Re: Multi-DC Deployment
Cassandra doesn't replicate sstable corruptions. It detects corrupt data and only replicates good data. This is incorrect. Depending on the nature of the corruption it may spread to other nodes. Checksumming (done right) would be a great addition to alleiate this. Yes, there is code that tries to skip rows that are obviously bad, but true integrity checking is not supported at this time. -- / Peter Schuller
Re: Multi-DC Deployment
Assuming that you generally put an API on top of this, delivering to two or more systems then boils down to a message queue issue or some similar mechanism which handles secure delivery of messages. Maybe not trivial, but there are many products that can help you with this, and it is a lot easier to implement than a fully distributed storage system. Yes, ideally Cassandra will not distribute corruption, but the reason you pay up to have 2 fully redundant setups in 2 different datacenters is because we do not live in an ideal world. Anyone having tested Cassandra since 0.7.0 with any real data will be able to testify how well it can mess things up. This is not specific to Cassandra, in fact, I would argue thats this is in the blood of any distributed system. You want them to distribute after all and the tighter the coupling is between nodes, the better they distribute bad stuff as well as good stuff. There is a bigger risk for a complete failure with 2 tightly coupled redundant systems than with 2 almost completely isolated ones. The logic here is so simple it is really somewhat beyond discussion. There are a few other advantages of isolating the systems. Especially in terms of operation, 2 isolated systems would be much easier as you could relatively risk fee try out a new cassandra in one datacenter or upgrade one datacenter at a time if you needed major operational changes such as schema changes or other large changes to the data. I see the 2 copies in one datacenters + 1(or maybe 2) in another as a low cost middleway between 2 full N+2 (RF=3) systems in both data centers. That is, in a traditional design where you need 1 node for normal service, you would have 1 extra replicate for redundancy and one replica more (N+2 redundancy) so you can do maintenance and still be redundant. If I have redundancy across datacenters, I would probably still want 2 replicas to avoid network traffic between DCs in case of a node recovery, but N+2 may not be needed as my risk policy may find it acceptable to run one datacenters without redundancy for a time limited period for maintenance. That is, if my original requirement is 1 node, I could do with 3x the HW which is not all that much more than the 3x I need for one DC and a lot less than the 6x I need for 2 full N+2 systems. However, all of the above is really beyond the point of my original suggestion. Regardless of datacenters, redundancy and distribution of bad or good stuff, it would be good to have a way to return whatever data is there, but with a flag or similar stating that the consistency level was not met. Again, for a lot of services, it is fully acceptable, and a lot better, to return an almost complete (or maybe even complete, but no verified by quorum) result than no result at all. As far as I remember from the code, this just boils down to returning whatever you collected from the cluster and setting the proper flag or similar on the resultset rather than returning an error. Terje On Thu, Apr 21, 2011 at 5:01 AM, Adrian Cockcroft adrian.cockcr...@gmail.com wrote: Hi Terje, If you feed data to two rings, you will get inconsistency drift as an update to one succeeds and to the other fails from time to time. You would have to build your own read repair. This all starts to look like I don't trust Cassandra code to work, so I will write my own buggy one off versions of Cassandra functionality. I lean towards using Cassandra features rather than rolling my own because there is a large community testing, fixing and extending Cassandra, and making sure that the algorithms are robust. Distributed systems are very hard to get right, I trust lots of users and eyeballs on the code more than even the best engineer working alone. Cassandra doesn't replicate sstable corruptions. It detects corrupt data and only replicates good data. Also data isn't replicated to three identical nodes in the way you imply, it's replicated around the ring. If you lose three nodes, you don't lose a whole node's worth of data. We configure each replica to be in a different availability zone so that we can lose a third of our nodes (a whole zone) and still work. On a 300 node system with RF=3 and no zones, losing one or two nodes you still have all your data, and can repair the loss quickly. With three nodes dead at once you don't lose 1% of the data (3/300) I think you lose 1/(300*300*300) of the data (someone check my math?). If you want to always get a result, then you use read one, if you want to get a highly available better quality result use local quorum. That is a per-query option. Adrian On Tue, Apr 19, 2011 at 6:46 PM, Terje Marthinussen tmarthinus...@gmail.com wrote: If you have RF=3 in both datacenters, it could be discussed if there is a point to use the built in replication in Cassandra at all vs. feeding the data to both datacenters and get 2 100% isolated cassandra instances that cannot replicate sstable corruptions
Re: Multi-DC Deployment
