entire galactic sky via 624 12 deg areas 5,000 MPx, Photopic Sky Survey, Nick Risinger -- fractal 3D dark mesh?: Rich Murray 2011.06.07 http://rmforall.blogspot.com/2011_06_01_archive.htm Tuesday, June 7, 2011 [ at end of each long page, click on Older Posts ] http://groups.yahoo.com/group/astrodeep/message/86 [ you may have to Copy and Paste URLs into your browser ] _______________________________________________
You can locate Andromeda Galaxy in the lower left of this vast image, and zoom in until it fills half the full screen, showing its major dark lanes. About the size of our galaxy, it is 140,000 light years wide, about 2.5 million light years away, with an visual size of about 3 degrees. The Sun and Moon are about 0.5 degrees wide. I notice that zooming in on the edges of our galaxy reveals ubiquitous apparent complex fractal 3D dark mesh, like a loosely woven wool sweater -- also noticable in my closeups from the Hubble Ultra Deep Field, with the gamma doubled to lighten dark areas, and colors saturated. http://www.techrepublic.com/blog/geekend/photographer-captures-entire-night-sky-in-massive-image/7099?tag=nl.e101 http://skysurvey.org/ Geekend Photographer captures entire night sky in massive image By Wally Bahny June 2, 2011, 11:37 AM PDT Takeaway: Astrophotographer Nick Risinger traveled 60,000 miles and took 37,440 exposures to create a 5,000 megapixel photo of the entire night sky. Learn more about his Photopic Sky Survey. How long would it take to photograph the entire night sky? Even more, what would it take to capture tens of millions of stars -- more than are commonly visible to the naked eye? Photographer Nick Risinger has the answer: one year and 60,000 miles of travel thanks to his Photopic Sky Survey, which consists of 37,440 exposures captured in the American west and South Africa. Using an array of six cameras mounted on a tripod designed to move with the Earth’s spin, Risinger spent innumerable nights under these same stars listening to the click-clack of camera shutters opening and closing. Using a grid of 624 uniformly-spaced areas of the sky -- each a mere 12 degrees in height and containing 60 exposures to reduce the amount of satellites, meteors, and other unwanted objects -- he then stitched the images together to form a gigantic, 5,000 megapixel photograph that can be viewed on his site, using a simple zoom applet, http://media.skysurvey.org/openzoom.html or more in-depth with the Interactive 360 degree panorama. http://media.skysurvey.org/interactive360/index.html The Interactive view is especially nice because it comes with a constellation and key objects overlay. Several objects, such as the planets and some nebulae, even have clickable links to the Wikipedia article about that object. If you really like what you see on the Photopic Sky Survey site, you can order an archival print of an image. http://skysurvey.org/prints/index.html These prints have century-plus image stability and are very high quality. Please note, at this time, the only print available pre-mounted is the 60in x30in version. The checkout process is limited to certain countries so if you live outside the U.S. please contact me first at nrisin...@skysurvey.org 60in x 15in Photo Print on Kodak Metallic Endura gloss $200 unmounted 96in x 24in Giclee Print on satin $300 unmounted 120in x 30in Photo Print on Kodak Metallic Endura gloss $500 unmounted 60in x 30in Photo Print on Kodak Metallic Endura gloss $350 unmounted The images below are freely available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial license, attributed as Nick Risinger, skysurvey.org 3000x1500 (2.4MB) http://skysurvey.org/3000_CC_BY-NC.jpg 1920x1080 1280x800 Image courtesy of Nick Risinger, skysurvey.org. (Thanks to TechRepublic’s Mark Kaelin for the tip.) ______________________________________________ HUDF center top left, #90 astrodeep200407aab10ada.png 3.68 MB 1244X1243 1 of 4 identical views with different color schemes 2008.12.12 #88-91 on rmforall at flickr.com: Rich Murray 2011.01.09 http://rmforall.blogspot.com/2011_01_01_archive.htm Sunday, January 9, 2011 [ at end of each long page, click on Older Posts ] http://groups.yahoo.com/group/astrodeep/message/80 [ you may have to Copy and Paste URLs into your browser ] _______________________________________________ for viewing -- click on Actions to get different sizes and for free download http://www.flickr.com/photos/rmforall/3103426063/in/photostream/ #89 astrodeep200407aab10aea.png 4.14 MB 1244X1283 HUDF center top left This image is 6.3x6.3 arc-seconds, 3.965% of the area of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field, which is 186 arc-seconds wide and high = 3.1 arc-minutes = 1/10 width of the Full Moon or Sun, about 0.5 degrees, so the HUDF is about 1% of the area of the square that holds the Full Moon or Sun, short introduction re viewing lovely subtle earliest structures in HUDF: AstroDeep, Rich Murray 2009.02.23 I've found since 2005 myriad ubiquitous bright blue sources, always