RE: How to initialize business service objects?
Hi Dave Hi all Finally i got it working the spring-way, meaning, when also delegating the instantiation of action classes to spring. The default way, meaning letting struts2 creating the action instances still doesn't work and i really don't understand why. Thanks to everyone that help me getting it working! For anybody having similar problems and reading this post some day in the future in the archive: - include spring.jar. Struts2-core.jar, struts2-spring-plugin.jar, xwork.jar, ognl.jar, freemarker.jar and commons-logging.jar to your /WEB-INF/lib dir. - put web.xml under /WEB-INF. - put applicationContex.xml somewehere to your classpath. Same for struts.xml and if you need struts.properties (which is not needed as long as you set the required params in the struts.xml. This mainly refers to the setting of the object factory). - You can use the default.properties from struts2-core.jar as template for your own struts.properties (can by found unter org/apache/struts2/). Set struts.objectFactory = spring and struts.objectFactory.spring.autoWire = name. - Your basic web.xml would look like: -?xml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8? web-app version=2.5 xmlns=http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee; xmlns:xsi=http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance; xsi:schemaLocation=http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_2_5.xsd; filter filter-namestruts2/filter-name filter-classorg.apache.struts2.dispatcher.FilterDispatcher/filter-class /filter filter-mapping filter-namestruts2/filter-name url-pattern/*/url-pattern /filter-mapping listener listener-classorg.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener/liste ner-class /listener welcome-file-list welcome-fileindex.jsp/welcome-file /welcome-file-list context-param param-namecontextConfigLocation/param-name param-valueclasspath*:applicationContext*.xml/param-value /context-param /web-app - - Your applicationContext.xml could look like this. Note that you first have to define the business logic beans you later on need upon definition of the action class beans. Also make sure you understand, that in struts.xml you will have to define the action classes using their spring bean id and not there class names! In this case the injection works by defining a constructor argument. This could also be done using a setter method (than you would pass a property argument). - ?xml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8? beans xmlns=http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans; xmlns:xsi=http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance; xmlns:aop=http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop; xmlns:tx=http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx; xsi:schemaLocation= http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-2.0.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx/spring-tx-2.0.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop/spring-aop-2.0.xsd; bean id=businessService class=com.example.businesslogic.BusinessService / bean id=someAction scope=prototype class=com.example.SomeAction constructor-arg ref=businessService / /bean /beans - - Your struts.properties would look like: - ?xml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8 ? !DOCTYPE struts PUBLIC -//Apache Software Foundation//DTD Struts Configuration 2.0//EN http://struts.apache.org/dtds/struts-2.0.dtd; struts constant name=struts.objectFactory value=spring / constant name=struts.devMode value=true / package name=somePackageName extends=struts-default action name=login method=login class=someAction result name=input/login.jsp/result result name=success/mainapplication.jsp/result /action action name=logout method=logout class=someAction result name=success/login.jsp/result /action /package /struts - I hope there's nothing wrong i wrote. Ohterwise plz feel free to correct/comment. Frank - To unsubscribe, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED] For additional commands, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Re: How to initialize business service objects?
I suggest you to read this simple but useful tutorial to have an idea about how much is simple to use Struts2+Spring+Hibernate together. http://struts.apache.org/2.x/docs/struts-2-spring-2-jpa-ajax.html On Thu, Mar 13, 2008 at 10:32 PM, Frank Fischer [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Now i don't understand (1) where to create/initialize these business logic classes and (2) how to get access to them from the action classes.
RE: How to initialize business service objects?
