Re: [time-nuts] Low noise power supplies - dont' use Electrolytics

2011-11-26 Thread Bob Paddock
On Sat, Nov 26, 2011 at 2:13 AM, gary li...@lazygranch.com wrote: At sane temperatures, OSCONs are very good. Who runs their gear hot enough to boil water? National Fire Protection Agency (NFPA) 2007 edition of their design regulations state the electronics worn by Fire Fighters must work at

Re: [time-nuts] SDR GPS

2011-11-24 Thread Bob Paddock
On Thu, Nov 24, 2011 at 6:19 AM, Poul-Henning Kamp p...@phk.freebsd.dk wrote: Has any of you played with this:        http://www.sparkfun.com/products/8238 Anyone look at the the one from Parallax that Radio Shack is selling for less than $50?

Re: [time-nuts] Google NTP Servers and smearing leap seconds...

2011-09-16 Thread Bob Paddock
On Fri, Sep 16, 2011 at 2:36 PM, Hal Murray hmur...@megapathdsl.net wrote: x...@darksmile.net said: You can forget Wall St. firms and Banks for starters. They need sub-microsecond accurate timing as some instruments (Forex)   are moving to 10 microsecond latency from order entry to order

Re: [time-nuts] Commercial Assembly - Poll

2011-03-26 Thread Bob Paddock
Since it's a short run, I suspect the per run charges (machine setup and screens) will be a significant part of what would be paid. See what I wrote on my blog sometime ago Is there a rule of thumb for estimating the cost of getting circuit boards assembled?.

Re: [time-nuts] Parts Selection

2011-03-26 Thread Bob Paddock
On Fri, Mar 25, 2011 at 5:29 PM, Bob Camp li...@rtty.us wrote: I don't see a way to reasonably ship a solder mask with each board. I agree it would be neat, but it would cost ... Solder Stencil actually. The mask is part of the board. Low use stencils are $25:

Re: [time-nuts] Problems with Garmin - maybe we should cut them a little slack

2010-12-31 Thread Bob Paddock
On Fri, Dec 31, 2010 at 11:18 AM, William H. Fite omni...@gmail.com wrote: Maybe we should cut these cartographers a little slack.  When you consider that Garmin will sell you a map update of the entire northern hemisphere for eighty bucks, we perhaps shouldn't get too wadded up if they miss

Re: [time-nuts] Hyperterminal with variable baud rate

2010-11-22 Thread Bob Paddock
On Thu, Nov 18, 2010 at 11:55 AM, Corby Dawson cdel...@juno.com wrote: Are there any terminal programs out there that allow you to select rates other than the standard values? https://sites.google.com/site/terminalbpp/ Select 'Custom'. -- http://blog.softwaresafety.net/

Re: [time-nuts] WWVB 60 kHz Loop Antenna Progress

2010-10-20 Thread Bob Paddock
On Tue, Oct 19, 2010 at 10:14 PM, Bill Hawkins b...@iaxs.net wrote: As I understand it, 60 KHz information is so slow that phase information is critical. Take a look at the Synchronous Demodulator that is listed with the Black Hole Ant. info. http://www.unusualresearch.com/Sutton/sutton.htm

Re: [time-nuts] WWVB 60 kHz Loop Antenna Progress

2010-10-19 Thread Bob Paddock
On Tue, Oct 19, 2010 at 7:16 PM, Magnus Danielson mag...@rubidium.dyndns.org wrote: But then again, avoid the issue and go for a black hole antenna amplifier. I've been gathering information on Black Hole Antennas for a while on my web site: http://www.unusualresearch.com/Sutton/sutton.htm

Re: [time-nuts] Homebrew H Maser

2010-08-29 Thread Bob Paddock
On Sun, Aug 29, 2010 at 7:56 PM, Didier Juges did...@cox.net wrote: I'll dig them up and see if anyone could host them on a website. (Files are quite large!) It would be great if you could upload these to the Manuals page at www.ko4bb.com. That would be great. If the files are really big

Re: [time-nuts] On low-voltage TAC/TDCs for a GPSDO

2010-08-12 Thread Bob Paddock
On Thu, Aug 12, 2010 at 6:45 PM, J.D. Bakker j...@lartmaker.nl wrote: To start with the context: I'm planning to use a microcontroller with a built-in dual 12-bit 2MSPS ADC. That sounds like it is an Atmel XMega part. Do make sure you read the data sheet errata section, as some parts in the

Re: [time-nuts] Did my Tbolt die ?

