Re: [Biofuel] automating titration
i thank you for your help Mr. Mahoney. the known variables will be: pH of the base (by reference measurement) pH of the Oil (by measurement) volume of the oil (by external input) the unknown will be: volume of base needed to reach a pH of 8.4 i dont really need numbers, just a formula that i can put into a program, the knowns will all be taken from the test sequence and the unknown will be found and used in the process plus a small excess. i have no background in chemistry, so this is all very new to me, and im probably in over my head, but i will try whatever i can to make this work. P.S. i tried to send this to your email address and it didnt accept it, i may have entered it incorrectly. thank you, Jason ___ Biofuel mailing list Biofuel@sustainablelists.org http://sustainablelists.org/mailman/listinfo/biofuel_sustainablelists.org Biofuel at Journey to Forever: http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel.html Search the combined Biofuel and Biofuels-biz list archives (50,000 messages): http://www.mail-archive.com/biofuel@sustainablelists.org/
[Biofuel] Drain America First
http://www.tompaine.com/articles/2006/03/10/drain_america_first.php Drain America First Joseph E. Stiglitz March 10, 2006 Joseph E. Stiglitz, a Nobel laureate in economics, is Professor of Economics at Columbia University and was Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers to President Clinton and Chief Economist and Senior Vice President at the World Bank. One of the more surreal sessions at this year's World Economic Forum in Davos had oil industry experts explaining how the melting of the polar ice cap-which is occurring faster than anyone anticipated-represents not only a problem, but also an opportunity: vast amounts of oil may now be accessible. Similarly, these experts concede that the fact that the United States has not signed the Law of the Sea, the international convention determining who has access to offshore oil and other maritime mineral rights, presents a risk of international conflict. But they also point to the upside: the oil industry, in its never-ending search for more reserves, need not beg Congress for the right to despoil Alaska. President George W. Bush has an uncanny ability not to see the big message. For years, it has become increasingly clear that much is amiss with his energy policy. Scripted by the oil industry, even members of his own party referred to an earlier energy bill as one that left no lobbyist behind. While praising the virtues of the free market, Bush has been only too willing to give huge handouts to the energy industry, even as the country faces soaring deficits. There is a market failure when it comes to energy, but government intervention should run in precisely the opposite direction from what the Bush administration has proposed. The fact that Americans do not pay the full price for the pollution-especially enormous contributions to greenhouse gases-that results from their profligate energy use means that energy is under-priced, in turn sustaining excessive consumption. The government needs to encourage conservation, and intervening in the price system-namely, through taxes on energy-is an efficient way to do it. But, rather than encouraging conservation, Bush has pursued a policy of drain America first, leaving America more dependent on external oil in the future. Never mind that high demand drives up oil prices, creating a windfall for many in the Middle East who are not among America's friends. Now, more than four years after the terrorist attacks of September 2001, Bush appears to have finally woken up to the reality of America's increasing dependence; with soaring oil prices, it was hard for him not to note the consequences. But, again, his administration's faltering moves will almost surely make matters worse in the immediate future. Bush still refuses to do anything about conservation, and he has put very little money behind his continuing prayer than technology will save us. What, then, to make of Bush's recent declaration of a commitment to make America 75% free of dependence on Middle East oil within 25 years? For investors, the message is clear: do not invest more in developing reserves in the Middle East, which is by far the lowest-cost source of oil in the world. But without new investment in developing Middle East reserves, unbridled growth of energy consumption in the U.S., China and elsewhere implies that demand will outpace supply. If that were not enough, Bush's threat of sanctions against Iran poses the risks of interruptions of supplies from one of the world's largest producers. With world oil production close to full capacity and prices already more than double their pre-Iraq War level, this portends still higher prices, and still higher profits for the oil industry-the only clear winner in Bush's Middle East policy. To be sure, one shouldn't begrudge Bush for having at last recognized that there is a problem. But, as always, a closer look at what he is proposing suggests another sleight of hand by his administration. Aside from refusing to recognize the importance of global warming, encourage conservation, or devote enough funds to research to make a real difference, Bush's grandiose promise of a reduction of dependence on Middle East oil means less than it appears. With only 20 percent of US oil coming from the Middle East, his goal could be achieved by a modest shift of sourcing elsewhere. But surely, one would think, the Bush administration must realize that oil trades on a global market. Even if America were 100 percent independent of Middle East oil, a reduction in supply of Middle East oil could have devastating effects on the world price-and on the American economy. As is too often the case with the Bush administration, there is no flattering explanation of official policy. Is Bush playing politics by pandering to anti-Arab and anti-Iranian sentiment in America? Or is this just another example of incompetence and muddle? From what we have seen over
[Biofuel] Ownership Matters: Three Steps to Ensure a Biofuels Industry That Truly Benefits Rural America
Ownership Matters: Three Steps to Ensure a Biofuels Industry That Truly Benefits Rural America This February 2006 paper by David Morris was adapted from a speech given at the Minnesota Ag Expo 2006. The paper provides a snapshot of today's biofuels industry and a roadmap to ensure that local farmers see significant benefits from the expanding industry in the future. http://www.newrules.org/agri/ownershipbiofuels.pdf ___ Biofuel mailing list Biofuel@sustainablelists.org http://sustainablelists.org/mailman/listinfo/biofuel_sustainablelists.org Biofuel at Journey to Forever: http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel.html Search the combined Biofuel and Biofuels-biz list archives (50,000 messages): http://www.mail-archive.com/biofuel@sustainablelists.org/
[Biofuel] Chernobyl: A poisonous legacy