Hi all first i'd like to thank all of you that have given me valuable feedback to my question. Following the answers from Dave and Jeromy i decided to go the hard way with Spring and DI. After reading some manuals (thanks to GF, good reading) i managed to load the Spring ContextLoaderListener and even define an POJO bean that serves as my BusinessLogicService. From the Tomcat logs i can see that an instance of that Service is created. As far as i read/unterstood, i now would only have to create a setter method on my Action class and Spring then would automatically inject the related dependcy to my Action class. So far, this doesn't seem to work, so i guess, i must be missing something. My applicationContext.xml looks quite simple (and seems to work, since the DispatcherService is created on startup): --- ?xml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8? !DOCTYPE beans PUBLIC -//SPRING//DTD BEAN//EN http://www.springframework.org/dtd/spring-beans.dtd; beans default-autowire=autodetect bean id=DispatcherService class=com.demo.businesslogic.DispatcherService/ /beans --- The Struts config looks like: --- ?xml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8 ? !DOCTYPE struts PUBLIC -//Apache Software Foundation//DTD Struts Configuration 2.0//EN http://struts.apache.org/dtds/struts-2.0.dtd; struts package name=customerAgent extends=struts-default action name=login method=login class=com.demo.CustomerAction result name=input/CustomerLogin.jsp/result result name=success/CustomerChat.jsp/result /action action name=logout method=logout class=com.demo.CustomerAction result name=success/CustomerLogin.jsp/result result name=input/CustomerLogin.jsp/result /action action name=chat method=chat class=com.demo.CustomerAction result name=success/CustomerChat.jsp/result /action /package /struts --- So i guess, i must be missing something. Is there a way i would have to tell Spring which Action classes to inject? Thanks a lot for your help Frank - To unsubscribe, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED] For additional commands, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Re: How to initialize business service objects?
Am Donnerstag, 13. März 2008 22:32:34 schrieb Frank Fischer: Now i don't understand (1) where to create/initialize these business logic classes and (2) how to get access to them from the action classes. Just build your business logic without thinking about s2 too much. From your action classes you can access your business logic like everything else. Its really more of a java problem how to do this =) If you have to run initialization code at startup, maybe a normal Listener is what you are looking for... Piero - To unsubscribe, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED] For additional commands, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
RE: How to initialize business service objects?
Frank, Check two things: 1) You have included the struts2-spring-pliugin.jar in your classpath 2) Your applicationContext.xml file is getting loaded on startup. If you haven't already done so, check your web.xml for a context parameter like this: context-param param-namecontextConfigLocation/param-name param-valueclasspath*:applicationContext*.xml/param-value /context-param HTH, MG -Original Message- From: Frank Fischer [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] Sent: Monday, March 17, 2008 11:09 AM To: 'Struts Users Mailing List' Subject: RE: How to initialize business service objects? Hi all first i'd like to thank all of you that have given me valuable feedback to my question. Following the answers from Dave and Jeromy i decided to go the hard way with Spring and DI. After reading some manuals (thanks to GF, good reading) i managed to load the Spring ContextLoaderListener and even define an POJO bean that serves as my BusinessLogicService. From the Tomcat logs i can see that an instance of that Service is created. As far as i read/unterstood, i now would only have to create a setter method on my Action class and Spring then would automatically inject the related dependcy to my Action class. So far, this doesn't seem to work, so i guess, i must be missing something. My applicationContext.xml looks quite simple (and seems to work, since the DispatcherService is created on startup): --- ?xml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8? !DOCTYPE beans PUBLIC -//SPRING//DTD BEAN//EN http://www.springframework.org/dtd/spring-beans.dtd; beans default-autowire=autodetect bean id=DispatcherService class=com.demo.businesslogic.DispatcherService/ /beans --- The Struts config looks like: --- ?xml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8 ? !DOCTYPE struts PUBLIC -//Apache Software Foundation//DTD Struts Configuration 2.0//EN http://struts.apache.org/dtds/struts-2.0.dtd; struts package name=customerAgent extends=struts-default action name=login method=login class=com.demo.CustomerAction result name=input/CustomerLogin.jsp/result result name=success/CustomerChat.jsp/result /action action name=logout method=logout class=com.demo.CustomerAction result name=success/CustomerLogin.jsp/result result name=input/CustomerLogin.jsp/result /action action name=chat method=chat class=com.demo.CustomerAction result name=success/CustomerChat.jsp/result /action /package /struts --- So i guess, i must be missing something. Is there a way i would have to tell Spring which Action classes to inject? Thanks a lot for your help Frank - To unsubscribe, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED] For additional commands, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED] - To unsubscribe, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED] For additional commands, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Re: How to initialize business service objects?