2010-07-17 Thread Bob Paddock
On Sat, Jul 17, 2010 at 5:17 AM, Neville Michie namic...@gmail.com wrote: I have had problems with TBolts on PCs. The COM port assignments seem to be a bit volatile, plug in a different mouse or other user and you may find the COM port has been assigned to it. I have never been able to

Re: [time-nuts] GPS receiver stuck at South Pole :)

2010-04-15 Thread Bob Paddock
On Thu, Apr 15, 2010 at 8:08 PM, Hal Murray hmur...@megapathdsl.net wrote: I've got a Garmin GPS 18 USB.  (18, not 18x)  It's inside.  I'm not surprised when it fades out. At first, I thought it was just giving a garbage location while trying to find some satellites, but now that I've

Re: [time-nuts] Fw: Re: Fluke1 Monitor

2010-02-20 Thread Bob Paddock
On Thu, Feb 18, 2010 at 7:26 AM, Bob Camp li...@cq.nu wrote: It is amazing just how much stuff that's normally up for sale is missing at the moment. It is EBay's goal to drive out any small sellers, they only want the big power sellers now. Look at the EBay forums and you see that the small

Re: [time-nuts] AMC-123 patent

2010-02-20 Thread Bob Paddock
On Sat, Feb 20, 2010 at 4:33 PM, Gerhard Hoffmann dk...@arcor.de wrote: Rick Karlquist wrote: Fortunately, there is a paper copy of the 1989 Anzac catalog in the N6RK technical library.  Not everything is on the internet.  The patent number is: 3,624,536 go to http://www.pat2pdf.org/,

Re: [time-nuts] True to there word. - Fancy WWVB

2010-02-08 Thread Bob Paddock
On Mon, Feb 8, 2010 at 8:40 PM, Bob Camp li...@cq.nu wrote: I assume that you are going to have to train your loop to expect the ID shifts and time markers. Again, they are predictable. Would it not be easier to use the WWVB Zero-Crossings to sync something? Then the power shifts should not

Re: [time-nuts] Test Equipment Tables

2010-01-24 Thread Bob Paddock
If you are looking for massive tables on the cheap, you can indeed build them. The only real drawback is that it's a build in place item. You aren't going to take it with you when you move. There are various versions of that table scattered all over the US. My work bench is two 2 thick,

Re: [time-nuts] chip scale atomic clock

2009-12-26 Thread Bob Paddock
On Sat, Dec 26, 2009 at 8:23 AM, Ronald Held ronaldh...@gmail.com wrote: I read about this a while ago. Researcher Time Line Translations were explained here a few days ago: http://www.xkcd.com/678/ The mouse-overs always have interesting comments... -- http://www.wearablesmartsensors.com/

Re: [time-nuts] are any time-nuts also random-nuts?

2009-12-24 Thread Bob Paddock
On Thu, Dec 24, 2009 at 3:24 PM, Scott Newell new...@cei.net wrote: At 01:57 PM 12/24/2009, saidj...@aol.com wrote: No need for that, just buy all ~18 million tickets (would cost $18 million in the US) if the jackpot is ~$60 million or higher, which it often is... To improve your odds in

Re: [time-nuts] are any time-nuts also random-nuts?

2009-12-24 Thread Bob Paddock
What he has discovered, with the aid of a spreadsheet, is that when the 6 winning numbers are announced, they usually sum to a number somewhere in the range 130 to 170. Very rarely is the sum very low or very high. Gail Howard has written books and 'wheels' on this system. --

Re: [time-nuts] Invariance

2009-12-12 Thread Bob Paddock
Some researches is about to measure the change of universal constants as universe expands. Time and Spacetime: The Crystallizing Block Universe http://arxiv.org/abs/0912.0808 The nature of the future is completely different from the nature of the past. When quantum effects are significant, the

Re: [time-nuts] GPS antenna and lightning

2009-10-04 Thread Bob Paddock
Just one little wire that's not tied into the system provides a path that will let damaging currents come in through any other wire, no matter how well protected they are. I had one strike here that came *up* out of our 300 foot deep water well, when a tree several hundred yards away took a

Re: [time-nuts] 4046 variations (was EPE GPS....)

