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Here is the result of a comparison between the UVL process and a
1.4 mA resistive-limited constant current source.
THE EFFECT OF CURRENT ON COLLOIDAL SILVER
-----------------------------------------
Two runs were made under identical conditions. One run was made with
the UVL process, the other using a constant current of 1.4 mA.
The solution brewed with 1.4 mA has much lower silver concentration
than the UVL colloid. It started turning yellow within hours.
SYSTEM PARAMETERS
-----------------
The rods are 12 ga with 0.9 sq. in. wetted area. The ends are formed
into a small "J" to provide 1/2 inch clearance to the bottom of the
glass.
The glass is an ordinary drinking glass with straight sides. The
inside diameter is 2.55 inch and the water depth to the fill mark is
3.50 inch.
A cap is provided to hold the rods in place. This also prevents
water evaporation during long runs.
The distilled water is standard WallMart. This is not the best or
worst dw I have tested, but is about in the middle of the range. It
is always available when the other brands may be out of stock.
INSTRUMENTATION
---------------
Current is measured with a Keithley Model 177, 5 1/2 digit
Microvoltmeter.
Voltage is measured with a Hewlett Packard 3456A 6 1/2 digit DVM.
The ambient temperature in the lab is 78F (25C)
1.4 mA CURRENT SOURCE
---------------------
The 110VAC is rectified and filtered to produce 164.5 Volts. A 120k
resistor in series provides a short-circuit current of 1.485 mA.
The line voltage fluctuates about +/- 1% due to normal load
variations.
UVL CURRENT SOURCE
------------------
A 22k resistor is placed in series with a 9V battery. The
short-circuit current is 376 uA, and depends on the state of the
battery.
UVL BREW DATA
-------------
Initial Battery Voltage is 8.395V
Wed May 14, 2003, 09:16:56 pm 4.421V 178uA <-- start run
Wed May 14, 2003, 09:20:50 pm 4.219V 187uA
Wed May 14, 2003, 09:49:25 pm 4.168V 189uA <-- a few bubbles on both
rods
Wed May 14, 2003, 10:40:00 pm 3.523V 218uA <-- 1/2 doz bubbles on anode
Wed May 14, 2003, 10:41:25 pm 3.247V 230uA <-- shook bubbles off
Wed May 14, 2003, 11:38:51 pm 2.533V 262uA <-- moved glass
Thu May 15, 2003, 12:42:07 am 2.727V 250uA <-- rotated electrodes 90
deg
Thu May 15, 2003, 12:43:47 am 2.180V 279uA <-- drop in R, same I
Thu May 15, 2003, 12:57:49 am 2.711V 254uA <-- equilibrium restored
Thu May 15, 2003, 01:47:03 am 2.634V 257uA <-- cathode becoming gray
Thu May 15, 2003, 02:21:18 am 2.531V 262uA
Thu May 15, 2003, 02:36:00 am 2.400V 267uA <-- tiny whiskers on cathode
Thu May 15, 2003, 02:59:15 am 2.469V 265uA <-- shook cap vigorously
Thu May 15, 2003, 02:59:57 am 1.692V 299uA <-- tiny bits fell off
Thu May 15, 2003, 03:22:37 am 2.448V 265uA
Thu May 15, 2003, 03:49:30 am 2.408V 267uA
Thu May 15, 2003, 04:40:43 am 1.916V 289uA <-- stopped process
The battery now measures 8.365V
The cathode is bare gray silver and left no residue after wiping.
The anode is black from previous runs. Only a trace of oxide was
left on the tissue after wiping.
The solution is crystal clear. I cannot see anything on the bottom.
I poured the solution into another glass. Some gray bits floated
around then settled to the bottom. The original glass is crystal
clear. There is no trace of any film on the side of the glass.
UVL CALCULATIONS
----------------
The initial resistance of the distilled water is
R = E / I
= 4.421 / 178e-6
= 24,837 ohms
The brew time is
04:40 - 9:17 = 7 hr 23 minutes
= 7 * 3600 + 23 * 60
= 25200 + 1380
= 26,580 seconds
The average current is estimated to be 250 uA.