on a darker fractal 3D web, along with a variety of sizes of irregular early galaxies, in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field, simply by increasing the gamma from 1.00 to 2.00 and saturating the colors, while minimizing the green band to simplify the complex overlays of complex fractal structures. Dozens of these images, covering the entire HUDF in eight ~20 MB segments, are available for viewing at many scales [ To change the size of images on Windows PCs, use Control - and + ] on www.Flickr.com at the "rmforall" photostream. Try #86 for the central 16% of the HUDF. ubiquitous bright blue 1-12 pixel sources on darker 3D fractal web in five 2007.09.06 IR and visible light HUDF images, Nor Pirzkal, Sangeeta Malhotra, James E Rhoads, Chun Xu, -- might be clusters of earliest hypernovae in recent cosmological simulations: Rich Murray 2008.08.17 2009.01.20 rmforall.blogspot.com/2008_08_01_archive.htm Sunday, August 17, 2008 groups.yahoo.com/group/AstroDeep/25 groups.yahoo.com/group/rmforall/85 www.flickr.com/photos/rmforall/1349101458/in/photostream/ The 5 closeups are about 2.2x2.2 arc-seconds wide and high, about 70x70 pixels. The HUDF is 315x315 arc-seconds, with N at top and E at left. Each side has 10,500x10,500 pixels at 0.03 arc-second per pixel. Click on All Sizes and select Original to view the highest resolution image of 3022x2496 pixels, which can be also be conveniently seen directly at their Zoomable image: www.spacetelescope.org/images/html/zoomable/heic0714a.html Notable in the deep background of the five closeups are ubiquitous bright blue sources, presumably extremely hot ultraviolet before redshifting, 1 to a dozen or so pixels, as single or short lines of spots, and a few irregular tiny blobs, probably, as predicted in many recent simulations, the earliest massive, short-lived hypernovae, GRBs with jets at various angles to our line of sight, expanding bubbles, earliest molecular and dust clouds with light echoes and bursts of star formation, and first small dwarf galaxies, always associated with a subtle darker 3D random fractal mesh of filaments of H and He atomic gases. As a scientific layman, I am grateful for specific cogent, civil feedback, based on the details readily visible in images in the public domain. www.spacetelescope.org/images/html/heic0714a.html Hubble and Spitzer Uncover Smallest Galaxy Building Blocks You are welcome to visit me and share your comments as I share these images at home on a 4X8 foot screen -- no fee. Anyone may view and download for free 91 images, presenting the HUDF in eight 20 MB pieces at rmforall at www.FlickR.com -- #86 is about 20% of the HUDF in their red and blue colors, as leaving out the green greatly simplifies interpreting the overlapping layers of transparent fractal webs of gas with a wide range of sizes of rather distant sources, beyond z = 5. ______________________________________________ astrodeep200407aab10ada.png 3.10 MB flickr.com rmforall #90 astrodeep200407aab10ada.png 3.68 MB 1244X1243 px HUDF center top left: Lillian J Kelly: Rich Murray 2008.12.30 The attachment is my image from my hard drive: astrodeep200407aab10ada.png www.flickr.com www.flickr.com/photos/rmforall/3103426063/ #90 astrodeep200407aab10ada.png 3.68 MB 1244X1243 px HUDF center top left Click on All Sizes to see and download the Original or find it directly at farm4.static.flickr.com/3161/3103426063_df229d2202_o.png In Windows Vista, use CTRL +/= over and over to magnify images, and CRTL _/- to reduce. You can also go to Control Panel to Ease of Access to Ease of Access Center to Optimize visual display to turn on Magnifier, which creates a box of any size and location that magnifies from 1 to 16 times in width and height, whatever area the cursor is pointed at on any image on the screen. You can even make "stereo" pairs side by side, by setting Magnifier to 1X, and putting its box to the left or right half of the screen, and using the cursor to adjust until the two images are matching and side by side. Then if you can, gaze with crossed eyes at the two images to get a third image in between, which may well look 3D and have much more detail. This image is 6.3x6.3 arc-seconds, 3.965% of the area of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field, which is 186 arc-seconds wide and high = 3.1 arc-minutes = 1/10 width of the Full Moon or Sun, about 0.5 degrees, so the HUDF is about 1% of the area of the square that holds the Full Moon or Sun, while the image is 4% of 1/1,000 of the area of the HUDF, so the image is about 4/100,000 of the area of the square that holds the Full Moon or Sun. The image is 6.3 are-seconds wide and high, while the pixels are 0.03 arc-seconds wide in the original HUDF. The background of many small blue spots are about 1-10 pixels in area. I have used a simple, low-cost program, MGI PhotoSuite 4.0 to process these images: double the Gamma to 2.00, raise the color saturation, shift colors a bit to accentuate the reds, remove most of the