About first query, you have a negative query telling the searcher to give only
results _NOT_ containing "name_s:a". From that result list you want only
results of "age_i:10".
Boolean table for OR is:
0 OR 0 = 0
1 OR 0 = 1
0 OR 1 = 1
1 OR 1 = 1
You get one result.

About second query your "parsedquery" says you _must_ have id:1 OR id:2
(where you will get both) but _must_ _not_ have anything with "name_s:a".
But you have something with "name_s:a", so you get no results.

Regards
Bernd

Am 08.04.20 um 11:53 schrieb slly:
> My default query operator is OR.There are two pieces of data in the index:
> { "id":"1", "name_s":"a", "age_i":10, "_version_":1663396766955864064}, { 
> "id":"2", "name_s":"b", "age_i":10, "_version_":1663396767058624512}] }
> 
> 
>   1.   -name_s:a OR age_i:10          # I think two pieces of data should be 
> returned, but only one
> 
> "rawquerystring":"-name_s:a age_i:10", "querystring":"-name_s:a age_i:10", 
> "parsedquery":"-name_s:a IndexOrDocValuesQuery(age_i:[10 TO 10])", 
> "parsedquery_toString":"-name_s:a age_i:[10 TO 10]", 
> "QParser":"LuceneQParser",
> 
> 
> 
>   2.  id:("1" "2") AND (-name_s:a) # I think one data should be returned, but 
> 0 data 
> 
> "rawquerystring":"id:(\"1\" \"2\") AND (-name_s:a)", "querystring":"id:(\"1\" 
> \"2\") AND (-name_s:a)", "parsedquery":"+(id:1 id:2) +(-name_s:a)", 
> "parsedquery_toString":"+(id:1 id:2) +(-name_s:a)", "QParser":"LuceneQParser",
> 
> 
> 
> 
> 
> At 2020-04-08 17:46:37, "Bernd Fehling" <bernd.fehl...@uni-bielefeld.de> 
> wrote:
>> What is debugQuery telling you about:
>> - "rawquerystring"
>> - "querystring"
>> - "parsedquery"
>> - "parsedquery_toString"
>> - "QParser"
>>
>> Also what is your default query operator, AND or OR?
>> This is what matters for your second example with  id:("1" "2")
>> It could be  id:("1" AND "2")  or  id:("1" OR "2") .
>>
>> Regards
>> Bernd
>>
>> Am 08.04.20 um 11:30 schrieb slly:
>>> Thanks Bernd for your reply.
>>>  I run the query on the Solr Web UI in Solr 7.3.1/7.7.2, the screenshot of 
>>> my execution results is as follows,  I don't understand whether there is a 
>>> grammatical error ?
>>> 1. -name_s:a OR age_i:10
>>>
>>> 2. id:("1" "2") AND (-name_s:a)
>>>
>>>
>>> At 2020-04-08 16:33:20, "Bernd Fehling" <bernd.fehl...@uni-bielefeld.de> 
>>> wrote:
>>>> Looks correct to me.
>>>>
>>>> You have to obey the level of the operators and the parenthesis.
>>>> Turn debugQuery on to see the results of parsing of your query.
>>>>
>>>> Regards
>>>> Bernd
>>>>
>>>> Am 08.04.20 um 09:34 schrieb slly:
>>>>>
>>>>>
>>>>> If the following query is executed, the result is different:
>>>>>
>>>>>
>>>>> id:("1" "2") AND (-name_s:a)     --> numFound is 0 
>>>>>
>>>>>
>>>>> id:("1" "2") AND -(name_s:a)    --> numFound is 1 
>>>>>
>>>>>
>>>>>
>>>>> At 2020-04-08 14:56:26, "slly" <sll...@126.com> wrote:
>>>>>> Hello Folks,
>>>>>> We are using Solr 7.3.1,  I write the following two lines of data into 
>>>>>> collection:
>>>>>> id, name_s, age_i
>>>>>> 1, a, 10
>>>>>> 2, b, 10
>>>>>> Use the following query syntax:
>>>>>> -name_s:a OR age_i:10
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>> I think we should return two pieces of data, but actually only one piece 
>>>>>> of data:
>>>>>> id, name_s, age_i
>>>>>> 2, b, 10
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Did I get it wrong?  Looking forward to some valuable suggestions. 
>>>>>> Thanks.
>>>

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