http://news.independent.co.uk/environment/article351153.ece Chernobyl: A poisonous legacy Twenty years after a blast in the nuclear plant at Chernobyl spread radioactive debris across Europe, it has been revealed that 375 farms in Britain, with 200,000 sheep, are still contaminated by fallout By Andy McSmith Published: 14 March 2006 After two decades, the legacy of the Chernobyl disaster is still casting its poisonous shadow over Britain's countryside. The Department of Health has admitted that more than 200,000 sheep are grazing on land contaminated by fallout from the explosion at the Ukrainian nuclear plant 1,500 miles away. Emergency orders still apply to 355 Welsh farms, 11 in Scotland and nine in England as a result of the catastrophe in April 1986. The revelation - in a Commons written answer to the Labour MP Gordon Prentice - comes as Mr Blair prepares to make the case for nuclear power in a forthcoming government Energy Review. The Prime Minister argues that nuclear energy would allow the UK to achieve twin objectives of cutting C02 emissions and reducing dependency on imported natural gas supplies. But, just last week a damning report from the Government's own advisory board on sustainable development identified five major disadvantages to any planned renewal of Britain's nuclear power programme, including the threat of terrorist attack and the danger of radiation exposure. The longevity of the Chernobyl effect in a region generation of nuclear power stations, and going through a consultation exercise to try to convince the public that this is a safe form of electricity generation, we shouldn't overlook the terrible consequences if something does go wrong, No one would now build a reactor as unsafe as those at Chernobyl, which were jerry built. Even so, I think a lot of people will be shocked to know that, as we approach the 20th anniversary of Chernobyl, hundreds of farming families are still living with the fallout. Jean McSorley, Greenpeace's senior adviser on nuclear energy said: Chernobyl was the worst nuclear accident the world has ever seen but it is by no means the worst that could happen. In Cumbria, where I come from, people who are old enough to remember still talk about it. It's quite moving to hear the stress that farming families were put through. I think the British public that all this distance from Chernobyl, 20 years later, so many families are still living with its impact day to day. The Chernobyl disaster turned public opinion in Britain against civil nuclear power overnight. The land still poisoned by Chernobyl's radioactivity lies all along the Welsh hills between Bangor and Bala, much of it in the Snowdonia National park. There is also a large triangle of contaminated land in Cumbria, south of Buttermere - though the number of farms affected is smaller than in Wales. Some of the Scottish hills are also still affected. No sheep can be moved out of any of these areas without a special licence, under Emergency Orders imposed in 1986. Sheep that have higher than the permitted level of radiation have to be marked with a special dye that does not wash off in the rain, and have to spend months grazing on uncontaminated grass before they are passed as fit to go into the food chain. A National Farmers' Union spokesman said: The paramount concern has to be the safety of the consumer, and consumer confidence in the meat supply, so exceptional care has to be taken to make sure no contaminated meat goes into the food chain. Most of Britain's nuclear power stations have either ceased to produce electricity, or are nearing the end of their active life. The last is due for closure in 2035. The Government is now conducting an energy review, to be published in June, which is expected to announce a new nuclear programme. Tony Blair signalled his support for the industry in a speech to Labour's conference last autumn, when he warned Britain is too reliant on unstable regimes for its energy supplies, and singled out nuclear power as an alternative. But resistance to the idea has been growing, particularly with the publication last week of the report by the government's Sustainable Development Commission. The Commons Environmental Audit Committee will also report later this month. According to a committee member, their findings are expected to be measured but certainly won't put a strong case for nuclear power. On 23 March, leading specialists will hold a conference in London on the long term impact of Chernobyl. At the end of the month, the Nuclear Decommissioning Authority will issue a revised figure for the cost of cleaning up the sites of disused publicly owned nuclear plants. Their figure is expected to be substantially higher than their original estimate which was published last year, of £56bn. David Ellwood, 49, farmer: 'Nobody can tell us when the radiation will pass' By Geneviéve Roberts David Ellwood
[Biofuel] Climate change 'irreversible' as Arctic sea ice fails to re-form
http://news.independent.co.uk/environment/article351135.ece Climate change 'irreversible' as Arctic sea ice fails to re-form By Steve Connor, Science Editor Published: 14 March 2006 Sea ice in the Arctic has failed to re-form for the second consecutive winter, raising fears that global warming may have tipped the polar regions in to irreversible climate change far sooner than predicted. Satellite measurements of the area of the Arctic covered by sea ice show that for every month this winter, the ice failed to return even to its long-term average rate of decline. It is the second consecutive winter that the sea ice has not managed to re-form enough to compensate for the unprecedented melting seen during the past few summers. Scientists are now convinced that Arctic sea ice is showing signs of both a winter and a summer decline that could indicate a major acceleration in its long-term rate of disappearance. The greatest fear is that an environmental positive feedback has kicked in, where global warming melts ice which in itself causes the seas to warm still further as more sunlight is absorbed by a dark ocean rather than being reflected by white ice. Mark Serreze, a sea ice specialist at the US National Snow and Ice Data Centre in Colorado, said: In September 2005, the Arctic sea ice cover was at its lowest extent since satellite monitoring began in 1979, and probably the lowest in the past 100 years. While we can't be certain, it looks like 2006 will be more of the same, Dr Serreze said. Unless conditions turn colder, we may be headed for another year of big sea ice losses, rivalling or perhaps even exceeding what we saw in September 2005. We are of course monitoring the situation closely ... Coupled with recent findings from Nasa that the Greenland ice sheet may be near a tipping point, it's pretty clear that the Arctic is starting to respond to global warming, he added. Although sea levels are not affected by melting sea ice - which floats on the ocean - the Arctic ice cover is thought to be a key moderator of the northern hemisphere's climate. It helps to stabilise the massive land glaciers and ice sheets of Greenland which have the capacity to raise sea levels dramatically. Dr Serreze said that some parts of the northern hemisphere experienced very low temperatures this winter, but the Arctic was much warmer than normal. Even in January, when there were actually record low temperatures in Alaska and parts of Russia, it was still very warm over the Arctic Ocean, he said. The sea ice cover waxes and wanes with the seasons. It partly melts in spring and summer, then grows back in autumn and winter. It has not recovered well this past winter - ice extent for every month since September 2005 has been far below average. And it's been so warm in the Arctic that the ice that has grown this winter is probably rather thin, he explained. Professor Peter Wadhams, of Cambridge University, who was the first Briton to monitor Arctic sea ice from nuclear submarines, said: One of the big changes this winter is that a large area of the Barents Sea has remained ice-free for the first time. This is part of Europe's 'back yard'. Climate models did predict a retreat of sea ice in the Barents Sea but not for a few decades yet, so it is a sign that the changes that were predicted are indeed happening, but much faster than predicted. ___ Biofuel mailing list Biofuel@sustainablelists.org http://sustainablelists.org/mailman/listinfo/biofuel_sustainablelists.org Biofuel at Journey to Forever: http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel.html Search the combined Biofuel and Biofuels-biz list archives (50,000 messages): http://www.mail-archive.com/biofuel@sustainablelists.org/
