Date: Tue, 25 Jul 2006 19:24:51 -0500 (CDT)
From: Bruce Sterling
To: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
Subject: Viridian Note 00470: Clutching At Straw
Key concepts: ethanol, biomass, alternative fuels,
energy crises, microbes, cellulose, biotech solutions
Attention Conservation Notice: It might take you a
couple of beers' worth of ethanol to work your way
through all of this.
Links:
The US is broke on oil costs, knee-deep in blood
and unable to provide security even for Israel ==
so why not join the Shanghai Cooperation Organization,
the hot new AntiTerror Bloc for oil-rich Communists?
It's like the old Warsaw Pact, only with Exxon's money!
Will Serbia join? Will India?
http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/topics/sco/t57970.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organization
People in the USA know nothing of Brazilian ethanol.
The Brazilians been running on rum for years. So
there's the proof-of-concept.
http://ethablog.blogspot.com/2006/07/what-wall-street-thinks-about.html
Brazil doesn't merely have ethanol, itâs got a
different breed of car. Not a hybrid, but a "trybrid."
The Obvio runs on ethanol, gasoline or electrical
wall-power.
http://www.obvio.ind.br/obviona/news%20004.htm
Any ethanol plug-in "trybrid" could run on wind-power
as well as ethanol. That could be handy indeed.
http://www.earth-policy.org/Books/PB2/PB2ch10_ss4.htm
The Brazilian Obvio is not as fast or sexy as
this Tesla all-electric sports car, but its
fuel-tank is full of pure booze. You get some mint
and crushed ice, it's a rolling caipirinha.
http://www.teslamotors.com/blog1/index.php?js_enabled=1
Our beloved Viridian Mascot, "Big Mike" the microbe,
is unsurprised to learn that the planet Earth is a
cosmic magnetic pump for interplanetary sepsis. How
long has the planet Earth been saturating outer
space with electrically charged microbes? If you went
past the orbit of Neptune, would you find Devonian
microbes floating there? Microbes are full of
surprises! Compared to them, we know nothing!
http://www.earth-policy.org/Books/PB2/PB2ch10_ss4.htm
Is there a cloud of dust anywhere in this
galaxy that isn't soaked in microbes? Is Thomas Gold
chuckling in his abiotic petroleum grave?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gold
It comes down to this. Since it's lethal
to dig up and burn the planet's reserves of fossil
carbon, why not burn the living biomass that's on
the planet's surface today? Because most of it
is cellulose, that's why. Cellulose is hard and
dry and resists decay and fermentation. It is straw.
It's wood. It's solid and recalcitrant. It burns
badly! Still, if you could somehow turn that hard
straw into a liquid fuel, in the way that yeasts
brew starch and sugar into booze....
http://www.thedartmouth.com/article.php?aid=2006040401030
And then get some venture angel to evangelize that...
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/12676374/
http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-570288889128950913
Of course, you'd have to go head to head with
the Forces of Darkness. So, start in California.
The Californians may be smart enough to
realize that the oil companies are doing to
California just what the power companies did
to California. Exxon, Enron, same thing, really.
http://www.yeson87.org/page/content/home/
http://www.contracostatimes.com/mld/cctimes/news/state/15110994.htm
Did I mention it was 122 degrees Fahrenheit in
Palm Springs, California this week?
http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/37388/story.htm
It was so hot in California that MySpace blew out.
MySpace collapsed from the Greenhouse Effect.
In today's grim climate, is it even possible to be
a dotcom guy without also being a green fuels guy?
Do you think blackouts are good for your business?
http://news.com.com/MySpace+feels+the+heat/2100-1038_3-6097798.html
Rather than fight with Vinod Khosla and his Silicon
Valley pals in California energy-politics, DuPont
and Shell are busily brewing a rival to ethanol,
bio-butanol. Do you think Shell and DuPont are trying
to 'greenwash' each other here? Or do you think maybe
they can do math?
http://www2.dupont.com/Biofuels/en_US/FAQ.html
Russians, being Russians, can make alcohol out of
sawdust. They've been doing that for decades. Of
course, with crude Soviet microbes and tons of
sulphuric acid, that's a messy, polluting process.
You'd have to really want that alcohol. Which they
do.
http://www.distill.com/woodhydrolysis/woodprocess.html
(((You wanna seriously chew up and then burn
cellulosic biomass, you've got to deal with the world
experts: fungi and yeasts. If it weren't for fungi
and yeasts, this planet would be stacked miles high
in undecaying timber. The problem is that
microbes have their own agenda, and it doesn't
include powering our cars.)))
Link:
http://www.technologyreview.com/read_article.aspx?ch=biztech&sc=&id=17052&pg=1
"Converting cellulose to ethanol involves two
fundamental steps: breaking the long chains of
cellulose molecules into glucose and other sugars,
and fermenting those sugars into ethanol. In nature,
these processes are performed by different organisms:
fungi and bacteria that use enzymes (cellulases) to
'free' the sugar in cellulose, and other microbes,
primarily yeasts, that ferment sugars into alcohol.
"The ideal organism would do it all == break down
cellulose like a bacterium, ferment sugar like a
yeast, tolerate high concentrations of ethanol, and
devote most of its metabolic resources to producing
just ethanol. (((And this boozy 'ideal organism' would
make more money than OPEC and the coal lobby put
together.))) There are two strategies for creating
such an all-purpose bug. One is to modify an existing
microbe by adding desired genetic pathways from
other organisms and 'knocking out' undesirable ones;
the other is to start with the clean slate of a
stripped-down synthetic cell and build a custom
genome almost from scratch." (((A pretty bold
declaration of intent, eh? Do you think the 21st
century can do this? An all-purpose bug would be a
biotech hack big enough to transform the planet.