2009-09-27 Thread Bob Paddock
The part might look wrong without this information. One case was a 3.15A fuse in series with a 27R resistor at the 28V supply input. The fuse can never blow (no the aircraft didn't have 115V 400Hz supplies). The reason was a pater exercise to obtain intrinsic safety approval without formal

Re: [time-nuts] Don't let the magic hair out...

2009-05-24 Thread Bob Paddock
 I assume that in time better grade capacitors will work their way into the manufacturing world. Counterfeit electronic parts have become the newest business model in some circles. The problem is getting worse. -- http://www.wearablesmartsensors.com/ http://www.softwaresafety.net/

Re: [time-nuts] FreeBSD, NetBSD, or Minix-III?

2009-05-24 Thread Bob Paddock
A 33.31 format would buy us a century, still allow us to get nanoseconds right, but it be computationally inconvenient and looks messy, so people balk at it. Anything wrong with TAI64NA? http://cr.yp.to/libtai.html libtai is a library for storing and manipulating dates and times. libtai

[time-nuts] FreeBSD, NetBSD, or Minix-III?

2009-05-16 Thread Bob Paddock
I'm not out to start any kind of OS war here, I'm simply curious as to alternatives. On Fri, May 15, 2009 at 12:02 PM, Poul-Henning Kamp p...@phk.freebsd.dk wrote: ... which you can read more about in my paper from 2002: http://phk.freebsd.dk/pubs/timecounter.pdf Anyone know how

Re: [time-nuts] FreeBSD, NetBSD, or Minix-III?

2009-05-16 Thread Bob Paddock
On Sat, May 16, 2009 at 9:21 AM, Chuck Harris cfhar...@erols.com wrote: Bob Paddock wrote: Anyone ever look at Minix-III (Minix-I was the progenitor to Linux)? Seems like it would be easy to make a decent time server, on embedded hardware with it.  Past iterations of the Minix-III website

Re: [time-nuts] FreeBSD, NetBSD, or Minix-III?

2009-05-16 Thread Bob Paddock
I think there is more use of microkernels (eCos, RTEMS, Erlang, etc.) in the embedded world. The environment is more constrained, so reducing the footprint is useful. There is also the new µC/OS-III (yes, three) that provides near zero interrupt disable time. µC/OS-III has a number of internal

Re: [time-nuts] FreeBSD 7 ntp server

2009-01-01 Thread Bob Paddock
I'm thinking about, for example, stock trading where the first bid wins. Sub-second resolution is needed there, I think. Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP) is what is used in some big brokerage firms. http://jira.amqp.org/confluence/display/AMQP/Advanced+Message+Queuing+Protocol

Re: [time-nuts] US Shipping Was huntron tracker advice

2008-11-27 Thread Bob Paddock
If you have ever been on the other side of an ITAR investigation, you would rightly conclude that it isn't safe to do anything other than scrap and destroy US surplus materials... which is precisely what they want you to do. In a past life I designed Coal Mining Equipment, back when the

Re: [time-nuts] I want a good micro-controller

2008-09-07 Thread Bob Paddock
Beware, programmers have turned to screaming, blithering idiots with bits of their brains oozing out all of their orifices just by glancing at that page. Worse than writing a Web Server in the language BF? The B stands for Brain, and I'm not going to put the F on a family oriented list

Re: [time-nuts] Help with HP 8640B generator

2008-09-06 Thread Bob Paddock
The cubicle? Anti-Productivity Pods: Cubicles as Dilbert so astutely noted. For my money the most important work on software productivity in the last 20 years is DeMarco and Lister's Peopleware (1987 Dorset House Publishing, NY NY). For a decade the authors conducted coding wars at a number

Re: [time-nuts] Capacitive temperature sensing

2008-08-23 Thread Bob Paddock
Bruce, very interesting. I didn't know capacitive sensors went down that low. That could be useful in other areas. I searched google but found nothing. Do you have any urls? http://www.eetimes.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=175801455 EE Times: SENSORS: Quake detector preps for