Re: [Biofuel] automating titration
Hey Jason; If you are bent on doing this, why not approach it from a different angle? Make a system that imitates what you do yourself, instead of trying to do it numerically just make a system that does what you do. It could all be done by way of gravity feed and counting drops by use of optical sensors. You add a few drops of indicator and then keep adding titration solution until the indicator goes off and stays for 10 seconds. That's 8.4 ph. Again a photosensor is used to detect the colour change condition. This will for sure work and eliminates much of the problem with trying to meter flows. Joe Jason Katie wrote: Mr. McGinness i thank you for the advice on the pumps/ flow controls, i hadnt considered ready-made equipment (i usually build my own rig) ill have to look into that, but my problem does not lie within the realm of mechanics. i need a mathematical equation that i can manipulate to find the volume of base needed to bring the acid to a pH of 8.4. the knowns will be: pH of the base (by reference measurement) pH of the Oil (by measurement) volume of the oil (by external input) the variable will be: volume of base needed to reach a pH of 8.4 i have the outline of what i need, i just dont know how to put it together and make it work and pH isnt some simple (A+B)/C= your number here equation, which is confusing me beyond anything ive ever tried before (im horrible at math). ___ Biofuel mailing list Biofuel@sustainablelists.org http://sustainablelists.org/mailman/listinfo/biofuel_sustainablelists.org Biofuel at Journey to Forever: http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel.html Search the combined Biofuel and Biofuels-biz list archives (50,000 messages): http://www.mail-archive.com/biofuel@sustainablelists.org/ ___ Biofuel mailing list Biofuel@sustainablelists.org http://sustainablelists.org/mailman/listinfo/biofuel_sustainablelists.org Biofuel at Journey to Forever: http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel.html Search the combined Biofuel and Biofuels-biz list archives (50,000 messages): http://www.mail-archive.com/biofuel@sustainablelists.org/
[Biofuel] The End of Dollar Hegemony
See also: http://informationclearinghouse.info/article12346.htm Global Economic Hegemony: A New Kind of Warfare? By Kaleem Hussain 03/15/06 ICSSA The Proposed Iranian Oil Bourse http://www.mail-archive.com/biofuel@sustainablelists.org/msg59546.html Petrodollar Warfare: Dollars, Euros and the Upcoming Iranian Oil Bourse http://www.mail-archive.com/biofuel@sustainablelists.org/msg59538.html - http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article11946.htm The End of Dollar Hegemony Before the U.S. House of Representatives 02/15/06 By Ron Paul 02/16/06 ICH -- -- A hundred years ago it was called dollar diplomacy. After World War II, and especially after the fall of the Soviet Union in 1989, that policy evolved into dollar hegemony. But after all these many years of great success, our dollar dominance is coming to an end. It has been said, rightly, that he who holds the gold makes the rules. In earlier times it was readily accepted that fair and honest trade required an exchange for something of real value. First it was simply barter of goods. Then it was discovered that gold held a universal attraction, and was a convenient substitute for more cumbersome barter transactions. Not only did gold facilitate exchange of goods and services, it served as a store of value for those who wanted to save for a rainy day. Though money developed naturally in the marketplace, as governments grew in power they assumed monopoly control over money. Sometimes governments succeeded in guaranteeing the quality and purity of gold, but in time governments learned to outspend their revenues. New or higher taxes always incurred the disapproval of the people, so it wasn't long before Kings and Caesars learned how to inflate their currencies by reducing the amount of gold in each coin-- always hoping their subjects wouldn't discover the fraud. But the people always did, and they strenuously objected. This helped pressure leaders to seek more gold by conquering other nations. The people became accustomed to living beyond their means, and enjoyed the circuses and bread. Financing extravagances by conquering foreign lands seemed a logical alternative to working harder and producing more. Besides, conquering nations not only brought home gold, they brought home slaves as well. Taxing the people in conquered territories also provided an incentive to build empires. This system of government worked well for a while, but the moral decline of the people led to an unwillingness to produce for themselves. There was a limit to the number of countries that could be sacked for their wealth, and this always brought empires to an end. When gold no longer could be obtained, their military might crumbled. In those days those who held the gold truly wrote the rules and lived well. That general rule has held fast throughout the ages. When gold was used, and the rules protected honest commerce, productive nations thrived. Whenever wealthy nations-- those with powerful armies and gold-- strived only for empire and easy fortunes to support welfare at home, those nations failed. Today the principles are the same, but the process is quite different. Gold no longer is the currency of the realm; paper is. The truth now is: He who prints the money makes the rules-- at least for the time being. Although gold is not used, the goals are the same: compel foreign countries to produce and subsidize the country with military superiority and control over the monetary printing presses. Since printing paper money is nothing short of counterfeiting, the issuer of the international currency must always be the country with the military might to guarantee control over the system. This magnificent scheme seems the perfect system for obtaining perpetual wealth for the country that issues the de facto world currency. The one problem, however, is that such a system destroys the character of the counterfeiting nation's people-- just as was the case when gold was the currency and it was obtained by conquering other nations. And this destroys the incentive to save and produce, while encouraging debt and runaway welfare. The pressure at home to inflate the currency comes from the corporate welfare recipients, as well as those who demand handouts as compensation for their needs and perceived injuries by others. In both cases personal responsibility for one's actions is rejected. When paper money is rejected, or when gold runs out, wealth and political stability are lost. The country then must go from living beyond its means to living beneath its means, until the economic and political systems adjust to the new rules-- rules no longer written by those who ran the now defunct printing press. Dollar Diplomacy, a policy instituted by William Howard Taft and his Secretary of State Philander C. Knox, was designed to enhance U.S. commercial investments in Latin America and the Far East. McKinley concocted a war
