:-)
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oozing on the muggy shore of the gulf coast
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Hello highfalutin practitioners of the CS art,
SMALL INTESTINE, food changes
INTESTINAL SECRETION
The intestinal secretion (succus entericus) is a clear, yellowish
fluid which has a marked alkaline reaction. Extracts of the walls of the
small intestine have been found to contain enzymes which influence
intestinal digestion. They are to be found in the secretion, and their
actions are as follows.
Enterokinase, an enzyme or coferment which activates the trypsin of
the pancreatic fluid; erepsin, an enzyme which hydrolyzes peptids to
amino acids, thus completing the work begun by pepsin and trypsin.
Hydrolyzing enzymes hydrolyze disaccharides into monosaccharides. (1)
Maltase acts upon the products formed in the digestion of
starches,i.e.,maltrose and dextrin, and hydrolyze them to glucose. (2)
invertase, or sucase, acts upon sucrose and hydrolyzes it to glucose and
levulose. (3) lactase acts upon lactose and hydrolyzes it to glucose and
galactose. This inverting action is necessary because disaccharides
cannot be used by the tissues and would escape in the urine, but in the
form of simple sugars they are readily used by the tissues.
Nuclease is an enzyme which acts on the nucleic acid component of
nucleoproteins. Secretin is not an enzyme but a hormone which is
secreted or formed in the intestinal mucosa. Under the influence of
acids and bile , it is absorbed and carried to the pancreas and causes a
flow of pancreatic fluid.
Bile is formed in the liver and is an alkaline fluid ,pH 6.8 to 7.7,
and specific gravity of 1.01 to 1.05. about 500 to 900 cc. are secreted
daily. It is yellow, brownish yellow or olive green in color. The color
of bile is determined by the respective amounts of the bile pigments,
biliverdin and bilirubin, that are present. It consists of water, bile
pigments,bile acids, bile salts,cholesterol,lecithin,neutral fats and
soaps. The cholesterol and lecithin are compound fats. The bile acids
are glycocholic and taurocholate. These salts are alternately poured
into the duodenum, then reabsorbed, and reapear in the bile. Thus the
bile circulates and repeats its function over and over. The mucous
membranes of the bile ducts and gall bladder add a mucin-like protein
called nucleo-albumin, which together with some mucin, gives bile its
mucilaginous consistency.
Secretion of bile is continous but varies with the blood flow. The
presence of bile in the intestine stimulates secretion in the liver and
this is due to the bile salts, which act as cholagogues. Bile enters the
duodenum only during the period of digestion. Between these periods it
cannot enter the duodenum because of the sphincter which closes the
common bile duct; consequently the bile backs up into the gall bladder.
The ejection of chyme into the duodenum excites a contraction of the
gall bladder and an inhibition of the sphincter, which results in an
ejection of bile. The physiological effects of the bile are grouped as
follows:
(1) Digestive secretion. Bile salts are essential for the action of
lipase. Mixtures of bile and pancreatic fluid split the fats more
rapidly than pancreatic fluid alone. The bile acids activate the lipase
or act as a coferment, and they help in the absorption of the fatty
acids.
(2) Excretion. The bile is an excretory channel for
toxins,metals,cholesterol, etc. It is thought that the liver cells
excrete the bile pigments that are brought to them by the blood, just as
the kidney cells remove urea from the blood. The cholesterol of bile is
a waste product of cellular disintegration.
(3) Antiseptic. It was formerly believed to have an antiputrefactive
action, but now thought that the greater amount of putrefaction in the
absence of bile is brought about by the action of bacteria on proteins
and carbohydrates which have remained undigested because of the
protective covering of insoluble fat which is found on them in the
absence of bile.
Cholesterol may become so concentrated in the gall bladder that it
tends to crystallize out, and these crystals form gall stones.Catarrhal
conditions, which are often due to the typhoid and colon bacilli or to a
change in the character of the bile, may cause this crystallization.
When the flow of bile through the bile duct is interfered with, bile
gets into the blood and is carried to all parts of the body, producing a
condition of *jaundice*,which is characterized by a yellow coloration
of the skin and whites of the eyes. The urin is of a greenish hue
because of the extra quanity of pigment eliminated by the kidneys, and
the stools are grayish in hue , due to the lack of bile. Hemolytic
jaundice is due to rapid destruction of red blood cells. Infective
jaundice is due to the incapacity of the liver cells to eliminate
pigments.
ACTION OF ORGANISMS
Action of organisms in the small intestine hydrolyzes carbohydrates
and proteins constantly. Fermentation of the carbohydrates gives rise to
organic acids, such as lactic and acetic, but none of these is
concidered toxic. On the other hand , the putrefaction of proteins gives
rise to a number of end products that are distinctly toxic.
Bless you Bob Lee
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oozing on the muggy shore of the gulf coast
[email protected]
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