Re: [time-nuts] I want a good micro-controller

2008-08-13 Thread Bob Paddock
any ARM7 outperforms the best PIC in price and performance :) http://beagleboard.org/ Get them from DigiKey, $149. http://dkc1.digikey.com/us/mkt/beagleboard.html The USB-powered Beagle Board is a low-cost, fan-less single board computer utilizing Texas Instruments' OMAP3530 [ARM]

Re: [time-nuts] Power supply for Thunderbolt

2008-08-07 Thread Bob Paddock
On Thu, Aug 7, 2008 at 5:59 AM, Peter Vince [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: It may be possible to stack 3 low ESR super capacitors in series (maximum voltage rating is around 2v -2.5V those with higher ratings are actually series connected stacks) to do this but this is a relatively expensive

Re: [time-nuts] What is a Time-Nut grade Zero Crossing Circuit?

2008-08-01 Thread Bob Paddock
Jitter specs assume a logic waveform input, not a sine wave input. Many jitter specs refer to pattern jitter of data, which does not apply to clocks. Also, jitter increases at low frequencies in practice, even though in theory it should not. Like I said, this topic is very tricky. How

[time-nuts] What is a Time-Nut grade Zero Crossing Circuit?

2008-07-30 Thread Bob Paddock
Can you point me to a Time-Nut grade Zero Crossing circuit that I can feed a Actel Igloo FPGA (It doesn't like sine waves)? For the sake of discussion the source signal is a ThunderBolt at 10 MHz. The FPGA is rated to 350 MHz, so no need to have a 5. GHz Zero Crossing circuit.

Re: [time-nuts] Double ovened 10811-60158 on ebay

2008-07-12 Thread Bob Paddock
I keep wondering if not a passive oven (metal box, insulation, metal box) would be sufficient. Large metal reflectively lined thermos bottles are worth considering. You do end up with a lot of long skinny circuit boards that way. Peltier based thermoelectric cooler's from Big Box Stores can

Re: [time-nuts] Frequency divider design critique request

2008-07-11 Thread Bob Paddock
There are usually some BNC bulkhead connectors on eBay that terminate in SMA/SMB/SMC pigtails, which are great for panel mounting. Not directly related to this design, but it made me wonder about something. If you are building a multiple output system and channel phase to channel phase was

Re: [time-nuts] Frequency divider design critique request

2008-07-10 Thread Bob Paddock
The CPLD's (unlike the FPGAs) are single chip solutions. There are many single chip FPGA solutions today from several different companies. If you are in the US and near a Avnet office you can pick up a Actel Igloo Icicle eval. board/programmer for $49. They are giving them out at the Actel

Re: [time-nuts] Thunderbolt and USB to RS232 converters

2008-07-08 Thread Bob Paddock
On Monday 07 July 2008 02:10:35 am David Smith wrote: I'm aware of those, but the next new USB serial device you plug in will still be the next higher number. It is the counter for this number I've not been able to locate. I've just sorted this problem on another thing I was doing,

Re: [time-nuts] Thunderbolt and USB to RS232 converters

2008-07-06 Thread Bob Paddock
On Sun, Jul 6, 2008 at 11:57 AM, Arnold Tibus [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Hello all Thunderbolt enthusiasts, Thunderbolt Monitor does show all the assigned ports at the right side column for com ports 1 to 16. A tip for anyone that might be designing software. Don't put a fixed limit on the USB

Re: [time-nuts] Thunderbolt and USB to RS232 converters

2008-07-06 Thread Bob Paddock
In the device manager, choose View: Show hidden devices. The grayed out devices have once been, but are no longer, connected to your machine. Remove the ones that you no longer care about. You can also remap the comport-numbers in the properties of the serial port devices, use the button

Re: [time-nuts] Thunderbolt controllers

2008-07-06 Thread Bob Paddock
A very minimal controller might be an AVR Butterfly. It only has a 6 character display and joyswitch. Rather not up to the task, There is the newer DB101 with the 128x64 bit map display. http://www.atmel.com/dyn/Products/tools_card.asp?tool_id=4221 I think they really did a botched job on

Re: [time-nuts] New leap second

2008-07-04 Thread Bob Paddock
On Friday 04 July 2008 03:07:47 pm Chuck Harris wrote: Well, yes. The Earth expands from the heat, rotation slows, and we get another leap second - as we watch symptom after symptom occur while being unable to come to consensus on what to do. I say that we take up the issue with the

