Hi Michael, Here is Part 2. Tai-pan wrote: > > Greetings to all cultivated and elegant makers and users of CS. > > In this part of the pH posting we will get into the ion thing a little > deeper (but not to deep) and also look at some of the effects of H+ > ions. > The most purified water has been found to conduct electricity slighty. > So such purified water must contain a few ions. The distilled water I > use will show a reading of 001ppm (of ions). We infer that these are > derived from the water itself. > H2O + H2O <- H3O+ + OH- > neutral molecules ionized molecules > The small arrow indicates that only an extremely small fraction of > water exists in the form of pure water ions. H3O+ is called an hydronium > ion. Careful measurement of the conductivity of pure water indicate that > in ten million liters there is only one gram-ion or 19 grams of > H3O+.(This would be one gram of H+.) In other words, Hydrogen ion > CONCENTRATION of pure water or of a neutral solution of any substance in > water at room temperature (25C) is one ten-millionth (10-7)gram-ion per > liter. The exponent of 10-7 is -7; by changing the sign to plus we get > 7. So pure water, or a neutral solution of any substance in water, is > said to have a hydrogen ion exponent of 7. This is the concentration of > hydrogen ions in gram-ions per liter. It is usually abbreviated pH. > The pH stands for electrical *P*otential of *H*ydrogen ions* > (Potential- Hydrogen). > The hydronium ion (H3O+) may be represented as H+ if we do not wish to > indicate the water that is always combined(hydrated) with it. For > convenience,we often use H+ as a generalized symbol to repesent any > acid, even a very weak one. The active ingredient of the alkalies is the > hydroxyl ion OH-,which is hydrated (in water) just as H+ is. So OH- is > used as a generalized symbol to represent any alkali. A neutral reaction > consists in the union of H+ ions and OH- ions to form water. > A pH higher than 7 indicates a solution that is alkaline; a pH lower > than 7 indicates a solution that is acid. > Each decrease of 1 unit in pH means that the concentration of acid > ions (concentration of hydrogen ions) in the solution INCREASES ten > times. You can visualize this in this chart: > > Hydrogen ion hydrogen > concentration ion > (gram-ions) exponent > per liter or pH > 10+1 10.0 -1 (acid) > 10 1.0 0 > 10-1 0.1 1 > 10-2 0.01 2 > 10-3 0.001 3 > 10-4 0.0001 4 > 10-5 0.00001 5 > 10-6 0.000001 6 > 10-7 0.0000001 7 (neutral) > 10-8 0.00000001 8 > 10-9 0.000000001 9 > 10-10 0.0000000001 10 > 10-11 0.00000000001 11 > 10-12 0.000000000001 12 > 10-13 0.0000000000001 13 > 10-14 0.00000000000001 14 (alkaline) > > A good many methods of measuring pH are used, but the pH meter is the > most common. The pH meter is a sensitive volt meter with special probes > which can detect the ion potential in the water. > The pH reading is used in many industries and is very closely > controlled in the manufactuing of many products. Examples are in dye > making where exact colors are obtained at specified pH levels. > Electroplating is done at exact pH levels. Fertilizers for crops are > made to exact levels of pH for the plants the fertilizer is to be used > on. Laundry soap is made to exact levels of pH to work best with soft or > hard water.Must not forget fermenting (beer,wine,hard drink) and food > canning. All those cans on the super market shelfs are only possible > with closely controlled pH levels during processing. > In part 3 we get in to the human body and see what the pH is doing in > there.We will get a look at how silver ions attack pathogens. > > Bless you all. Bob Lee >
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