Re: [Biofuel] Fwd: Greenpeace finds Heinz Baby Rice Cereal contaminated by illegal GE rice
Keith's post concerning Greenpeace finding Heinz Baby Rice Cereal contaminated by illegal genetically engineered rice makes me wonder if the iron and arsenic content of the Heinz Baby Rice Cereal is also being checked by Greenpeace or others. - 'Institute of Science In Society' Press Release September 13, 2004 Rice in Asia: Too Little Iron, Too Much Arsenic Asians are getting too little iron and too much arsenic from soil and water. Unfortunately the remedy for one problem may increase the impact of the other. The challenge is to find a remedy that takes care of both problems, says Prof. Joe Cummins. [continues] http://www.i-sis.org.uk/RIATLITMA.php -- Jack ___ Biofuel mailing list Biofuel@sustainablelists.org http://sustainablelists.org/mailman/listinfo/biofuel_sustainablelists.org Biofuel at Journey to Forever: http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel.html Search the combined Biofuel and Biofuels-biz list archives (50,000 messages): http://www.mail-archive.com/biofuel@sustainablelists.org/
[Biofuel] Public Power in the Age of Empire
http://www.democracynow.org/static/Arundhati_Trans.shtml Arundhati Roy: Transcript of full speech by Arundhati Roy in San Francisco, California on August 16th, 2004. Copyright 2004 Arundhati Roy. For permission to reprint contact [EMAIL PROTECTED] TIDE? OR IVORY SNOW? Public Power in the Age of Empire I've been asked to speak about Public Power in the Age of Empire. I'm not used to doing as I'm told, but by happy coincidence, it's exactly what I'd like to speak about tonight. When language has been butchered and bled of meaning, how do we understand public power? When freedom means occupation, when democracy means neo-liberal capitalism, when reform means repression, when words like empowerment and peacekeeping make your blood run cold - why, then, public power could mean whatever you want it to mean. A biceps building machine, or a Community Power Shower. So, I'll just have to define public power as I go along, in my own self-serving sort of way. In India, the word public is now a Hindi word. It means people. In Hindi, we have sarkar and public, the government and the people. Inherent in this use is the underlying assumption that the government is quite separate from the people. This distinction has to do with the fact that India's freedom struggle, though magnificent, was by no means revolutionary. The Indian elite stepped easily and elegantly into the shoes of the British imperialists. A deeply impoverished, essentially feudal society became a modern, independent nation state. Even today, fifty seven years on to the day, the truly vanquished still look upon the government as mai-baap, the parent and provider. The somewhat more radical, those who still have fire in their bellies, see it as chor, the thief, the snatcher-away of all things. Either way, for most Indians, sarkar is very separate from public. However, as you make your way up India's social ladder, the distinction between sarkar and public gets blurred. The Indian elite, like the elite anywhere in the world, finds it hard to separate itself from the state. It sees like the state, it thinks like the state, it speaks like the state. In the United States, on the other hand, the blurring of the distinction between sarkar and public has penetrated far deeper into society. This could be a sign of a robust democracy, but unfortunately, it's a little more complicated and less pretty than that. Among other things, it has to do with the elaborate web of paranoia generated by the U.S. sarkar and spun out by the corporate media and Hollywood. Ordinary Americans have been manipulated into imagining they are a people under siege whose sole refuge and protector is their government. If it isn't the Communists, it's al-Qaeda. If it isn't Cuba. it's Nicaragua. As a result, this, the most powerful nation in the world - with its unmatchable arsenal of weapons, its history of having waged and sponsored endless wars, and the only nation in history to have actually used nuclear bombs - is peopled by a terrified citizenry, jumping at shadows. A people bonded to the state not by social services, or public health care, or employment guarantees, but by fear. This synthetically manufactured fear is used to gain public sanction for further acts of aggression. And so it goes, building into a spiral of self-fulfilling hysteria, now formally calibrated by the U.S government's Amazing Technicolored Terror Alerts: fuchsia, turquoise, salmon pink. To outside observers, this merging of sarkar and public in the United States sometimes makes it hard to separate the actions of the U.S. government from the American people. It is this confusion that fuels anti-Americanism in the world. Anti-Americanism is then seized upon and amplified by the U.S. government and its faithful media outlets. You know the routine: Why do they hate us? They hate our freedoms . . . etc. . . . etc. This enhances the sense of isolation among American people and makes the embrace between sarkar and public even more intimate. Like Red Riding Hood looking for a cuddle in the wolf's bed. Using the threat of an external enemy to rally people behind you is a tired old horse, which politicians have ridden into power for centuries. But could it be that ordinary people are fed up of that poor old horse and are looking for something different? There's an old Hindi film song that goes yeh public hai, yeh sab jaanti hai (the public, she knows it all). Wouldn't it be lovely if the song were right and the politicians wrong? Before Washington's illegal invasion of Iraq, a Gallup International poll showed that in no European country was the support for a unilateral war higher than 11 percent. On February 15, 2003, weeks before the invasion, more than ten million people marched against the war on different continents, including North America. And yet the governments of many supposedly democratic countries still went to war. The question is: is
Re: [Biofuel] The End of Dollar Hegemony