Re: [time-nuts] PCB design questions

2008-06-05 Thread Bob Paddock
On Monday 02 June 2008 02:19:52 pm David C. Partridge wrote: I'm now thinking ahead to the PCB requirement... http://focus.ti.com/lit/an/scaa082/scaa082.pdf http://www.ti.com/litv/pdf/scaa082 Application Notes Abstract High Speed Layout Guidelines This application report addresses high-speed

Re: [time-nuts] quick and very dirty phase comparator

2008-06-04 Thread Bob Paddock
Since I am well familiar with the Analog Devices DDS circuits, this has been my very first idea. The most simple one for that purpose would be a AD9851 (180 MHz, 32 Bit, built in clock multiplier). But when I used the DDS design tool available on the AD web pages I received a big warning

Re: [time-nuts] PCB design questions thread II

2008-06-02 Thread Bob Paddock
On Monday 02 June 2008 02:31:18 pm Patrick wrote: I have wanted to fabricate my own PCBs for several years now but I have never made an attempt. I am set up here to do silk screening and I have ovens and a hot-air soldering iron. Has anyone else tried to fabricate their own boards or is the

Re: [time-nuts] PCB design questions thread II

2008-06-02 Thread Bob Paddock
On Monday 02 June 2008 04:53:17 pm [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Not the cheapest, but great for professional proto's when quality trumps cost (above 1GHz, one source FR4 is totally different from another sources FR4...) Anyone have suggestions for Metal Core Protype Boards? Used in high power

Re: [time-nuts] PCB design questions thread II

2008-06-02 Thread Bob Paddock
How do you cope with SMT parts (eg high frequency ADCs) with metal thermal transfer /ground connections under the package itself? How to succeed the first time with ultra-small QFN packages http://www.wirelessnetdesignline.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=202800018

Re: [time-nuts] Thoughts on IR thermometers?

2008-05-29 Thread Bob Paddock
On Tuesday 27 May 2008 11:31:49 pm Patrick wrote: I tried to use a cheap IR thermometer to do some quick, pre-circuit analysis tests, a couple of years ago on a particular job. It went bad, the laser did not even line up with the area being measured, I missed a burning hot capacitor and

Re: [time-nuts] Plotting csv files

2008-05-08 Thread Bob Paddock
Does anyone has some nice software that will easily plot a csv file. I do need to be able to change the vertical scale rather than have it autorange. http://ploticus.sourceforge.net/doc/welcome.html -- http://www.wearablesmartsensors.com/ http://www.softwaresafety.net/

Re: [time-nuts] favorite microcontroller module?

2008-02-20 Thread Bob Paddock
On Wednesday 20 February 2008 11:53:23 am Chuck Harris wrote: I doubt it, the audience of these two devices is quite different. The 6805 family could address 64K external RAM/ROM/IO. Not sure what device you are describing, but it is not a 6805. I cannot imagine what lesson they needed to

Re: [time-nuts] device as sniffer/ promiscuous mode GPIB devices?

2008-01-29 Thread Bob Paddock
On Monday 28 January 2008 08:19:40 am Patrick wrote: I rebuild and resell lab instruments. My customers are doing great work finding cures for diseases. The software to control their instruments cost between 5-40K and is hyped up garbage that eats up their meager budgets. I desperately,

Re: [time-nuts] Super Regulator links

2007-12-14 Thread Bob Paddock
On Thursday 13 December 2007 09:47:36 pm Bruce Griffiths wrote: Matt Ettus wrote: Can you explain to me the use of fast recovery diodes if you are going to put capacitors across them? Even with the snubber networks the reverse conduction time of the fast recovery diodes is considerably

Re: [time-nuts] Timing on Ethernet

2007-08-06 Thread Bob Paddock
); SAEximRunCond expanded to false Errors-To: [EMAIL PROTECTED] RETRY On Sunday 05 August 2007 12:13, Poul-Henning Kamp wrote: We found the best waveguide experience was in the range of 300 to 420 MHz, but the distance is very limited, hundreds of feet at most. The main problem at different

Re: [time-nuts] Timing on Ethernet

2007-08-05 Thread Bob Paddock
); SAEximRunCond expanded to false Errors-To: [EMAIL PROTECTED] RETRY On Saturday 04 August 2007 23:54, Thomas A. Frank wrote: Ah, but what if one used the tunnel itself as a waveguide, and propagated an RF signal down it? For many years I designed Coal Mining Equipment, I can tell you from