Military, economically, financially, industrially,
the works.)))
(((Nobody has ever bred or engineered a native American
prairie plant such as switchgrass so as to turn
it into an ultra-flammable fuel-heavy crackable
super-grass. Attempts are under way, though.))
http://bioenergy.ornl.gov/reports/vogel/index.html
http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1999/v4-282.html
(((Switchgrass is also aptly known as "Panic Grass,"
a pretty good coinage for an attempt to run a
superpower on hay.)))
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switchgrass
(((If switchgrass looks vaguely familiar, that's
because it already grows all over the place.
Switchgrass grows much faster than windmills or
nuclear power plants. It's a native American weed.)))
http://www.earthlygoods.com/grasses/switchgrass.html
(((The kicker? Switchgrass adds carbon to the soil
through its dense prairie roots. So it's a car fuel
that actually *subtracts* carbon dioxide from the
atmosphere. Especially if you zap the grass with
RuBisCo genes, not too much of a step if you're also
cracking straw with genetically altered microbes.)))
http://www.worldchanging.com/archives/004137.html
(((So what we have here is a weird, historically
unprecedented, gene-altered biofuels scheme that
tackles the planet's most pressing environmental,
economic and military problems, and also looks
like a business plan. Sort of. I know that
"grasping at straw" is the desperate act of a drowning
man, so letâs deal with a few of the obvious deal
breakers first. Is there any substance here?)))
(A.) Most cars don't burn fuels that are rich in
ethanol.
That's true. You'd need a new flexfuel fleet and
"trybrids" would be even better. On the plus side,
it's a positive advantage if these new cars are
huge SUVs. The automobile majors are already selling
flexfuel cars in Brazil. They know how to do it,
unlike with fuel-cell cars. They can make money.
(B.) What about the many energy needs that aren't
transportation fuel?
You can burn the grass directly as boiler fuel, or
even make electricity with microbes eating grass.
http://www.carbonfree.co.uk/cf/news/wk30-0001.htm
http://www.whatsnextnetwork.com/technology/index.php/2006/07/19/microbial_fuel_cell_can_convert_corn_was
(C.) Ethanol raises the cost of corn and starves
poor people in order to fill rich guy's gas tanks.
That's only true of the *starch* ethanol that comes
from edible grains. Cellulosic ethanol comes from
grass, cornstalks and leftover sugarcane bagasse.
Poor people don't eat those.
(D.) Ethanol takes more energy to make than it
contributes to our society.
This is a largely academic distinction. Furthermore,
it isn't true even of old-school corn ethanol, while
cellulosic ethanol is a new, unheard-of process,
that, if it really worked, would be hugely efficient
at turning solar radiation right into booze.
(E.) If this cellulosic microbe cracking worked,
somebody would be selling me booze made of their
lawn clippings now. So where are the big cellulosic
refineries? They don't even exist. Show me.
We'll have to take that pressing issue up with
Novozyme, Danisco, Diversa, Abengoa, and Acciona
EnergÃa. These new cellulosic startups may all pop
just like dotbombs. On the other hand, if we don't
somehow rapidly solve soaring oil costs and the
climate crisis, there won't be any conventional
economy left either. There are a lot of methods of
going after the knotty problem of cracking cellulose,
and we're getting better at most of them. This scheme
is not yet prime-time, but it's not cold-fusion,
either.
(F.) When you burn ethanol, carbon dioxide goes into
our sky. That's bad, isn't it?
You're not getting it yet. This scheme means covering
the USA with a Saudi Arabia of prairie. That means
sucking CO2 *out* of the air and turning into a vast
sea of sod. Most of the fuel plant is roots, so it
remains *underground.* You're not going to burn that
part. You're using green plants to suck the burnt
coal and crude-oil out of the sky and turn it
into topsoil. Unlike nuclear power, this scheme
is a chance to actively grab the excess CO2 out of
the sky and get rid of it. It's better than a closed
carbon loop. It's carbon sequestration.
(G). Fuel-cell hydrogen is a much cooler idea than
this hick-centric hay-bale nonsense.
Yeah, it is, but there is no giant Brazil already
running on fuel-cells. By the way, Brazilian
sugarcane consists of cellulose besides the sugar
than makes rum, so Brazil's vast, well-established fuel
canefields ought to at least triple in value under
this dispensation. The Brazilians become the new
Saudis. At least voodoo freaks don't blow
themselves up.
(H). There's not enough room in the croplands to grow
endless multitons of biofuels. We'll all starve!
It's not about fermenting our edible crops. It's
about fermenting hay. There's plenty of room for hay.
Hay grows where crops can't grow.
(I). Genetically modified organisms are the work of
Satan!
So are heatwaves, warfare and genocide. We're getting
way past the point of being picky here. If you really
want to see renewable, sustainable solutions to
vast, planetary-scale crises, there has to be some
time and place where you are willing to take "yes"
for an answer. The best is the enemy of the good,
while the status quo will kill us. This is a very
innovative game plan which could expand with
great speed and which, at its basis, is all
about grass. Are you really afraid of grass?
O=c=O O=c=O O=c=O O=c=O O=c=O
LOOK OUTSIDE THE WINDOW
AT THE THERMOMETER. THEN
IMAGINE TWENTY YEARS FROM NOW
O=c=O O=c=O O=c=O O=c=O O=c=O
