Iraqi Cancers, Birth Eefects Blamed on U.S. Depleted Uranium
By Larry Johnson
Seattle Post-Intelligencer Foreign Desk Editor
Tuesday, 12 November, 2002
Southern Demilitarized Zone, Iraq -- On the "Highway of Death," 11 miles
north of the Kuwait border, a collection of tanks, armored personnel
carriers and other military vehicles are rusting in the desert.
They also are radiating nuclear energy.
In 1991, the United States and its Persian Gulf War allies blasted the
vehicles with armor-piercing shells made of depleted uranium -- the
first time such weapons had been used in warfare -- as the Iraqis
retreated from Kuwait. The devastating results gave the highway its
name.
Today, nearly 12 years after the use of the super-tough weapons was
credited with bringing the war to a swift conclusion, the battlefield
remains a radioactive toxic wasteland -- and depleted uranium munitions
remain a mystery.
Although the Pentagon has sent mixed signals about the effects of
depleted uranium, Iraqi doctors believe that it is responsible for a
significant increase in cancer and birth defects in the region. Many
researchers outside Iraq, and several U.S. veterans organizations,
agree; they also suspect depleted uranium of playing a role in Gulf War
Syndrome, the still-unexplained malady that has plagued hundreds of
thousands of Gulf War veterans.
Depleted uranium is a problem in other former war zones as well.
Yesterday, U.N. experts said they found radioactive hot spots in Bosnia
resulting from the use of depleted uranium during NATO air strikes in
1995.
With another war in Iraq perhaps imminent, scientists and others are
concerned that the side effects of depleted uranium munitions -- still a
major part of the U.S. arsenal -- will cause serious illnesses or deaths
in a new generation of U.S. soldiers as well as Iraqis.
THE DANGERS
Depleted uranium, known as DU, is a highly dense metal that is the
byproduct of the process during which fissionable uranium used to
manufacture nuclear bombs and reactor fuel is separated from natural
uranium. DU remains radioactive for about 4.5 billion years.
Uranium, a weakly radioactive element, occurs naturally in soil and
water everywhere on Earth, but mainly in trace quantities. Humans ingest
it daily in minute quantities.
DU shell holes in the vehicles along the Highway of Death are 1,000
times more radioactive than background radiation, according to Geiger
counter readings done for the Seattle Post-Intelligencer by Dr. Khajak
Vartaanian, a nuclear medicine expert from the Iraq Department of
Radiation Protection in Basra, and Col. Amal Kassim of the Iraqi navy.
The desert around the vehicles was 100 times more radioactive than
background radiation; Basra, a city of 1 million people, some 125 miles
away, registered only slightly above background radiation level.
But the radioactivity is only one concern about DU munitions.
A second, potentially more serious hazard is created when a DU round
hits its target. As much as 70 percent of the projectile can burn up on
impact, creating a firestorm of ceramic DU oxide particles. The residue
of this firestorm is an extremely fine ceramic uranium dust that can be
spread by the wind, inhaled and absorbed into the human body and
absorbed by plants and animals, becoming part of the food chain.
Once lodged in the soil, the munitions can pollute the environment and
create up to a hundredfold increase in uranium levels in ground water,
according to the U.N. Environmental Program.
Studies show it can remain in human organs for years.
The U.S. Army acknowledges the hazards in a training manual, in which it
requires that anyone who comes within 25 meters of any DU-contaminated
equipment or terrain wear respiratory and skin protection, and states
that "contamination will make food and water unsafe for consumption."
Just six months before the Gulf War, the Army released a report on DU
predicting that large amounts of DU dust could be inhaled by soldiers
and civilians during and after combat.
Infantry were identified as potentially receiving the highest exposures,
and the expected health outcomes included cancers and kidney problems.
The report also warned that public knowledge of the health and
environmental effects of depleted uranium could lead to efforts to ban
DU munitions.
But today the Pentagon plays down the effects. Officials refer queries
on DU munitions to the latest government report on the subject, last
updated on Dec. 13, 2000, which said DU is "40 percent less radioactive
than natural uranium."
The report also said, "Gulf War exposures to depleted uranium (DU) have
not to date produced any observable adverse health effects attributable
to DU's chemical toxicity or low-level radiation. . . ."
In response to written queries, the Defense Department said, "The U.S.
Military Services use DU munitions because of DU's superior lethality
against armor and other hard targets."
It said DU munitions are "war reserve munitions; that is, used for
combat and not fired for training purposes," with the exception that DU
munitions may be fired at sea for weapon calibration purposes.
In addition to Iraq and Bosnia, DU munitions were used in Kosovo and
Serbia in 1999.
Also in 1999, a United Nations subcommission considered DU hazardous
enough to call for an initiative banning its use worldwide. The
initiative has remained in committee, blocked primarily by the United
States, according to Karen Parker, a lawyer with the International
Educational Development/Humanitarian Law Project, which has consultative
status at the United Nations.
Parker, who first raised the DU issue in the United Nations in 1996,
contends that DU "violates the existing law and customs of war."
She said there are four rules derived from all of humanitarian law
regarding weapons:
Weapons may only be used in the legal field of battle, defined as legal
military targets of the enemy in war. Weapons may not have an adverse
effect off the legal field of battle.
Weapons can only be used for the duration of an armed conflict. A weapon
that is used or continues to act after the war is over violates this
criterion.
Weapons may not be unduly inhumane.
Weapons may not have an unduly negative effect on the natural
environment.
"Depleted uranium fails all four of these rules," Parker said last week.
On Oct. 17, 2001, Rep. Cynthia McKinney, D-Ga., introduced a bill
calling for "the suspension of the use, sale, development, production,
testing, and export of depleted uranium munitions pending the outcome of
certain studies of the health effects of such munitions. . . ."
