---------- Forwarded message ---------- From: John Ashworth <[email protected]> Date: Mon, Jun 25, 2012 at 11:01 AM Subject: [sudan-john-ashworth] Sudan government steps up crackdown on protests To: Group <[email protected]>
1. Sudan government steps up crackdown on protests, vows to press on with austerity measures Washington Post By Associated Press, Published: June 24 CAIRO — Sudanese security forces used tear gas to break up anti-regime demonstrations in Khartoum on Sunday, opposition figures said, as the government vowed to press ahead with economic austerity measures that set off a wave of unrest last weekend. In messages broadcast by the Sudanese state media, the regime threatened “stern measures” against the protests, which first targeted the austerity moves but have expanded to include calls for the ouster of longtime President Omar al-Bashir. Several hundred students gathered at Khartoum University, where the demonstrations started eight days ago, said Kamal Omar of the Popular Congress Party. He said pro-government “militias” attacked them. Other opposition figures said police fired tear gas to break up the rally and arrested dozens of students. The official SUNA news agency reported late Saturday that authorities instructed police to “deal sternly with saboteurs.” The regime is determined that “subversive incidents” would not deter it from implementing recent economic decisions, the news agency said. Protesters reject a government austerity plan that slashed subsidies and doubled the price of fuel and food. They also appear to be inspired by Arab Spring uprisings that brought down regimes in neighboring Egypt and Libya and are demanding the downfall of al-Bashir’s regime. Demonstrations have been concentrated near Khartoum University on the banks of the Blue Nile river but have also spread to the city’s far-flung outskirts and at least one provincial capital. Representatives of Sudan’s opposition parties say they have been meeting to come up with a unified stand on the protests. Police and security forces have arrested a number of party leaders in the past days, they say. http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/sudan-government-steps-up-crackdown-on-saboteurs-as-anti-regime-protests-enter-8th-day/2012/06/24/gJQAIYaSzV_story.html END1 2. Sudan's Bashir defiant after Khartoum protests Sun Jun 24, 2012 9:00pm GMT * Protest breaks out in provincial capital -witnesses * Sudan struggling with economic crisis * Rebel alliance praises demonstrations KHARTOUM, June 24 (Reuters) - Sudan's President Omar Hassan al-Bashir on Sunday dismissed anti-government protests over a severe economic crisis as the work of "a few agitators". More than a week of protests sparked by austerity measures have spread across the capital Khartoum and other cities, expanding beyond the core of student activists who hoped to turn public discontent into an "Arab Spring" movement. But in a speech late on Sunday, Bashir dismissed the demonstrations. "They said the economic measures were a chance for the Arab Spring, but we've already had the Arab Spring a number of times," he said. "When the Sudanese people revolt, they all come out. The people who are burning tyres are a few agitators." Popular uprisings have overthrown military rulers in Sudan twice since the country gained independence from Britain in 1956 - once in 1964 and again in 1985. Police vowed late on Saturday to quell the latest unrest " f orcefully and immediately". While Khartoum appeared to be quieter on Sunday, a protest of about 150 people broke out in El-Obeid, capital of North Kordofan state, witnesses said. Police dispersed the demonstration with teargas, they added. Activists said police also fired tear gas to disperse student demonstrators at the University of Khartoum, a major hub of the protests, but it was not immediately possible to verify that independently. A Reuters reporter saw a heavy police presence in the area and rocks strewn on a street near the campus. The police were not immediately available to comment. The impetus for the demonstrations was the government's announcement last week of spending cuts to tackle an economic crisis worsened by the secession of oil-producing South Sudan a year ago. The measures included a cut in fuel subsidies. Activists and opposition groups have been trying to use discontent over rising food prices and other economic woes to build a broader movement to end Bashir's 23-year rule. But although spread across a wide variety of neighbourhoods, the demonstrations have so far lasted for only short periods and rarely exceeded more than a few hundred people at any one time. The unrest in Khartoum has been an added pressure for a government already grappling with armed insurgencies in its western Darfur region and in two southern states bordering South Sudan. An insurgent alliance known as the Sudanese Revolutionary Front issued a statement on Sunday praising the demonstrations and saying the rebels were ready to declare a "strategic ceasefire" if Bashir were to be overthrown. The alliance was formed last year and encompasses Sudan's main rebel groups -- three factions of Darfur rebels plus other insurgents in South Kordofan and Blue Nile states bordering South Sudan. Sudan has faced high food inflation and a weakening currency since South Sudan seceded, taking with it three quarters of the country's crude production - previously the main source of state revenues and foreign currency. (Reporting by Khalid Abdelaziz and Alexander Dziadosz; Writing by Alexander Dziadosz; Editing by Myra MacDonald) http://af.reuters.com/article/sudanNews/idAFL5E8HO09P20120624?sp=true END2 3. Bashir slams Sudan’s protesters as “bubbles”, vows continued crackdown June 24, 2012 (KHARTOUM) – In his first response to the wave of protests that has been gripping his country for the past eight days, Sudan’s President Omer Al-Bashir sought to downplay the growing unrest and dismissed the protesters as “bubbles” who will be “dealt with.” Addressing a gathering of students affiliated to his ruling National Congress Party (NCP) in the capital Khartoum on Sunday, Al-Bashir described the protesters as “aliens and bubbles” who failed to mobilize the streets. His comments follow more than a week of protests that erupted on Sunday, 17 June, as the government moved to lift fuel subsidies as part of what officials say is an austerity package that includes downsizing of the government’s bureaucracy as well as cuts in the salaries and perks of senior state officials in order to make up for a budget deficit of 2 billion US dollars. The