*IBRAHIM ISA *
*13 April 2010*
*--------------------*
*55 Years Of AFRO-ASIAN CONFERENCE *
*<Bandung, 18 -24 April 1955>*
*(FILE-1)*
NOTICE:
Fiftyfive years ago, a significant hitorical/political event took place
at Bandung, Indonesia. The First Afro-Asian Conference -- f i r s t of
its kind in the history of the two contintents -- was held from 18 -- 24
April 1955. Twentynine countries attended that important meeting.
A significant and historical document was unaninously adopted: THE TEN
BANDUNG PRINCIPLES OF PEACEFUL CO-EXISTENCE.
The meeting constitutea a great impetus to the national independence
struggle of the
Afro-Asian peoples and countries. Asserting themselves as an
independentt force, they are neither allied to or a substitute of the
Western Bloc, nor the Eastern Bloc countries.
This Afro-Asian independent political movement that started at Bandung
(1955) developed 6 years later, into a formal political movement called
THE NON ALIGNED MOVEMENT (Belgrade, 1961).
* * *
From today on, a series of important documents of different sources on
the HISTORICAL BANDUNG CONFERENCE I will be published in this column:
* * *
History of the Afro-Asian Conference:
The first large-scale *Asian--African* or *Afro--Asian
Conference*---also known as the *Bandung Conference*---was a meeting of
Asian and African states, most of which were newly independent, which
took place on April 18-24, 1955 in Bandung, Indonesia
The conference was organized by Indonesia, Burma, Pakistan, Ceylon (Sri
Langka) and India, and was coordinated by Roeslan Abdulgani, Secretary
General of the Indonesian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The conference's
stated aims were to promote Afro-Asian economic and cultural cooperation
and to oppose colonialism or neo-colonialism by the United States, the
Soviet Union , or any other imperialistic nations.
The conference was an important step toward the crystallization of the
NON-ALIGNED MOVEMENT.
* * *
The conference reflected what they regarded as a reluctance by the
Western powers to consult with them on decisions affecting Asia in a
setting of Cold War tensions; their concern over tension between the
People's Republic of China and the United States; their desire to lay
firmer foundations for China's peace relations with themselves and the
West; their opposition to colonialism, especially French influence in
North Africa and French colonial rule in Algeria; and Indonesia's desire
to promote its case in the dispute with the Netherlands over western New
Guinea (Irian Barat)
SOEKARNO,the first president of the Republic of INDONESIA, portrayed
himself as the leader of this group of nations, naming it *NEFOS* (Newly
Emerging Forces).
Major debate centered around the question of whether Soviet policies in
Eastern Europe and Central Asia should be censured along with Western
colonialism. A consensus was reached in which "colonialism in all of its
manifestations" was condemned, implicitly censuring the Soviet Union, as
well as the West.
CHINA played an important role in
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir_Princess> the conference and
strengthened its relations with other Asian nations. Having survived an
asassination attempt by foreign intelligence services on the way to the
conference, the Chinese premier,ZHOU EN LAI, displayed a moderate and
conciliatory attitude that tended to quiet fears of some anticommunist
delegates concerning China's intentions.
Later in the conference, Zhou Enlai signed on to the article in the
concluding declaration stating* that **overseas Chinese*
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_Chinese>* **owed primary loyalty
to their home nation, rather than to China* -- a highly sensitive issue
for both his Indonesian hosts and for several other participating countries.
A 10-point "Declaration on Promotion of World Peace and Cooperation,"
incorporating the principles of the UNO was adopted unanimously:
1.
/Respect for fundamental human rights and for the purposes and
principles of the charter of the United Nations/
2.
/Respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of all
nations/
3.
/Recognition of the equality of all races and of the equality of
all nations large and small/
4.
/Abstention from intervention or interference in the internal
affairs of another country/
5.
/Respect for the right of each nation to defend itself, singly or
collectively, in conformity with the charter of the United Nations/
6.
/(a) Abstention from the use of arrangements of collective defence
to serve any particular interests of the big powers
(b) Abstention by any country from exerting pressures on other
countries/
7.
/Refraining from acts or threats of aggression or the use of force
against the territorial integrity or political independence of any
country/
8.
/Settlement of all international disputes by peaceful means, such
as negotiation, conciliation, arbitration or judicial settlement
as well as other peaceful means of the parties own choice, in
conformity with the charter of the United Nations/
9.
/Promotion of mutual interests and cooperation/
10.
/Respect for justice and international obligations./
The Final Communique of the Conference underscored the need for
developing countries to loosen their economic dependence on the leading
industrialized nations by providing technical assistance to one another
through the exchange of experts and technical assistance for
developmental projects, as well as the exchange of technological
know-how and the establishment of regional training and research institutes.
The United States of America, through its Secretary of State, John
Foster Dulles, shunned the conference and was not officially
represented. However, Representative Adam Clayton Powell (D-N.Y.)
attended the conference and spoke at some length in favor of American
foreign policy there which assisted the United States's standing with
the Non-Aligned. When Powell returned to the United States to report on
the conference, the House of Representatives honored him for his
contributions.
The conference of Bandung was preceded by the Bogo Conference (1954) and
was followed by the Belgrade Conference (1961), which led to the
establishment of the Non Aligned Movement. In later years, conflicts
between the nonaligned nations eroded the solidarity expressed at Bandung.
To mark the fiftieth anniversary of the Conference, Heads of State and
Government of Asian-African countries attended a new Asian-African
Summit from 20-24 April 2005 in Bandung and Jakarta . Some sessions of
the new conference took place in Gedung Merdeka (Independence Building),
the venue of the original conference. The conference concluded by
establishing the New Asian-African Strategic Partnership (NAASP).
* * *
Origins of the Non Aligned Movement
Independent countries, who chose not to join any of the Cold War
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War> blocs, were also known as non
aligned nations.
The term "non-alignment" itself was coined by Indian Prime Minister
Nehru,, during his speech in 1954 in Colombo, Sri Lanka. In this speech,
Nehru described the five pillars to be used as a guide for Sino-Indian
relations, which were first put forth b Chinese Premier Zhou En-lai
called Pancha Sheel, these principles would later serve as the basis of
the Non-Aligned Movement.The five principles were:
*
Mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and
sovereignty <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereignty>
*
Mutual non-aggression
*
Mutual non-interference in domestic affairs
*
Equality and mutual benefit
*
Peaceful co-existence
A significant milestone in the development of the Non-aligned movement
was the 1955Bandung Conference, a conference of Asian and African states
hosted by Indonesian president SUKARNO, has give a significant
contribution to promote this movement. The attending nations declared
their desire not to become involved in the Cold War and adopted a
"declaration on promotion of world peace and cooperation", which
included Nehru's five principles. Six years after Bandung, an initiative
of Yugoslav Presiden Tito led to the first official Non-Aligned Movement
Summit, which was held in September 1961 in Belgrade.
At the Lusaka Conference in September 1970, the member nations added as
aims of the movement the peaceful resolution of disputes and the
abstention from the big power military alliances and pacts. Another
added aim was opposition to stationing of military bases in foreign
countries.
The founding fathers of the Non-aligned movement were:SUKARNO OF
INDONESIA,NEHRU OF INDIA and YOSEP BROZ TITO OF YUGOSLAVIA, GAMAL ABDEL
NASSER OF EGYPT, KWAME NKRUMAH OF GHANA.. Their actions were known as
'The Initiative of Five'.
(Source: Wikipedia)
* * *
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