Green band, so the image is mostly made of Blue (coding for visible blue), with Red codes for the invisible infrared just longer in wavelength than visible red. Mixed Blue and Red make green, yellow, orange, red, and white. However these colors are downshifted in frequency (lengthened in wavelength) more and more the more they are distant in space (light travel time from us): The "Little Feller", like the figure "8" in the top center to the right of the red galaxy with a red swirl on the right, has been measured to be at redshift distance z = 4.88, so its light is changed by a factor of 4.88 -- its apparent reds, oranges, and yellows represent radiation in the hot ultraviolet, and its age from us is about 13 billion years, about a billion years after the Big Bang, 13.7 billion = 13,700 million years ago. The Sun and solar system are 4.6 billion = 4,600 million years ago. The myriad tiny background blue spots, along with some green ones, always on a dark 3D fractal mesh, are probably the first stars, made of pure hydrogen and helium, about 100-100 solar masses in size, extremely hot and short-lived, exploding as hypernovae after 1-2 million years, often with intense bipolar jets, often leaving relic neutron stars and black holes, flinging new elements like carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen into space to become the substance of later generations of stars, which are closer to us in space (nearer in time), smaller, more numerous, cooler, longer-lived, collecting together by gravity to make clouds, clusters, dwarf galaxies, clump cluster galaxies, irregular galaxies, and mature galaxies, flat slowly rotating spirals and rounded ellipticals, which often collide, especially at first before the constant expansion of space-time separated them more and more -- the expansion of space-time itself that originated from a minute region in a source reality that had at least 10 dimensions of space and one of time -- the Big Bang. So, we see far-away early gatherings of hot blue and green objects, and closer (nearer to us in time) more numerous gatherings of cooler red objects, which all seem exist as a 3D fractal network of twisted tubes, rather transparent, as there was little dust in early time to darken light. It is well known that for every mass of ordinary matter, gas, dust, stars, there is about 6 times more mass of completely invisible dark matter, which pulls itself together by gravity into a 3D fractal network, making the scaffold that ordinary matter collects within. Dark matter surrounds glalaxies and superclusters of galaxies, bending light gently by gravity, so that the dark matter appears as subtle transparent bubbles against the complex background of deeper structures. Additionally the cosmic zoo may include galaxy-wide strings of condensed space-time geometry, formed during the Big Bang, that are massive enough to bend light and make double twin images of objects far behind them from us. ubiquitous bright blue 1-12 pixel sources on darker 3D fractal web in five 2007.09.06 IR and visible light HUDF images, Nor Pirzkal, Sangeeta Malhotra, James E Rhoads, Chun Xu, -- might be clusters of earliest hypernovae in recent cosmological simulations: Rich Murray 2008.08.17 rmforall.blogspot.com/2008_08_01_archive.htm Sunday, August 17, 2008 groups.yahoo.com/group/AstroDeep/25 groups.yahoo.com/group/rmforall/85 www.flickr.com/photos/rmforall/1349101458/in/photostream/ The 5 closeups are about 2.2x2.2 arc-seconds wide and high, about 70x70 pixels. The HUDF is 315x315 arc-seconds, with N at top and E at left. Each side has 10,500x10,500 pixels at 0.03 arc-second per pixel. Click on All Sizes and select Original to view the highest resolution image of 3022x2496 pixels, which can be also be conveniently seen directly at their Zoomable image: www.spacetelescope.org/images/html/zoomable/heic0714a.html Notable in the deep background of the five closeups are ubiquitous bright blue sources, presumably extremely hot ultraviolet before redshifting, 1 to a dozen or so pixels, as single or short lines of spots, and a few irregular tiny blobs, probably, as predicted in many recent simulations, the earliest massive, short-lived hypernovae, GRBs with jets at various angles to our line of sight, expanding bubbles, earliest molecular and dust clouds with light echoes and bursts of star formation, and first small dwarf galaxies, always associated with a subtle darker 3D random fractal mesh of filaments of H and He atomic gases. As a scientific layman, I am grateful for specific cogent, civil feedback, based on the details readily visible in images in the public domain. www.spacetelescope.org/images/html/heic0714a.html Hubble and Spitzer Uncover Smallest Galaxy Building Blocks In this image of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field, several objects are identified as the faintest, most compact galaxies ever observed in the distant Universe. They are so far away that we see them as they looked less than one billion years