You also need to setup your action in the application context so that Spring knows where to inject the business object. Your class name in the Struts action also needs to be the *bean id of the action* so that the Struts/Spring plugin can do it's work. So assuming you have a setter for DispatcherService in CustomerAction your struts.xml would look like this. struts package name=customerAgent extends=struts-default action name=login method=login class=customerAction result name=input/CustomerLogin.jsp/result result name=success/CustomerChat.jsp/result /action ... Application context: ... bean id=customerAction class=com.demo.CustomerAction property name=DispatcherService ref=DispatcherService/ /bean I recommend making your bean id's lower case and lower case properties in the Action. Private DispatcherService dispatcherService; Then the property would be property name=dispatcherService ref=dispatcherService/ Regards, Randy Burgess Sr. Web Applications Developer Nuvox Communications From: Frank Fischer [EMAIL PROTECTED] Reply-To: Struts Users Mailing List user@struts.apache.org Date: Mon, 17 Mar 2008 17:08:30 +0100 To: 'Struts Users Mailing List' user@struts.apache.org Subject: RE: How to initialize business service objects? Hi all first i'd like to thank all of you that have given me valuable feedback to my question. Following the answers from Dave and Jeromy i decided to go the hard way with Spring and DI. After reading some manuals (thanks to GF, good reading) i managed to load the Spring ContextLoaderListener and even define an POJO bean that serves as my BusinessLogicService. From the Tomcat logs i can see that an instance of that Service is created. As far as i read/unterstood, i now would only have to create a setter method on my Action class and Spring then would automatically inject the related dependcy to my Action class. So far, this doesn't seem to work, so i guess, i must be missing something. My applicationContext.xml looks quite simple (and seems to work, since the DispatcherService is created on startup): --- ?xml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8? !DOCTYPE beans PUBLIC -//SPRING//DTD BEAN//EN http://www.springframework.org/dtd/spring-beans.dtd; beans default-autowire=autodetect bean id=DispatcherService class=com.demo.businesslogic.DispatcherService/ /beans --- The Struts config looks like: --- ?xml version=1.0 encoding=UTF-8 ? !DOCTYPE struts PUBLIC -//Apache Software Foundation//DTD Struts Configuration 2.0//EN http://struts.apache.org/dtds/struts-2.0.dtd; struts package name=customerAgent extends=struts-default action name=login method=login class=com.demo.CustomerAction result name=input/CustomerLogin.jsp/result result name=success/CustomerChat.jsp/result /action action name=logout method=logout class=com.demo.CustomerAction result name=success/CustomerLogin.jsp/result result name=input/CustomerLogin.jsp/result /action action name=chat method=chat class=com.demo.CustomerAction result name=success/CustomerChat.jsp/result /action /package /struts --- So i guess, i must be missing something. Is there a way i would have to tell Spring which Action classes to inject? Thanks a lot for your help Frank - To unsubscribe, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED] For additional commands, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED] This email and any attachments (Message) may contain legally privileged and/or confidential information. If you are not the addressee, or if this Message has been addressed to you in error, you are not authorized to read, copy, or distribute it, and we ask that you please delete it (including all copies) and notify the sender by return email. Delivery of this Message to any person other than the intended recipient(s) shall not be deemed a waiver of confidentiality and/or a privilege. - To unsubscribe, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED] For additional commands, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Re: How to initialize business service objects?
Frank,
AFAIU, you want your Business Service Object to be injected in your Struts2
actions. To achieve that, I have done this:
- Using Spring ObjectFactory.
- Declare Business Service Object (BSO) in Spring's
applicationContext.xml(you've already done that)
- Define action that has setter method for your BSO.