Queues replicate bad data just as well as anything else. The biggest source of bad data is broken app code... You will still need to implement a reconciliation/repair checker, as queues have their own failure modes when they get backed up. We have also looked at using queues to bounce data between cassandra clusters for other reasons, and they have their place. However it is a lot more work to implement than using existing well tested Cassandra functionality to do it for us. I think your code needs to retry a failed local-quorum read with a read-one to get the behavior you are asking for. Our approach to bad data and corruption issues is backups, wind back to the last good snapshot. We have figured out incremental backups as well as full. Our code has some local dependencies, but could be the basis for a generic solution. Adrian On Wed, Apr 20, 2011 at 6:08 PM, Terje Marthinussen tmarthinus...@gmail.com wrote: Assuming that you generally put an API on top of this, delivering to two or more systems then boils down to a message queue issue or some similar mechanism which handles secure delivery of messages. Maybe not trivial, but there are many products that can help you with this, and it is a lot easier to implement than a fully distributed storage system. Yes, ideally Cassandra will not distribute corruption, but the reason you pay up to have 2 fully redundant setups in 2 different datacenters is because we do not live in an ideal world. Anyone having tested Cassandra since 0.7.0 with any real data will be able to testify how well it can mess things up. This is not specific to Cassandra, in fact, I would argue thats this is in the blood of any distributed system. You want them to distribute after all and the tighter the coupling is between nodes, the better they distribute bad stuff as well as good stuff. There is a bigger risk for a complete failure with 2 tightly coupled redundant systems than with 2 almost completely isolated ones. The logic here is so simple it is really somewhat beyond discussion. There are a few other advantages of isolating the systems. Especially in terms of operation, 2 isolated systems would be much easier as you could relatively risk fee try out a new cassandra in one datacenter or upgrade one datacenter at a time if you needed major operational changes such as schema changes or other large changes to the data. I see the 2 copies in one datacenters + 1(or maybe 2) in another as a low cost middleway between 2 full N+2 (RF=3) systems in both data centers. That is, in a traditional design where you need 1 node for normal service, you would have 1 extra replicate for redundancy and one replica more (N+2 redundancy) so you can do maintenance and still be redundant. If I have redundancy across datacenters, I would probably still want 2 replicas to avoid network traffic between DCs in case of a node recovery, but N+2 may not be needed as my risk policy may find it acceptable to run one datacenters without redundancy for a time limited period for maintenance. That is, if my original requirement is 1 node, I could do with 3x the HW which is not all that much more than the 3x I need for one DC and a lot less than the 6x I need for 2 full N+2 systems. However, all of the above is really beyond the point of my original suggestion. Regardless of datacenters, redundancy and distribution of bad or good stuff, it would be good to have a way to return whatever data is there, but with a flag or similar stating that the consistency level was not met. Again, for a lot of services, it is fully acceptable, and a lot better, to return an almost complete (or maybe even complete, but no verified by quorum) result than no result at all. As far as I remember from the code, this just boils down to returning whatever you collected from the cluster and setting the proper flag or similar on the resultset rather than returning an error. Terje On Thu, Apr 21, 2011 at 5:01 AM, Adrian Cockcroft adrian.cockcr...@gmail.com wrote: Hi Terje, If you feed data to two rings, you will get inconsistency drift as an update to one succeeds and to the other fails from time to time. You would have to build your own read repair. This all starts to look like I don't trust Cassandra code to work, so I will write my own buggy one off versions of Cassandra functionality. I lean towards using Cassandra features rather than rolling my own because there is a large community testing, fixing and extending Cassandra, and making sure that the algorithms are robust. Distributed systems are very hard to get right, I trust lots of users and eyeballs on the code more than even the best engineer working alone. Cassandra doesn't replicate sstable corruptions. It detects corrupt data and only replicates good data. Also data isn't replicated to three identical nodes in the way you imply, it's replicated around the ring. If you lose three nodes, you don't lose a whole node's
Re: Multi-DC Deployment
Hum... Seems like it could be an idea in a case like this with a mode where result is always returned (if possible), but where a flay saying if the consistency level was met, or to what level it was met (number of nodes answering for instance).? Terje On Tue, Apr 19, 2011 at 1:13 AM, Jonathan Ellis jbel...@gmail.com wrote: They will timeout until failure detector realizes the DC1 nodes are down (~10 seconds). After that they will immediately return UnavailableException until DC1 comes back up. On Mon, Apr 18, 2011 at 10:43 AM, Baskar Duraikannu baskar.duraikannu...@gmail.com wrote: We are planning to deploy Cassandra on two data centers. Let us say that we went with three replicas with 2 being in one data center and last replica in 2nd Data center. What will happen to Quorum Reads and Writes when DC1 goes down (2 of 3 replicas are unreachable)? Will they timeout? Regards, Baskar -- Jonathan Ellis Project Chair, Apache Cassandra co-founder of DataStax, the source for professional Cassandra support http://www.datastax.com