More than a year later, the bill -- co-sponsored by Reps. Anibal
Acevedo-Vila, Puerto Rico; Tammy Baldwin, D-Wis.; Dennis Kucinich,
D-Ohio; Barbara Lee, D-Ca.; and Jim McDermott, D-Wash. -- remains in
committee awaiting comment from the Defense Department.
THE STUDIES
Gulf War veterans faced a wide array of potentially toxic materials
during the war: smoke from oil and chemical fires, insecticides,
pesticides, vaccinations and DU.
Of the 696,778 troops who served during the recognized conflict phase
(1990-1991) of the Gulf War, at least 20,6861 have applied for VA
medical benefits. As of May 2002, 159,238 veterans have been awarded
service-connected disability by the Department of Veterans Affairs for
health effects collectively known as the Gulf War Syndrome.
There have been many studies on Gulf War Syndrome over the years, as
well as on possible long-term health hazards of DU munitions. Most have
been inconclusive. But some researchers said the previous studies on DU,
conducted by groups and agencies ranging from the World Health
Organization to the Rand Corp. to the investigative arm of Congress,
weren't looking in the right place -- at the effects of inhaled DU.
Dr. Asaf Durakovic, director of the private, non-profit Uranium Medical
Research Centre in Canada and the United States, and center research
associates Patricia Horan and Leonard Dietz, published a unique study in
the August issue of Military Medicine medical journal.
The study is believed to be the first to look at inhaled DU among Gulf
War veterans, using the ultrasensitive technique of thermal ionization
mass spectrometry, which enabled them to easily distinguish between
natural uranium and DU.
The study, which examined British, Canadian and U.S. veterans, all
suffering typical Gulf War Syndrome ailments, found that, nine years
after the war, 14 of 27 veterans studied had DU in their urine. DU also
was found in the lung and bone of a deceased Gulf War veteran.
That no governmental study has been done on inhaled DU "amounts to a
massive malpractice," Dietz said in an interview last week.
THE ACTIVIST
Dr. Doug Rokke was an Army health physicist assigned in 1991 to the
command staff of the 12th Preventive Medicine Command and 3rd U.S. Army
Medical Command headquarters. Rokke was recalled to active duty 20 years
after serving in Vietnam, from his research job with the University of
Illinois Physics Department, and sent to the Gulf to take charge of the
DU cleanup operation.
Today, in poor health, he has become an outspoken opponent of the use of
DU munitions.
"DU is the stuff of nightmares," said Rokke, who said he has reactive
airway disease, neurological damage, cataracts and kidney problems, and
receives a 40 percent disability payment from the government. He blames
his health problems on exposure to DU.
Rokke and his primary team of about 100 performed their cleanup task
without any specialized training or protective gear. Today, Rokke said,
at least 30 members of the team are dead, and most of the others --
including Rokke -- have serious health problems.
Rokke said: "Verified adverse health effects from personal experience,
physicians and from personal reports from individuals with known DU
exposures include reactive airway disease, neurological abnormalities,
kidney stones and chronic kidney pain, rashes, vision degradation and
night vision losses, lymphoma, various forms of skin and organ cancer,
neuropsychological disorders, uranium in semen, sexual dysfunction and
birth defects in offspring.
"This whole thing is a crime against God and humanity."
Speaking from his home in Rantoul, Ill., where he works as a substitute
high school science teacher, Rokke said, "When we went to the Gulf, we
were all really healthy, and we got trashed."
Rokke, an Army Reserve major who describes himself as "a patriot to the
right of Rush Limbaugh," said hearing the latest Pentagon statements on
DU is especially frustrating now that another war against Iraq appears
likely.
"Since 1991, numerous U.S. Department of Defense reports have said that
the consequences of DU were unknown," Rokke said. "That is a lie. We
warned them in 1991 after the Gulf War, but because of liability issues,
they continue to ignore the problem." Rokke worked until 1996 for the
military, developing DU training and management procedures. The
procedures were ignored, he said.
"Their arrogance is beyond comprehension," he said. "We have spread
radioactive waste all over the place and refused medical treatment to
people . . . it's all arrogance.
"DU is a snapshot of technology gone crazy."
BIRTH DEFECTS IN IRAQ
At the Saddam Teaching Hospital in Basra, Dr. Jawad Al-Ali, a
British-trained oncologist, displays, in four gaily colored photo
albums, what he says are actual snapshots of the nightmares.
The photos represent the surge in birth defects -- in 1989 there were 11
per 100,000 births; in 2001 there were 116 per 100,000 births -- that
even before they heard about DU, had doctors in southern Iraq making
comparisons to the birth defects that followed the atomic bombings of
Hiroshima and Nagasaki in WWII.
There were photos of infants born without brains, with their internal
organs outside their bodies, without sexual organs, without spines, and
the list of deformities went on and on. There also were photos of cancer
patients.
Cancer has increased dramatically in southern Iraq. In 1988, 34 people
died of cancer; in 1998, 450 died of cancer; in 2001 there were 603
cancer deaths.
On a tour of one ward of the hospital, doctors pointed out boys and
girls who were suffering from leukemia. Most of the children die, the
doctors said, because there are insufficient drugs available for their
treatment.
There was one notable exception, a young boy whose family was able to
buy the expensive drugs on the black market.
Al-Ali said it defies logic to absolve DU of blame when veterans of the
Gulf War and of the fighting in the Balkans share common illnesses with
children in southern Iraq.
"The cause of all of these cancers and deformities remains theoretical
because we can't confirm the presence of uranium in tissue or urine with
the equipment we have," said Al-Ali. "And because of the sanctions, we
can't get the equipment we need."
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