I liked this essay (well, actually it depressed me). The end made me think of something, ...gold or its equivalent. Isn't oil the equivalent currency? I mean, we price it in euros or dollars but in fact, it is so central to the world economy that pricing it in gold does not change the dynamic. I would postulate that oil is the world currency and will continue to be so until its sufficiently depleted. Just a thought :) --- We will know that day is approaching when oil-producing countries demand gold, or its equivalent, for their oil rather than dollars or Euros. The sooner the better. ___ Biofuel mailing list Biofuel@sustainablelists.org http://sustainablelists.org/mailman/listinfo/biofuel_sustainablelists.org Biofuel at Journey to Forever: http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel.html Search the combined Biofuel and Biofuels-biz list archives (50,000 messages): http://www.mail-archive.com/biofuel@sustainablelists.org/
Re: [Biofuel] automating titration
The same could be done with a ph meter with external alarm. Put a relay inline to a solenoid valve when it hits the right ph the solenoid valve shuts off flow. Just use a measureing device like a burett. when you come back to it read the burett and see how many ml was used. Logan Vilas - Original Message - From: Joe Street [EMAIL PROTECTED] To: Biofuel@sustainablelists.org Sent: Thursday, March 16, 2006 8:29 AM Subject: Re: [Biofuel] automating titration Hey Jason; If you are bent on doing this, why not approach it from a different angle? Make a system that imitates what you do yourself, instead of trying to do it numerically just make a system that does what you do. It could all be done by way of gravity feed and counting drops by use of optical sensors. You add a few drops of indicator and then keep adding titration solution until the indicator goes off and stays for 10 seconds. That's 8.4 ph. Again a photosensor is used to detect the colour change condition. This will for sure work and eliminates much of the problem with trying to meter flows. Joe Jason Katie wrote: Mr. McGinness i thank you for the advice on the pumps/ flow controls, i hadnt considered ready-made equipment (i usually build my own rig) ill have to look into that, but my problem does not lie within the realm of mechanics. i need a mathematical equation that i can manipulate to find the volume of base needed to bring the acid to a pH of 8.4. the knowns will be: pH of the base (by reference measurement) pH of the Oil (by measurement) volume of the oil (by external input) the variable will be: volume of base needed to reach a pH of 8.4 i have the outline of what i need, i just dont know how to put it together and make it work and pH isnt some simple (A+B)/C= your number here equation, which is confusing me beyond anything ive ever tried before (im horrible at math). ___ Biofuel mailing list Biofuel@sustainablelists.org http://sustainablelists.org/mailman/listinfo/biofuel_sustainablelists.org Biofuel at Journey to Forever: http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel.html Search the combined Biofuel and Biofuels-biz list archives (50,000 messages): http://www.mail-archive.com/biofuel@sustainablelists.org/ ___ Biofuel mailing list Biofuel@sustainablelists.org http://sustainablelists.org/mailman/listinfo/biofuel_sustainablelists.org Biofuel at Journey to Forever: http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel.html Search the combined Biofuel and Biofuels-biz list archives (50,000 messages): http://www.mail-archive.com/biofuel@sustainablelists.org/ ___ Biofuel mailing list Biofuel@sustainablelists.org http://sustainablelists.org/mailman/listinfo/biofuel_sustainablelists.org Biofuel at Journey to Forever: http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel.html Search the combined Biofuel and Biofuels-biz list archives (50,000 messages): http://www.mail-archive.com/biofuel@sustainablelists.org/
[Biofuel] more mercedes help
This is a solicitation for help from the Mercedes buffs out there. Some of you will say 'go to a mercedes forum', but last time there were several really useful replies. I plan to install a second fuel tank next week, so now I have to decide how to do it. The vehicle is a 1976 Mercedes-Benz 300D. Here's the big question: It seems the injector pump has a lift pump on it's side, where the original fuel line first goes, before going to the main fuel filter and into the ip (is this a correct assumption?). Do I have to put the solenoid fuel tank selector valve before this, or can I leave the original fuel line as is and put the solenoid right before the fuel feed into the injector pump proper? Thanks in advance, Kenji Fuse ___ Biofuel mailing list Biofuel@sustainablelists.org http://sustainablelists.org/mailman/listinfo/biofuel_sustainablelists.org Biofuel at Journey to Forever: http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel.html Search the combined Biofuel and Biofuels-biz list archives (50,000 messages): http://www.mail-archive.com/biofuel@sustainablelists.org/
Re: [Biofuel] The End of Dollar Hegemony
I had conversations over a decade ago with a Belgian who had lived in Argentina (I think) when they experienced triple digit inflation. In other words currency collapse. He said it was quite an experience. The infrastructure fragmented. The electrical grid etc was no longer maintained. If you had extra money you bought something - even a garment that didnt fit as you could barter it next month for more than if you held the money. A good time to have storage facility - for anything.KirkKeith Addison [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: See also:http://informationclearinghouse.info/article12346.htmGlobal Economic Hegemony: A New Kind of Warfare?By Kaleem Hussain03/15/06 "ICSSA"The Proposed Iranian Oil Boursehttp://www.mail-archive.com/biofuel@sustainablelists.org/msg59546.htmlPetrodollar Warfare: Dollars, Euros and the Upcoming Iranian Oil Boursehttp://www.mail-archive.com/biofuel@sustainablelists.org/msg59538.html-http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article11946.htmThe End of Dollar Hegemony Yahoo! Mail Use Photomail to share photos without annoying attachments. Relax. Yahoo! Mail virus scanning helps detect nasty viruses!___ Biofuel mailing list Biofuel@sustainablelists.org http://sustainablelists.org/mailman/listinfo/biofuel_sustainablelists.org Biofuel at Journey to Forever: http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel.html Search the combined Biofuel and Biofuels-biz list archives (50,000 messages): http://www.mail-archive.com/biofuel@sustainablelists.org/
[Biofuel] Mexico discovers 'huge' oil field
Wednesday, 15 March 2006, 11:44 GMThttp://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4808466.stmMexico discovers 'huge' oil fieldMexican President Vicente Fox has announced the discovery of a newdeep-water oil field, which is believed to contain 10bn barrels of crude.The field is in the Gulf of Mexico, and Mexico says it could be biggerthan its largest oil field, Cantarell.Production there is said to have declined sharply in recent years.Mr Fox made the announcement as figures showed the country's total oilreserves had fallen 2% between 2003 and 2005.Perforation of the well known as Noxal 1, which is located about 100km(60 miles) from the port of Coatzacoalcos on the coast of Veracruzstate, started in December.The oil is under 930 metres (0.6 miles) of water and a further 4,000metres (2.5 miles) underground.Visiting the drilling platform, Mr Fox said: "With Noxal we will begin anew era of oil exploration in our country."The government says its investment in exploration will enable Mexico tomaintain its current output in the future.With at least 3.4m barrels per day, Mexico is Latin America's largestcrude producer ahead of Venezuela and Brazil, according to theInternational Energy Agency (IEA).The oil industry provides one third of the Mexican state income. Morethan half the crude extracted is exported, mainly to the United States.The state-owned company Petroleos Mexicanos (Pemex) is among the biggestplayers in the international oil market.Mexico is not a member of oil producers' cartel Opec. Yahoo! Mail Use Photomail to share photos without annoying attachments.___ Biofuel mailing list Biofuel@sustainablelists.org http://sustainablelists.org/mailman/listinfo/biofuel_sustainablelists.org Biofuel at Journey to Forever: http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel.html Search the combined Biofuel and Biofuels-biz list archives (50,000 messages): http://www.mail-archive.com/biofuel@sustainablelists.org/