The total number of Coulombs transferred is
C = I * T
= 250e-6 * 26580
= 6.64 Coulombs
The average current density is
D = I / A
= 250e-6 / 0.9
= 277 uA/ sq. inch
1.4 mA BREW DATA
----------------
Thu May 15, 2003, 04:55:19 am 26.5V 1.25mA <-- probably 30V
Thu May 15, 2003, 04:57:11 am 21.2V 1.28mA
Thu May 15, 2003, 04:58:52 am 19.7V 1.30mA
Thu May 15, 2003, 05:03:44 am 16.1V 1.34mA
Thu May 15, 2003, 05:12:46 am 12.0V 1.39mA
Thu May 15, 2003, 05:20:22 am 11.2V 1.40mA
Thu May 15, 2003, 05:52:22 am 7.76V 1.42mA <-- see comment below
There is a heavy black smudge under the anode. Mist is falling
from cathode.
Thu May 15, 2003, 05:56:33 am 7.53V 1.43mA
Thu May 15, 2003, 06:00:50 am 7.27V 1.43mA <-- see comment below
Mist surrounds cathode with tiny bubbles rising. Three tiny
bubbles are stuck to anode.
Thu May 15, 2003, 06:08:01 am 7.11V 1.44mA <-- see comment below
Heavy mist is falling from anode. Large black smudge under anode.
Thu May 15, 2003, 06:14:30 am 6.97V 1.44mA <-- stopped run
The run was terminated due to the heavy production of mist.
After wiping with tissue, the anode left a bit of black residue, and
the cathode left a heavy black residue.
I poured the solution into another container and cleaned the large
black smudge from the bottom of the glass.
The glass containing the cs solution started turning gray after
several hours.
1.4 mA CALCULATIONS
-------------------
The initial resistance is very difficult to measure at high current.
The HP 3456A voltmeter flashed 30 Volts and quickly dropped while I
was reading the current on the Keithley.
Since the current is controlled by the 120k series resistor, it
remains relatively constant. Therefore, the current reading is more
reliable than the voltage reading.
Assuming an initial voltage of 30V, the initial resistance is
R = E / I
= 30 / 1.25e-3
= 24,000 ohms
The brew time is
05:52 - 04:55 = 57 minutes
= 57 * 60
= 3,420 seconds
The average current is estimated to be 1.34 mA.
The total number of Coulombs transferred is
C = I * T
= 1.34e-3 * 3420
= 4.58 Coulombs
The average current density is
D = I / A
= 1.34e-6 / 0.9
= 1.49 mA / sq. inch
The ratio of current densities between the two processes is
1.34e-3 / 250e-6 = 5.36
CONCLUSIONS
-----------
Silver ions form an invisible cloud around the rods. The density of
the cloud depends on the current through the solution.
A high current increases the voltage across the cell. This increases
the voltage gradient which also increases the density of the ion
cloud.
When the cloud exceeds a certain density, the ions interact and form
a visible mist of particles. The size of particles increases with
ion density. This leads to a change in color and plateout on the
glass.
The mist produces a black smudge on the bottom of the glass, black
oxide on the rods, and collects on the side of the glass.
This represent a loss of silver ions, which reduces the strength of
the colloidal silver.
The 1.4 mA process had to be terminated after 4.58 Coulombs due to
the heavy production of mist.
The UVL process could have gone longer, but was terminated after
transferring 6.64 Coulombs, as I felt sufficient data had been
collected.
Since the UVL process produced no mist and left very little residue,
I conclude that more silver ions remain in the solution.
This explains why the UVL process produces such a strong dispersion
in the salt test compared to the 1.4 mA process.
COMMENTS AND OBSERVATIONS
-------------------------
Two solutions made with the UVL process showed a very pale straw
color immediately after processing. These remained stable, but were
eventually consumed in testing.
All the other batches have remained crystal clear, and are the
strongest cs I have ever made.
BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY
-------------------
A friend and I both have small cavities. Our test for the biological
activity of cs is to hold the solution in the mouth for ten minutes,
then either swallow it or spit it out.
Solutions made with the standard 1.4 mA process would stop the pain
for about one day.
Solutions made with the 1.4 mA process using bubbling, stirring, or
thermal heating would stop the pain for several hours.
Solutions made with the UVL process stop the pain for three days.
This supports the theory that silver ions are responsible for the
biological activity, and the particles merely represent a waste of
silver.
RETRACTION
----------
In earlier posts, I observed the initial resistance of distilled
water changes with applied voltage.
It turns out to be extremely difficult to measure the initial
resistance at high current densities. The readings change quickly,
and if you watch the wrong meter, you may get erroneous values.
It appears the initial resistance remains constant with applied
voltage, and does not increase as I stated in previous posts.
My apologies to the list.
Best Regards,
Mike Monett
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