Re: [time-nuts] Timing on Ethernet

2007-08-03 Thread Bob Paddock
); SAEximRunCond expanded to false Errors-To: [EMAIL PROTECTED] RETRY On Friday 03 August 2007 07:22, Pablo Alvarez Sanchez wrote: At CERN we are considering the possibility of using Ethernet as a real time field bus. There are a couple of projects that have already gone down this road, for

Re: [time-nuts] Why Cesium and Rubidium only

2007-07-27 Thread Bob Paddock
); SAEximRunCond expanded to false Errors-To: [EMAIL PROTECTED] On Friday 27 July 2007 04:14, Dr Bruce Griffiths wrote: 22GHz, (15GHz) (~40.5 GHz) than either the caesium (9.192GHz) or rubidium (6.8GHz) Anything happening in the THz range, that anyone knows of? --

Re: [time-nuts] ? phase comparison or other device

2007-07-01 Thread Bob Paddock
); SAEximRunCond expanded to false Errors-To: [EMAIL PROTECTED] On Saturday 30 June 2007 10:15, Dr Bruce Griffiths wrote: Not true, there's nothing magic about amplifier saturation, any means that limits the amplifier output whilst dropping the small signal gain to a low value will have

Re: [time-nuts] ? phase comparison or other device

2007-07-01 Thread Bob Paddock
); SAEximRunCond expanded to false Errors-To: [EMAIL PROTECTED] These devices are a little noisy below 100Hz. Rather than constantly battle the there is to much noise, what are your thoughts on deliberately injecting out-of-band noise? As an example:

[time-nuts] C-Max filed Chapter 11

2007-05-26 Thread Bob Paddock
For anyone with interest in C-Max's Time Receiver products, my Sales Rep. for C-Max forwarded this message from their boss yesterday: C-Max filed Chapter 11. Do not sell any longer!! Their old site: http://www.c-maxgroup.com/home/index.php refers to a new site: http://c-max-time.com Both

Re: [time-nuts] LF time signal emulation

2007-04-30 Thread Bob Paddock
On Monday 30 April 2007 11:00, Brooke Clarke wrote: I think the crew from what was called Temic has formed a new company called C-MAX. Here is their web site: http://www.c-maxgroup.com/home/index.php Their parts, and ~$30 evaluation module, are available from DigiKey. They do sell a

Re: [time-nuts] 10MHz to 32MHz?

2007-04-23 Thread Bob Paddock
On Monday 23 April 2007 03:56, Don Collie wrote: The thing that puzzles me is: why is the plot of VCO voltage versus time different when locking from below to locking from the same initial frequency difference when locking from above. It`s a pity you can`t predict PLL lockup

Re: [time-nuts] Gate propagation delay jitter

2007-04-10 Thread Bob Paddock
I await Bob Paddock's circuit with bated breath. Found a copy of the circuit I had in mind on line, look at figure #25: http://www.linear-tech.co.jp/pc/downloadDocument.do?navId=H0,C1,C1155,C1001,C1158,P1442,D1594 That circuit has a few problems, it is also based on ten year old parts. One

Re: [time-nuts] Gate propagation delay jitter

2007-04-09 Thread Bob Paddock
On Monday 09 April 2007 01:16, Dr Bruce Griffiths wrote: The attached table of logic gate propagation delay jitter should prove somewhat challenging to verify with a time interval counter or similar device. Then don't use them. Does anyone have any other practical method of measuring such

Re: [time-nuts] GPS disciplined oscillators - how not to do it.

2007-04-05 Thread Bob Paddock
On Tuesday 03 April 2007 21:48, Dr Bruce Griffiths wrote: An Australian Electronics magazine recently published a circuit for a GPS disciplined crystal oscillator. This particular implementation is the worst I've ever seen. What would you consider the best you have ever seen? --

Re: [time-nuts] Ultra low phase noise floor measuremen t system forRF devices.

2007-04-01 Thread Bob Paddock
On Sunday 01 April 2007 11:30, Chuck Harris wrote: Metric vs. English has nothing to do with making things easier, but rather has everything to do with which arbitrary constants you prefer. Here is a question that has nagged me for years, but first the background: When I was in school getting