Re: [Biofuel] Mexico discovers 'huge' oil field
This will change US-Mexico relations.The timing is interesting sincesocial democracy is taking hold inSouth America, putting Mexico between hegemony and democracy with oilhanging as a dangling carrot.MikeKirk McLoren [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Wednesday, 15 March 2006, 11:44 GMThttp://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4808466.stmMexico discovers 'huge' oil fieldMexican President Vicente Fox has announced the discovery of a newdeep-water oil field, which is believed to contain 10bn barrels of crude.The field is in the Gulf of Mexico, and Mexico says it could be biggerthan its largest oil field, Cantarell.Production there is said to have declined sharply in recent years.Mr Fox made the announcement as figures showed the country's total oilreserves had fallen 2% between 2003 and 2005.Perforation of the well known as Noxal 1, which is located about 100km(60 miles) from the port of Coatzacoalcos on the coast of Veracruzstate, started in December.The oil is under 930 metres (0.6 miles) of water and a further 4,000metres (2.5 miles) underground.Visiting the drilling platform, Mr Fox said: "With Noxal we will begin anew era of oil exploration in our country."The government says its investment in exploration will enable Mexico tomaintain its current output in the future.With at least 3.4m barrels per day, Mexico is Latin America's largestcrude producer ahead of Venezuela and Brazil, according to theInternational Energy Agency (IEA).The oil industry provides one third of the Mexican state income. Morethan half the crude extracted is exported, mainly to the United States.The state-owned company Petroleos Mexicanos (Pemex) is among the biggestplayers in the international oil market.Mexico is not a member of oil producers' cartel Opec.___ Biofuel mailing list Biofuel@sustainablelists.org http://sustainablelists.org/mailman/listinfo/biofuel_sustainablelists.org Biofuel at Journey to Forever: http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel.html Search the combined Biofuel and Biofuels-biz list archives (50,000 messages): http://www.mail-archive.com/biofuel@sustainablelists.org/
Re: [Biofuel] The End of Dollar Hegemony
Hmmm. Makes me feel better about having no cash reserves, but a stockpile of PV modules in my garage On 3/16/06, Kirk McLoren [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: I had conversations over a decade ago with a Belgian who had lived in Argentina (I think) when they experienced triple digit inflation. In other words currency collapse. He said it was quite an experience. The infrastructure fragmented. The electrical grid etc was no longer maintained. If you had extra money you bought something - even a garment that didnt fit as you could barter it next month for more than if you held the money. A good time to have storage facility - for anything. Kirk Keith Addison [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: See also: http://informationclearinghouse.info/article12346.htm Global Economic Hegemony: A New Kind of Warfare? By Kaleem Hussain 03/15/06 ICSSA The Proposed Iranian Oil Bourse http://www.mail-archive.com/biofuel@sustainablelists.org/msg59546.html Petrodollar Warfare: Dollars, Euros and the Upcoming Iranian Oil Bourse http://www.mail-archive.com/biofuel@sustainablelists.org/msg59538.html - http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article11946.htm The End of Dollar Hegemony Yahoo! Mail Use Photomail to share photos without annoying attachments. Relax. Yahoo! Mail virus scanning helps detect nasty viruses! ___ Biofuel mailing list Biofuel@sustainablelists.org http://sustainablelists.org/mailman/listinfo/biofuel_sustainablelists.org Biofuel at Journey to Forever: http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel.html Search the combined Biofuel and Biofuels-biz list archives (50,000 messages): http://www.mail-archive.com/biofuel@sustainablelists.org/ ___ Biofuel mailing list Biofuel@sustainablelists.org http://sustainablelists.org/mailman/listinfo/biofuel_sustainablelists.org Biofuel at Journey to Forever: http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel.html Search the combined Biofuel and Biofuels-biz list archives (50,000 messages): http://www.mail-archive.com/biofuel@sustainablelists.org/
Re: [Biofuel] more mercedes help
Hmmm. Dunno on the mercedes. The VW injector pumps have a built in lift pump which is integral to the injector pump -- no external lines between the lift pump and the injector pump. I suspect that if there is an external lift pump on the mercedes, that the injector pump cannot function without a lift pump. Therefore, it probably wouldn't work to put the switchover valve between the fuel filter and the injector pump, unless you use a separate lift pump for the veggie oil circuit. And probably put a return line for the diesel lift pump so it doesn't get dead headed when you switch to the veggie oil circuit. I would go the extra lift pump route, rather than switching before the filter, as it will take a long time to purge the filter if it's full of veggie oil when you want to shut down. I can't remember exactly where the switchover valves were on the '74 mercedes we convertered -- I didn't do the conversion myself, and it'snot handy to look at right now. I do remember that it seemed to take a long time for the veggie oil to get to the engine after throwing the switch -- you could tell when it got there, because all of a sudden it would sound like a gas engine at idle instead of the normal diesel clatter. I've been using cheap ($45 or so) electric fuel pumps designed for carbureated gas cars for an extra lift pump/primer pump for my VW even though it has the built in one. So far (a few months) the biodiesel hasn't eaten it up. On 3/16/06, Kenji James Fuse [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: This is a solicitation for help from the Mercedes buffs out there. Some of you will say 'go to a mercedes forum', but last time there were several really useful replies. I plan to install a second fuel tank next week, so now I have to decide how to do it. The vehicle is a 1976 Mercedes-Benz 300D. Here's the big question: It seems the injector pump has a lift pump on it's side, where the original fuel line first goes, before going to the main fuel filter and into the ip (is this a correct assumption?). Do I have to put the solenoid fuel tank selector valve before this, or can I leave the original fuel line as is and put the solenoid right before the fuel feed into the injector pump proper? Thanks in advance, Kenji Fuse ___ Biofuel mailing list Biofuel@sustainablelists.org http://sustainablelists.org/mailman/listinfo/biofuel_sustainablelists.org Biofuel at Journey to Forever: http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel.html Search the combined Biofuel and Biofuels-biz list archives (50,000 messages): http://www.mail-archive.com/biofuel@sustainablelists.org/ ___ Biofuel mailing list Biofuel@sustainablelists.org http://sustainablelists.org/mailman/listinfo/biofuel_sustainablelists.org Biofuel at Journey to Forever: http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel.html Search the combined Biofuel and Biofuels-biz list archives (50,000 messages): http://www.mail-archive.com/biofuel@sustainablelists.org/
