).txt, quote=, as.is=TRUE)

data14 -read.delim(t (14).txt, quote=, as.is=TRUE)

data15 -read.delim(t (15).txt, quote=, as.is=TRUE)

data16 -read.delim(t (16).txt, quote=, as.is=TRUE)

data17 -read.delim(t (17).txt, quote=, as.is=TRUE)

data18 -read.delim(t (18).txt, quote=, as.is=TRUE)

data19 -read.delim(t (19).txt, quote=, as.is=TRUE)

data20 -read.delim(t (20).txt, quote=, as.is=TRUE)

data21 -read.delim(t (21).txt, quote=, as.is=TRUE)

data22 -read.delim(t (22).txt, quote=, as.is=TRUE)

data23 -read.delim(t (23).txt, quote=, as.is=TRUE)

data24 -read.delim(t (24).txt, quote=, as.is=TRUE)

data25 -read.delim(t (25).txt, quote=, as.is=TRUE)

data26 -read.delim(t (26).txt, quote=, as.is=TRUE)

data27 -read.delim(t (27).txt, quote=, as.is=TRUE)

data28 -read.delim(t (28).txt, quote=, as.is=TRUE)

data29 -read.delim(t (29).txt, quote=, as.is=TRUE)

data30 -read.delim(t (30).txt, quote=, as.is=TRUE)

data31 -read.delim(t (31).txt, quote=, as.is=TRUE)

data32 -read.delim(t (32).txt, quote=, as.is=TRUE)

data33 -read.delim(t (33).txt, quote=, as.is=TRUE)

data34 -read.delim(t (34).txt, quote=, as.is=TRUE)

data35 -read.delim(t (35).txt, quote=, as.is=TRUE)

data36 -read.delim(t (36).txt, quote=, as.is=TRUE)

data37 -read.delim(t (37).txt, quote=, as.is=TRUE)

data38 -read.delim(t (38).txt, quote=, as.is=TRUE)

data39 -read.delim(t (39).txt, quote=, as.is=TRUE)

data40 -read.delim(t (40).txt, quote=, as.is=TRUE)

data41 -read.delim(t (41).txt, quote=, as.is=TRUE)

data42 -read.delim(t (42).txt, quote=, as.is=TRUE)

data43 -read.delim(t (43).txt, quote=, as.is=TRUE)

data44 -read.delim(t (44).txt, quote=, as.is=TRUE)

data45 -read.delim(t (45).txt, quote=, as.is=TRUE)

data46 -read.delim(t (46).txt, quote=, as.is=TRUE)

data47 -read.delim(t (47).txt, quote=, as.is=TRUE)

data48 -read.delim(t (48).txt, quote=, as.is=TRUE)

data49 -read.delim(t (49).txt, quote=, as.is=TRUE)

data50 -read.delim(t (50).txt, quote=, as.is=TRUE)

data51 -read.delim(t (51).txt, quote=, as.is=TRUE)

data52 -read.delim(t (52).txt, quote=, as.is=TRUE)

data53 -read.delim(t (53).txt, quote=, as.is=TRUE)

data54 -read.delim(t (54).txt, quote=, as.is=TRUE)

data55 -read.delim(t (55).txt, quote=, as.is=TRUE)

data56 -read.delim(t (56).txt, quote=, as.is=TRUE)

data57 -read.delim(t (57).txt, quote=, as.is=TRUE)

data58 -read.delim(t (58).txt, quote=, as.is=TRUE)

data59 -read.delim(t (59).txt, quote=, as.is=TRUE)

data60 -read.delim(t (60).txt, quote=, as.is=TRUE)

data61 -read.delim(t (61).txt, quote=, as.is=TRUE)

data62 -read.delim(t (62).txt, quote=, as.is=TRUE)

data63 -read.delim(t (63).txt, quote=, as.is=TRUE)

data64 -read.delim(t (64).txt, quote=, as.is=TRUE)

data65 -read.delim(t (65).txt, quote=, as.is=TRUE)

data66 -read.delim(t (66).txt, quote=, as.is=TRUE)

data67 -read.delim(t (67).txt, quote=, as.is=TRUE)

data68 -read.delim(t (68).txt, quote=, as.is=TRUE)

data69 -read.delim(t (69).txt, quote=, as.is=TRUE)

data70 -read.delim(t (70).txt, quote=, as.is=TRUE)

data71 -read.delim(t (71).txt, quote=, as.is=TRUE)

data72 -read.delim(t (72).txt, quote=, as.is=TRUE)

data73 -read.delim(t (73).txt, quote=, as.is=TRUE)

data74 -read.delim(t (74).txt, quote=, as.is=TRUE)

data75 -read.delim(t (75).txt, quote=, as.is=TRUE)



dataALL
-cbind(data0,data1,data2,data3,data4,data5,data6,data7,data8,data9,data10,data11,data12,data13,data14,data15,data16,data17,data18,data19,data20,data21,data22,data23,data24,data25,data26,data27,data28,data29,data20,data31,data32,data33,data34,data35,data36,data37,data38,data39,data40,data41,data42,data43,data44,data45,data46,data47,data48,data49,data50,data51,data52,data53,data54,data55,data56,data57,data58,data59,data60,data61,data62,data63,data64,data65,data66,data67,data68,data69,data70,data71,data72,data73,data74,data75)



write.table(dataALL,0905p528.txt, quote=FALSE)
-- 
[EMAIL PROTECTED

[R] R equivalent to Fortran, GAUSS, or Perl's goto

2005-08-10 Thread Warren Lamboy
Does R have something equivalent to the goto in Perl?
If so, can you please tell me what it is?  I cannot find
it in the Ref Manual or the Language Manual.

Thanks.  

-  Warren



Warren Lamboy
USDA-ARS Plant Genetic Resources Unit
Geneva, NY, USA  14456

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Re: [R] R equivalent to Fortran, GAUSS, or Perl's goto

2005-08-10 Thread Warren Lamboy
-Original Message-
From: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
[mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] On Behalf Of Barry Rowlingson
Sent: Wednesday, August 10, 2005 5:23 AM
To: r-help@stat.math.ethz.ch
Subject: Re: [R] R equivalent to Fortran, GAUSS, or Perl's goto


Warren Lamboy wrote:
 Does R have something equivalent to the goto in Perl?
 If so, can you please tell me what it is?  I cannot find
 it in the Ref Manual or the Language Manual.

What was true in 1968 is still true now:

http://www.acm.org/classics/oct95/

Of course Perl has one, but then in Perl there's always more than one 
way to shoot yourself in the foot.

Baz



Does that mean the answer to my first question is No?

Warren

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