- Declare this action as a bean in applicationContext.xml, with BSO
injected as dependency.
Sample Code:
Action:
public class SetEndPoint extends ActionSupport {
private DispatcherService dispatcherService;
public String execute () throws Exception {
//-your business logic-
return SUCCESS;
}
// DispatcherService object will be set (i.e. injected) by Spring (see
applicationContext.xml)
*public void setDispatcherService(DispatcherService dispatcherService)*{
this.dispatcherService = dispatcherService;
}
}
applicationContext.xml
!-- . your existing bean declaration for DispatcherService
remains -
!-- . Declare action here, injecting DispatcherService -
bean id=setEndPoint class=example.client.web.action.SetEndPoint
*property name=dispatcherService*
ref bean=DispatcherService/
/property
/bean
struts.xml
struts
*constant name=struts.objectFactory value=spring /*
package name=no.bbs extends=struts-default
action name=setEndPoint method=execute *class=setEndPoint*
result name=consumeA/view/consumeAcos.jsp/result
result name=consumeB/view/consumeMapp.jsp/result
result name=error/view/error.jsp/result
/action
/package
/struts
I have underlined important parts of each artifact..
I hope this helps..
-Rushikesh
On Mon, Mar 17, 2008 at 5:28 PM, Piero Sartini [EMAIL PROTECTED]
wrote:
Am Donnerstag, 13. März 2008 22:32:34 schrieb Frank Fischer:
Now i don't understand (1) where to create/initialize these business
logic
classes and (2) how to get access to them from the action classes.
Just build your business logic without thinking about s2 too much. From
your
action classes you can access your business logic like everything else.
Its
really more of a java problem how to do this =)
If you have to run initialization code at startup, maybe a normal Listener
is
what you are looking for...
Piero
-
To unsubscribe, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
For additional commands, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Re: How to initialize business service objects?
--- Randy Burgess [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: You also need to setup your action in the application context so that Spring knows where to inject the business object. You *can* do it that way, but the default setup doesn't require it. It depends on how you're wiring, whether or not your philosophically opposed to magic, and so on. Dave - To unsubscribe, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED] For additional commands, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
RE: How to initialize business service objects?
Hi Michael Thanks for your answer. 1) You have included the struts2-spring-pliugin.jar in your classpath Yes, it put it under WEB-INF/lib/ so it's packaged to the war file and should be available to tomcat it think. I also can't see any error or warning messages while deploying the application, so i guess the package can be resolved. 2) Your applicationContext.xml file is getting loaded on startup. If you haven't already done so, check your web.xml for a context parameter like this: context-param param-namecontextConfigLocation/param-name param-valueclasspath*:applicationContext*.xml/param-value /context-param I did not include that line because i read, that this is the default setting Spring uses when no contextConfigLocation parameter is defined. I just added it but it didn't change anything as far as i see. Thanks again for your help. Frank - To unsubscribe, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED] For additional commands, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
RE: How to initialize business service objects?
--- Frank Fischer [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: beans default-autowire=autodetect Off the top of my head I don't recall what autodetect means. Did you try leaving out the default-autowire attribute or switching it to the default (name or something like that; I don't recall) and seeing if that works? That would at least help determine if everything is getting deployed/initialized correctly. Dave - To unsubscribe, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED] For additional commands, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
RE: How to initialize business service objects?
Frank, I would check your struts.properties file: Make sure it has these entries and that it is on your classpath (i.e. in WEB-INF/classes) struts.objectFactory = spring struts.objectFactory.spring.autoWire = name MG -Original Message- From: Frank Fischer [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] Sent: Monday, March 17, 2008 1:35 PM To: 'Struts Users Mailing List' Subject: RE: How to initialize business service objects? Hi Michael Thanks for your answer. 1) You have included the struts2-spring-pliugin.jar in your classpath Yes, it put it under WEB-INF/lib/ so it's packaged to the war file and should be available to tomcat it think. I also can't see any error or warning messages while deploying the application, so i guess the package can be resolved. 2) Your applicationContext.xml file is getting loaded on startup. If you haven't already done so, check your web.xml for a context parameter like this: context-param param-namecontextConfigLocation/param-name param-valueclasspath*:applicationContext*.xml/param-value /context-param I did not include that line because i read, that this is the default setting Spring uses when no contextConfigLocation parameter is defined. I just added it but it didn't change anything as far as i see. Thanks again for your help. Frank - To unsubscribe, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED] For additional commands, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED] - To unsubscribe, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED] For additional commands, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
How to initialize business service objects?