Re: [Biofuel] automating titration
It's been a few years since I took chemistry, but I seem to recall that pH is a logarithm of the number of H+ ions in solution. At least in an aqueous solution. That definition might not hold up under a non-aqueous solution such as methoxide. But if you convert from pH to moles of H+ or OH- ions, and you know the concentration of such ions in your titration solution, you should be able to come up with a formula to determine the amount needed to get to a pH of 8.4. Zeke On 3/15/06, Jason Katie [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: i thank you for your help Mr. Mahoney. the known variables will be: pH of the base (by reference measurement) pH of the Oil (by measurement) volume of the oil (by external input) the unknown will be: volume of base needed to reach a pH of 8.4 i dont really need numbers, just a formula that i can put into a program, the knowns will all be taken from the test sequence and the unknown will be found and used in the process plus a small excess. i have no background in chemistry, so this is all very new to me, and im probably in over my head, but i will try whatever i can to make this work. P.S. i tried to send this to your email address and it didnt accept it, i may have entered it incorrectly. thank you, Jason ___ Biofuel mailing list Biofuel@sustainablelists.org http://sustainablelists.org/mailman/listinfo/biofuel_sustainablelists.org Biofuel at Journey to Forever: http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel.html Search the combined Biofuel and Biofuels-biz list archives (50,000 messages): http://www.mail-archive.com/biofuel@sustainablelists.org/ ___ Biofuel mailing list Biofuel@sustainablelists.org http://sustainablelists.org/mailman/listinfo/biofuel_sustainablelists.org Biofuel at Journey to Forever: http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel.html Search the combined Biofuel and Biofuels-biz list archives (50,000 messages): http://www.mail-archive.com/biofuel@sustainablelists.org/
[Biofuel] Why Iran's oil bourse can't break the buck
http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/HC10Ak01.html Mar 10, 2006 Why Iran's oil bourse can't break the buck By F William Engdahl A number of writings have recently appeared with the thesis that the announced plans of the Iranian government to institute a Tehran oil bourse, perhaps as early as this month, is the real hidden reason behind the evident march to war on Iran by the Anglo-American powers. The thesis is simply wrong for many reasons, not least that war on Iran has been in planning since the 1990s as an integral part of the United States' Greater Middle East strategy. More significant, the oil-bourse argument is a red herring that diverts attention from the real geopolitical grounds behind the march toward war that have been detailed on this website, including in my piece, A high-risk game of nuclear chicken, which appeared in Asia Times Online on January 31. (http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/HA31Ak02.html) In 1996, Richard Perle and Douglas Feith, two neo-conservatives later to play an important role in formulation of Bush administration's Pentagon policy in the Middle East, authored a paper for then newly elected Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu. That advisory paper, A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm, called on Netanyahu to make a clean break from the peace process. Perle and Feith also called on Netanyahu to strengthen Israel's defenses against Syria and Iraq, and to go after Iran as the prop of Syria. More than a year before President George W Bush declared his shock and awe operation against Iraq, he made his now-infamous January 2002 State of the Union address to Congress in which he labeled Iran, along with Iraq and North Korea, as a member of the axis of evil trio. This was well before anyone in Tehran was even considering establishing an oil bourse to trade oil in various currencies. The argument by those who believe the Tehran oil bourse would be the casus belli, the trigger pushing Washington down the road to potential thermonuclear annihilation of Iran, seems to rest on the claim that by openly trading oil to other nations or buyers in euros, Tehran would set into motion a chain of events in which nation after nation, buyer after buyer, would line up to buy oil no longer in US dollars but in euros. That, in turn, goes the argument, would lead to a panic selling of dollars on world foreign-exchange markets and a collapse of the role of the dollar as reserve currency, one of the pillars of Empire. Basta! There goes the American Century down the tubes with the onset of the Tehran oil bourse. Some background considerations That argument fails to convince for a number of reasons. First, in the case of at least one of the oil-bourse theorists, the argument is based on a misunderstanding of the process I described in my book, A Century of War, regarding the creation in 1974 of petrodollar recycling, a process with which then-US secretary of state Henry Kissinger was deeply involved, in the wake of the 400% oil-price hike orchestrated by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). The US dollar then did not become a petrodollar, although Kissinger spoke about the process of recycling petrodollars. What he was referring to was the initiation of a new phase of US global hegemony in which the petrodollar export earnings of OPEC oil lands would be recycled into the hands of the major New York and London banks and re-lent in the form of US dollar loans to oil-deficit countries such as Brazil and Argentina, creating what soon came to be known as the Latin American debt crisis. The dollar at that time had been a fiat currency since August 1971 when president Richard Nixon first abrogated the Bretton Woods Treaty and refused to redeem US dollars held by foreign central banks for gold bullion. The dollar floated against other major currencies, falling more or less until it was revived by the 1973-74 oil-price shock. What the oil shock achieved for the sagging dollar was a sudden injection of global demand from nations confronted with 400% higher oil-import bills. At that time, by postwar convention and convenience, as the dollar was the only reserve currency held around the world other than gold, oil was priced by all OPEC members in dollars as a practical exigency. With the 400% price rise, nations such as France, Germany and Japan suddenly found reason to try to buy their oil directly in their own currencies - French francs, Deutschmarks or Japanese yen - to lessen the pressure on their rapidly declining reserves of trade dollars. The US Treasury and the Pentagon made certain that did not happen, partly with some secret diplomacy by Kissinger, bullying threats, and a whopping-big US military agreement with the key OPEC producer, Saudi Arabia. At that time it helped that the shah of Iran was seen in Washington to be a vassal of Kissinger. The point was not that the US dollar became a petro currency. The point was that the reserve