Re: Multi-DC Deployment
If you want to use local quorum for a distributed setup, it doesn't make sense to have less than RF=3 local and remote. Three copies at both ends will give you high availability. Only one copy of the data is sent over the wide area link (with recent versions). There is no need to use mirrored or RAID5 disk in each node in this case, since you are using RAIN (N for nodes) to protect your data. So the extra disk space to hold three copies at each end shouldn't be a big deal. Netflix is using striped internal disks on EC2 nodes for this. Adrian On Mon, Apr 18, 2011 at 11:16 PM, Terje Marthinussen tmarthinus...@gmail.com wrote: Hum... Seems like it could be an idea in a case like this with a mode where result is always returned (if possible), but where a flay saying if the consistency level was met, or to what level it was met (number of nodes answering for instance).? Terje On Tue, Apr 19, 2011 at 1:13 AM, Jonathan Ellis jbel...@gmail.com wrote: They will timeout until failure detector realizes the DC1 nodes are down (~10 seconds). After that they will immediately return UnavailableException until DC1 comes back up. On Mon, Apr 18, 2011 at 10:43 AM, Baskar Duraikannu baskar.duraikannu...@gmail.com wrote: We are planning to deploy Cassandra on two data centers. Let us say that we went with three replicas with 2 being in one data center and last replica in 2nd Data center. What will happen to Quorum Reads and Writes when DC1 goes down (2 of 3 replicas are unreachable)? Will they timeout? Regards, Baskar -- Jonathan Ellis Project Chair, Apache Cassandra co-founder of DataStax, the source for professional Cassandra support http://www.datastax.com
Re: Multi-DC Deployment
If you have RF=3 in both datacenters, it could be discussed if there is a point to use the built in replication in Cassandra at all vs. feeding the data to both datacenters and get 2 100% isolated cassandra instances that cannot replicate sstable corruptions between each others My point is really a bit more general though. For a lot services (especially Internet based ones) 100% accuracy in terms of results is not needed (or maybe even expected) While you want to serve a 100% correct result if you can (using quorum), it is still much better to serve a partial result than no result at all. Lets say you have 300 nodes in your ring, one document manages to trigger a bug in cassandra that brings down a node with all its replicas (3 nodes down) For many use cases, it would be much better to return the remaining 99% of the data coming from the 297 working nodes than having a service which returns nothing at all. I would however like the frontend to realize that this is an incomplete result so it is possible for it to react accordingly as well as be part of monitoring of the cassandra ring. Regards, Terje On Tue, Apr 19, 2011 at 6:06 PM, Adrian Cockcroft adrian.cockcr...@gmail.com wrote: If you want to use local quorum for a distributed setup, it doesn't make sense to have less than RF=3 local and remote. Three copies at both ends will give you high availability. Only one copy of the data is sent over the wide area link (with recent versions). There is no need to use mirrored or RAID5 disk in each node in this case, since you are using RAIN (N for nodes) to protect your data. So the extra disk space to hold three copies at each end shouldn't be a big deal. Netflix is using striped internal disks on EC2 nodes for this. Adrian On Mon, Apr 18, 2011 at 11:16 PM, Terje Marthinussen tmarthinus...@gmail.com wrote: Hum... Seems like it could be an idea in a case like this with a mode where result is always returned (if possible), but where a flay saying if the consistency level was met, or to what level it was met (number of nodes answering for instance).? Terje On Tue, Apr 19, 2011 at 1:13 AM, Jonathan Ellis jbel...@gmail.com wrote: They will timeout until failure detector realizes the DC1 nodes are down (~10 seconds). After that they will immediately return UnavailableException until DC1 comes back up. On Mon, Apr 18, 2011 at 10:43 AM, Baskar Duraikannu baskar.duraikannu...@gmail.com wrote: We are planning to deploy Cassandra on two data centers. Let us say that we went with three replicas with 2 being in one data center and last replica in 2nd Data center. What will happen to Quorum Reads and Writes when DC1 goes down (2 of 3 replicas are unreachable)? Will they timeout? Regards, Baskar -- Jonathan Ellis Project Chair, Apache Cassandra co-founder of DataStax, the source for professional Cassandra support http://www.datastax.com
Re: Multi-DC Deployment
They will timeout until failure detector realizes the DC1 nodes are down (~10 seconds). After that they will immediately return UnavailableException until DC1 comes back up. On Mon, Apr 18, 2011 at 10:43 AM, Baskar Duraikannu baskar.duraikannu...@gmail.com wrote: We are planning to deploy Cassandra on two data centers. Let us say that we went with three replicas with 2 being in one data center and last replica in 2nd Data center. What will happen to Quorum Reads and Writes when DC1 goes down (2 of 3 replicas are unreachable)? Will they timeout? Regards, Baskar -- Jonathan Ellis Project Chair, Apache Cassandra co-founder of DataStax, the source for professional Cassandra support http://www.datastax.com