Hi all i'm just starting with struts2 (even with struts at all). Of course i first read some how-to-starts. But there is one thing i don't understand. I'm trying to create a simple little chat app. I have two action classes, one for the normal chat user, one for the moderators. Both classes need access to the same instances of business service classes which mainly hold runtime data such as a list of users currently logged in, list of chat rooms and so on. Now i don't understand (1) where to create/initialize these business logic classes and (2) how to get access to them from the action classes. I'm very thankful for any hint. Thanks a lot Frank
Re: How to initialize business service objects?
For a POJO you can use dependency injection such as Spring or Guice or you can instantiate the object the normal way BusinessServiceObject bso = new BusinessServiceObject(); in your action class. There is nothing special about accessing your BSO's in Struts. Regards, Randy Burgess Sr. Web Applications Developer Nuvox Communications From: Frank Fischer [EMAIL PROTECTED] Reply-To: Struts Users Mailing List user@struts.apache.org Date: Thu, 13 Mar 2008 22:32:34 +0100 To: user@struts.apache.org Subject: How to initialize business service objects? Hi all i'm just starting with struts2 (even with struts at all). Of course i first read some how-to-starts. But there is one thing i don't understand. I'm trying to create a simple little chat app. I have two action classes, one for the normal chat user, one for the moderators. Both classes need access to the same instances of business service classes which mainly hold runtime data such as a list of users currently logged in, list of chat rooms and so on. Now i don't understand (1) where to create/initialize these business logic classes and (2) how to get access to them from the action classes. I'm very thankful for any hint. Thanks a lot Frank This email and any attachments (Message) may contain legally privileged and/or confidential information. If you are not the addressee, or if this Message has been addressed to you in error, you are not authorized to read, copy, or distribute it, and we ask that you please delete it (including all copies) and notify the sender by return email. Delivery of this Message to any person other than the intended recipient(s) shall not be deemed a waiver of confidentiality and/or a privilege. - To unsubscribe, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED] For additional commands, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
RE: How to initialize business service objects?
Hi Randy Hi all I just read a bit regarding Spring. As far as i understand its focus is on J2EE appllications. I guess for what i want to do in a first step (my simple chat app) it would be overkill to use Spring. Do i get that right? I would prefere to go the most simple way if possible. So, just instantiating my BusinessServiceObject the common way would be fine for me. I just don't understand how can i get access to a BusinessServiceObject created in one of my Action classes from another Action class. Just by declaring it as static? Second thing i don't understand is, when will action objects be intatiated in the application server? As far as i remember from the early days of servlet programming (when i had to do with this technology the last time) the servlets are intantiated upon the first request. In a normal Servlet based Web app i would have intiantiated BusinessServiceObjects in a filter and placed them to the ServletContext. So i could be sure it's instantiated before the first request arrives and i can get a reference to it from anywhere in my web app. But with Struts i don't see how i could do so. I know this might sound a little bit confused. Can you help me to get on track again? Thanks for your help Frank -Original Message- From: Randy Burgess [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] Sent: Thursday, March 13, 2008 11:02 PM To: Struts Users Mailing List Subject: Re: How to initialize business service objects? For a POJO you can use dependency injection such as Spring or Guice or you can instantiate the object the normal way BusinessServiceObject bso = new BusinessServiceObject(); in your action class. There is nothing special about accessing your BSO's in Struts. Regards, Randy Burgess Sr. Web Applications Developer Nuvox Communications From: Frank Fischer [EMAIL PROTECTED] Reply-To: Struts Users Mailing List user@struts.apache.org Date: Thu, 13 Mar 2008 22:32:34 +0100 To: user@struts.apache.org Subject: How to initialize business service objects? Hi all i'm just starting with struts2 (even with struts at all). Of course i first read some how-to-starts. But there is one thing i don't understand. I'm trying to create a simple little chat app. I have two action