after the Big Bang. Blazing with the brilliance of millions of stars, each of the newly discovered galaxies is a hundred to a thousand times smaller than our Milky Way Galaxy. The bottom row of pictures shows several of these clumps (distance expressed in redshift value). Three of the galaxies appear to be slightly disrupted. Rather than being shaped like rounded blobs, they appear stretched into tadpole-like shapes. This is a sign that they may be interacting and merging with neighboring galaxies to form larger structures. The detection required joint observations between Hubble and NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope. Blue light seen by Hubble shows the presence of young stars. The absence of red light from Spitzer observations conclusively shows that these are truly young galaxies without an earlier generation of stars. Credit: NASA, ESA, and N. Pirzkal (European Space Agency/STScI) Id: heic0714a Object: HUDF, UDF, Hubble Ultra Deep Field Type: Cosmology Instrument: ACS Width: 2750 Height: 3312 Downloads Images www.spacetelescope.org/images/original/heic0714a.tif Fullsize Original 17.085 MB www.alternatiff.com/ view with free software AlternaTIFF alternatiff-1_8_4.exe for Firefox browser Large JPEG 3,422 KB Screensize JPEG 387 KB www.spacetelescope.org/images/html/zoomable/heic0714a.html Zoomable Copyright-free material (more info). www.esa.int/esaSC/SEMCGRMPQ5F_index_1.html hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2007/31 hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2007/31/image/ www.spitzer.caltech.edu/ www.spacetelescope.org/news/html/heic0714.html www.spacetelescope.org/news/text/heic0714.txt HEIC0714: EMBARGOED UNTIL 18:00 (CEST)/12:00 PM EDT 06 September, 2007 www.spacetelescope.org/news/html/heic0714.html News release: Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes find "Lego-block" galaxies in early Universe 06-September 2007 The NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope and the NASA Spitzer Space Telescope have joined forces to discover nine of the smallest, faintest, most compact galaxies ever observed in the distant Universe. Blazing with the brilliance of millions of stars, each of the newly discovered galaxies is a hundred to a thousand times smaller than our Milky Way Galaxy. The conventional model for galaxy evolution predicts that small galaxies in the early Universe evolved into the massive galaxies of today by coalescing. Nine Lego-like "building block" galaxies initially detected by Hubble likely contributed to the construction of the Universe as we know it. "These are among the lowest mass galaxies ever directly observed in the early Universe" says Nor Pirzkal of the European Space Agency/STScI. Pirzkal was surprised to find that the galaxies' estimated masses were so small. Hubble's cousin observatory, NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope was called upon to make precise determinations of their masses. The Spitzer observations confirmed that these galaxies are some of the smallest building blocks of the Universe. These young galaxies offer important new insights into the Universe's formative years, just one billion years after the Big Bang. Hubble detected sapphire blue stars residing within the nine pristine galaxies. The youthful stars are just a few million years old and are in the process of turning Big Bang elements (hydrogen and helium) into heavier elements. The stars have probably not yet begun to pollute the surrounding space with elemental products forged within their cores. "While blue light seen by Hubble shows the presence of young stars, it is the absence of infrared light in the sensitive Spitzer images that was conclusive in showing that these are truly young galaxies without an earlier generation of stars," says Sangeeta Malhotra of Arizona State University in Tempe, USA, one of the investigators. The galaxies were first identified by James Rhoads of Arizona State University, USA, and Chun Xu of the Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics in Shanghai, China. Three of the galaxies appear to be slightly disrupted -- rather than being shaped like rounded blobs, they appear stretched into tadpole-like shapes. This is a sign that they may be interacting and merging with neighbouring galaxies to form larger, cohesive structures. The galaxies were observed in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field (HUDF) with Hubble's Advanced Camera for Surveys and the Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer as well as Spitzer's Infrared Array Camera and the European Southern Observatory's Infrared Spectrometer and Array Camera. Seeing and analysing such small galaxies at such a great distance is at the very limit of the capabilities of the most powerful telescopes. Images taken through different colour filters with the ACS were supplemented with exposures taken through a so-called grism which spreads the different colours emitted by the galaxies into short "trails". The