Re: [Biofuel] more mercedes help
Hi Kenji ! You are correct. The black gizmo on the side of the MB injection pump is indeed a lift pump. It keeps the IP body full of fuel at a small pressure, something like 3 or 4 psi. The main thing to remember on a two tank setup is that the fuel line coming out of the top of the spin on filter is the return to the tank! The lift pump pulls fuel from the tank, pushes it through the two fuel filters, then through the IP body, and finally back to the fuel tank. The vast majority of the fuel pumped is just going around in circles and not being used by the engine. If you just switch the suction side from one tank to the other, you will still be returning fuel to the original tank. This means you need two selector valves, one on the suction side of the pump, and the other on the return so you are returning fuel to the same tank you are pumping it out of. The problem with the two selector valve system is that when you switch tanks, all of the fuel in the IP, the fuel filters, and the fuel lines winds up in the "other" tank. This means every time you switch tanks, you slightly contaminate your BD tank with Diesel. No big deal, but when you switch back, you put some BD in your diesel tank which can freeze up in cold weather, plug your filters and stop the car. On my '77 240D (same car minus one cylinder), I run a float bowl mounted in the trunk which the lift pump sucks out of and returns to. The float bowl is kept full by one of two electric fuel pumps. One for the diesel tank and one for the BD tank. These pumps have check valves so the fuel only can go through one way and connect to a tee right before the float bowl. This means my BD tank never gets diesel in it and, more importantly my diesel tank never gets BD in it. There are no selector valves in the system at all. I just turn on the appropriate pump and away we go on french fry squeezin's. I also have a heat exchanger on the return line from the IP. This heats the fuel before it heads back to the float bowl in the trunk keeping my insulated fuel lines from freezing in the winter. Sorry for the long post, but I'm just delighted to get to share some knowledge! Chris Rice - Original Message - From: Kenji James Fuse To: Biofuel@sustainablelists.org Sent: Thursday, March 16, 2006 9:28 AM Subject: [Biofuel] more mercedes help This is a solicitation for help from the Mercedes buffs out there. Some ofyou will say 'go to a mercedes forum', but last time there were severalreally useful replies.I plan to install a second fuel tank next week, so now I have to decidehow to do it. The vehicle is a 1976 Mercedes-Benz 300D.Here's the big question:It seems the injector pump has a lift pump on it's side, where theoriginal fuel line first goes, before going to the main fuel filterand into the ip (is this a correct assumption?). Do I have to put thesolenoid fuel tank selector valvebefore this, or can I leave the original fuel line as is and put thesolenoid right before the fuel feed into the injector pump proper?Thanks in advance,Kenji Fuse___Biofuel mailing listBiofuel@sustainablelists.orghttp://sustainablelists.org/mailman/listinfo/biofuel_sustainablelists.orgBiofuel at Journey to Forever:MailScanner has detected a possible fraud attempt from "journeytoforever.org" claiming to be http://journeytoforeverorg/biofuel.htmlSearch the combined Biofuel and Biofuels-biz list archives (50,000 messages):http://www.mail-archive.com/biofuel@sustainablelists.org/ ___ Biofuel mailing list Biofuel@sustainablelists.org http://sustainablelists.org/mailman/listinfo/biofuel_sustainablelists.org Biofuel at Journey to Forever: http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel.html Search the combined Biofuel and Biofuels-biz list archives (50,000 messages): http://www.mail-archive.com/biofuel@sustainablelists.org/
Re: [Biofuel] automating titration
thats just it, i wont be metering flows, it will be two seperate meters in two seperate containers, one will be the base methoxide and one will be directly in the oil tank. the volume of oil will be entered by hand into the computer, and the pH of each substance will be entered electronically, removing any human clumsiness and gaining an accuracy my daft fingers never could, and the fewer mechanical parts there are means the less chance there will be a breakdown. after a time when i can build another accessory i could measure and enter the volume of oil electronically also. with photodetection, you have to be very picky about timing, and to adequately time something with an analog system would be extremely complicated and not likely to work with the equipment i have in my posession. it would have been possible two years ago, but i no longer have access to the college lab, and cannot afford the 7500$ bits of equipment they so happily supply their students. - Original Message - From: Joe Street [EMAIL PROTECTED] To: Biofuel@sustainablelists.org Sent: Thursday, March 16, 2006 8:29 AM Subject: Re: [Biofuel] automating titration Hey Jason; If you are bent on doing this, why not approach it from a different angle? Make a system that imitates what you do yourself, instead of trying to do it numerically just make a system that does what you do. It could all be done by way of gravity feed and counting drops by use of optical sensors. You add a few drops of indicator and then keep adding titration solution until the indicator goes off and stays for 10 seconds. That's 8.4 ph. Again a photosensor is used to detect the colour change condition. This will for sure work and eliminates much of the problem with trying to meter flows. Joe ___ Biofuel mailing list Biofuel@sustainablelists.org http://sustainablelists.org/mailman/listinfo/biofuel_sustainablelists.org Biofuel at Journey to Forever: http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel.html Search the combined Biofuel and Biofuels-biz list archives (50,000 messages): http://www.mail-archive.com/biofuel@sustainablelists.org/
[Biofuel] [EMAIL PROTECTED] more mercedes help
Kenji, If you end up plumbing the solenoid valve in between the lift pump and injector pump, you will need to add a separate fuel pump to the vegetable oil circuit. The injector pump can create very high pressure, but produces nothing in the way of vaccuum. The lift pump is required to keep the injector pump fed with fuel. I would put the solenoid valve before the lift pump. Installation will be much simpler. Dan Albano ___ Biofuel mailing list Biofuel@sustainablelists.org http://sustainablelists.org/mailman/listinfo/biofuel_sustainablelists.org Biofuel at Journey to Forever: http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel.html Search the combined Biofuel and Biofuels-biz list archives (50,000 messages): http://www.mail-archive.com/biofuel@sustainablelists.org/