classes, one for the normal chat user, one for the moderators. Both classes need access to the same instances of business service classes which mainly hold runtime data such as a list of users currently logged in, list of chat rooms and so on. Now i don't understand (1) where to create/initialize these business logic classes and (2) how to get access to them from the action classes. I'm very thankful for any hint. Thanks a lot Frank This email and any attachments (Message) may contain legally privileged and/or confidential information. If you are not the addressee, or if this Message has been addressed to you in error, you are not authorized to read, copy, or distribute it, and we ask that you please delete it (including all copies) and notify the sender by return email. Delivery of this Message to any person other than the intended recipient(s) shall not be deemed a waiver of confidentiality and/or a privilege. - To unsubscribe, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED] For additional commands, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED] - To unsubscribe, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED] For additional commands, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
[OT] RE: How to initialize business service objects?
--- Frank Fischer [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: I just read a bit regarding Spring. As far as i understand its focus is on J2EE appllications. I guess for what i want to do in a first step (my simple chat app) it would be overkill to use Spring. Do i get that right? Not really. IMO Spring is a light-weight(-ish) alternative to true JEE apps (note that it's JEE now, not J2EE :) S2's Spring integration is lightweight to the point of near-invisibility, particularly for simple setups. It's as easy as defining a bean in a Spring configuration file and providing a setter in your S2 action. There are several benefits to doing so, but that's something you can discover on your own if you decide to explore Spring. This particular usage is called Inversion of Control (IoC) or (my preference) Dependency Injection (DI). I just don't understand how can i get access to a BusinessServiceObject created in one of my Action classes from another Action class. Just by declaring it as static? No, by keeping it in session or application scope. I'd recommend getting at least a minimal handle on some basic web application technology and terminology before jumping in *too* deep: S2, like many frameworks, pretty much requires a basic understanding of the fundamentals. Without it it's hard to even know what questions to ask sometimes, and will make the whole process much easier. Second thing i don't understand is, when will action objects be intatiated in the application server? Actions are instantiated per-request. As far as i remember from the early days of servlet programming (when i had to do with this technology the last time) the servlets are intantiated upon the first request. In a normal Servlet based Web app i would have intiantiated BusinessServiceObjects in a filter and placed them to the ServletContext. So i could be sure it's instantiated before the first request arrives and i can get a reference to it from anywhere in my web app. But with Struts i don't see how i could do so. You *could* do it the exact same way: S2 doesn't replace what you know about web applications, it supplements it. That said, it's probably better to perform tasks like that in ServletContextListener (don't quote me on that; I have a notoriously bad memory for anything camelCased) or whatever it's called. Dave - To unsubscribe, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED] For additional commands, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Re: How to initialize business service objects?
Hi Frank, Have a read of Martin Fowler's article on deciding which option best suits you: http://martinfowler.com/articles/injection.html As Dave described you have many possibilities, but the common techniques are (not in order of preference): a. Use a ServletContextListener to to setup your services and place them in Application Scope. Look them up from your action b. as per b, but include an interceptor to inject them into your actions based on interfaces (eg.MyServiceAware) c. Setup your business services as Singletons or accessed through a Registry (setup as per a) d. Use an IOC container. Spring and Guice. Guice is simple, elegant and does this single task extremely well; Spring knowledge is a must-have and reflects the community's consensus on best-practice in almost every imaginable aspect of a web application. Hope that helps. Jeromy Evans - To unsubscribe, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED] For additional commands, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