analysis of these trails allows the detection of emission from glowing hydrogen gas, giving both the distance and an estimate of the rate of star formation. These "grism spectra" -- taken with Hubble and analysed with software developed at the Space Telescope-European Coordinating Facility in Munich, Germany -- can be obtained for objects that are significantly fainter than can be studied spectroscopically with any other current telescope. # # # Notes for editors The Hubble Space Telescope is a project of international cooperation between ESA and NASA. Pirzkal's main collaborators were Malhotra, Rhoads, Xu, and the GRism ACS Program for Extragalactic Science (GRAPES) team. Image credit: NASA, ESA and N. Pirzkal (European Space Agency/STScI) If you wish to no longer receive these News and Photo Releases, please send an email to distribution@... with your name. For more information, please contact: Nor Pirzkal ; European Space Agency/Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, USA Tel: 410-338-4879 Lars Lindberg Christensen ; Hubble/ESA, Garching, Germany Tel: +49-(0)89-3200-6306 Cellular: +49-(0)173-3872-621 Ray Villard ; Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, USA Tel: +1-410-338-4514 Whitney Clavin Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, USA Tel: +1-818-354-4673 AST HUDF Spitzer IR 9 galaxies z 4-5.7, N Pirzdal, S Malhotra, JE Rhoads, C Xu, 2007.05.01 28p www.spacetelescope.org/news/science_paper/0612513.pdf arXiv:astro-ph/0612513v2 1 May 2007 Optical to mid-IR observations of Lyman-a galaxies at z about 5 in the HUDF: a young and low mass population N. Pirzkal 1,2, S. Malhotra 3, J. E. Rhoads 3, C. Xu 4 ABSTRACT High redshift galaxies selected on the basis of their strong Lyman-a emission tend to be young ages and small physical sizes. We show this by analyzing the spectral energy distribution (SED) of 9 Lyman-a emitting (LAE) galaxies at 4.0 < z < 5.7 in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field (HUDF). Rest-frame UV to optical 700A < wavelength < 7500A luminosities, or upper limits, are used to constrain old stellar populations. We derive best fit, as well as maximally massive and maximally old, properties of all 9 objects. We show that these faint and distant objects are all very young, being most likely only a few millions years old, and not massive, the mass in stars being about 10E6 to 10E8 M sun. Deep Spitzer Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) observations of these objects, even in cases where objects were not detected, were crucial in constraining the masses of these objects. The space density of these objects, about 1.25 x 10E-4 per cubic Mpc is comparable to previously reported space density of LAEs at moderate to high redshifts. These Lyman-a galaxies show modest star formation rates of about 8 M sun per year, which is nevertheless strong enough to have allowed these galaxies to assemble their stellar mass in less than a few 10E6 years. These sources appear to have small physical sizes, usually smaller than 1 Kpc, and are also rather concentrated. They are likely to be some of the least massive and youngest high redshift galaxies observed to date. Subject headings: galaxies: evolution, galaxies: high redshift, galaxies: formation, galaxies: structure, surveys, cosmology 1 Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA 2 Affiliated with the Space Science Telescope Division of the European Space Agency, ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands 3 School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 4 Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, 500 Yutian Road, Shanghai, P.R. China 200083 ______________________________________________ See similar images: notable bright blue tiny sources on darker 3D fractal web in HUDF VLT ESO 28 images from 506 galaxies, z about 6 , RJ Bouwens, GD Illingworth, JP Blakeslee, M Franx 2008.02.04 draft 36 page: Rich Murray 2008.08.17 rmforall.blogspot.com/2008_08_01_archive.htm Sunday, August 17, 2008 groups.yahoo.com/group/AstroDeep/26 groups.yahoo.com/group/rmforall/86 bright blue 1-4 pixel sources on darker 3D fractal web in IR and visible light HUDF images -- might be the clusters of earliest hypernovae in the Naoki Yoshida and Lars Hernquist simulation: Rich Murray 2008.07.31 rmforall.blogspot.com/2008_07_01_archive.htm Thursday, July 31, 2008 groups.yahoo.com/group/AstroDeep/24 groups.yahoo.com/group/rmforall/84 ______________________________________________ Rich Murray, MA Boston University Graduate School 1967 psychology, BS MIT 1964, history and physics, 1943 Otowi Road, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87505 505-819-7388 rmfor...@gmail.com http://groups.yahoo.com/group/AstroDeep/messages http://RMForAll.blogspot.com new primary archive http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/messages group with 118 members, 1,625 posts in a public archive http://groups.yahoo.com/group/rmforall/messages ______________________________________________