protests, which were initially started by students against worsening economic conditions, gained unprecedented momentum in the following days as demonstrations spread to several parts of the capital as well as other towns including Al-Obaiyd in north Kordofana, Madani in Al-Jazzera State, and Port Sudan in the east. The protesters burned tires, blocked roads and chanted slogans denouncing rising costs of living and calling for the downfall of Al-Bashir’s regime. Police and security forces resorted to violence through the use of teargas, batons and rubber bullets to confront the demonstration amid reports sweeping arrests and severe injuries among the protesters. Activists are reporting that a great number of students had sustained injuries during clashes around Khartoum University on Sunday with security forces and what they refer to as “Rapata”, a traditionalized Sudanese term for bandits, to describe plain-cloth NCP supporters who are armed with machetes and beat the protesters. Al-Bashir, who was speaking in an undisguised agitation, said that the protesters were just a few “incited” individuals who are receiving no interaction from the public and will be “dealt with through institutions” The Sudanese president said that he toured Khartoum in an open car on Friday, 22 June, and saw that the Sudanese street was not responding to the protesters. He went on to call on students across the country not to pay attention to the “conspirators, traitors and collaborators”. These are typically the terms Al-Bashir uses to describe associates of the rebel groups who are fighting his government in the regions of Darfur, South Kordofan and Blue Nile. Al-Bashir said that those dreaming of an Arab Spring in Sudan will be disappointed. He added amid supportive chants from the NCP audience that his government has nothing to fear and is not ashamed of admitting its economic problems. “We are not afraid of being overthrown by anybody. Not America or anyone else because it is Allah who gives the rule” he said. Al-Bashir admitted that Sudan was facing an economic crisis but he added that efforts were being made to mitigate its effects. He reiterated his defense of the government’s decision to end fuel subsidies, saying it’s because supporting this particular commodity only benefits the rich. Sudan has been grappling with rising inflation, which hit 30 percent last month mainly on food prices, and a depreciating currency ever since the country lost nearly 75 percent of its oil, the lifeblood of the economy, with the secession of South Sudan in July last year. Matters became worse in January this year when land-locked South Sudan decided to shut down its oil production rather than exporting it through Sudan’s pipelines following a bitter row over transit fees. Sudan also experienced a hiatus in the production of oil extracted from its main field in Heglig when the disputed region was occupied by South Sudan for ten days in mid-April Al-Bashir said that South Sudan’s decision to shut down oil production was “suicidal” and aimed at hurting Sudan. He added that recovering the economy requires tough treatment, stressing the necessity of reducing consumption and ending subsidies. (ST) http://www.sudantribune.com/Bashir-slams-Sudan-s-protesters-as,43036 END3 4. Sudanese rebels to declare ceasefire after the fall of Bashir’s regime June 23, 2012 (KHARTOUM) — The rebel Sudan People’s Liberation Movement –North (SPLM-N) hailed the recent developments in the protests of the Sudanese people and stated its readiness to declare a l ceasefire after the fall of Bashir’s regime. The SPLM-N leader Malik Agar issued Saturday a statement welcoming what he termed as "qualitative shift" as the protests against the regime since Friday involve not only students but people from the different segment of the society. The students started on Saturday 16 June to demonstrate in the University of Khartoum against a package of austerity measures the government was preparing to scrap oil subsidies while the country is already hit by a severe economic crisis. Agar said his rebel movement was following closely the recent developments in the country. He further added that the leadership including Abdel Aziz Hilu and Yasir Arman was consulting with its allied rebel groups, some political parties and civil society organizations. After expressing the support of the rebel group to the ongoing demonstrations in the country, he announced SPLM-N’s "willingness to proclaim a strategic ceasefire on all the military fronts after the fall of the regime to create a conducive environment for peaceful transition of power." The rebel leader stressed that this measure means to avoid the repetitionof the experience of April 1985 Uprising when the SPLM refused to join a national transitional government during the interim period. Malik underlined in his statement that all the parties should participate in the interim government in order to create a needed national consensus to achieve the transition from totalitarianism to democracy and from the war to peace. The issue of the rebel groups was seen as one of the obstacles preventing Sudanese from overthrowing the regime. People were thinking that rebels will enter the capital during the revolution to fight the regime. Sadiq Al-Mahdi, leader of Umma National Party , was reluctant to accept the idea of popular revolution saying that the regime will fight the unrest militarily and this will incite the intervention of rebel groups. Agar said the uprising must maintain its peaceful character, stressing that the participation of millions of Sudanese is the only guarantee to prevent the intervention of regime’s militias. He however said the army of the SPLM-N and the Sudan Revolutionary Front will stand by the Sudanese people to ensure the pacific nature of the revolution and protect it. The rebel leader called on the SPLM-N members inside the country to participate peacefully in the uprising and to mobilise the support of the international community. Khartoum did not yet react to the rebel statements. The SPLM-N refuses to accept a ceasefire the Sudanese government demands before to allow humanitarian access to the rebel held areas in the Nuba Mountains. (ST) http://www.sudantribune.com/Sudanese-rebels-to-declare,43026 END4 5. Sudan Uses Excessive Force to Disperse Protests African Centre for Justice and Peace Studies (24 June 23 2012) Protests initiated started by Khartoum University students on 16 June have spread to universities across Sudan. Over the last six days, ordinary citizens joined the protests and demonstrations that broke out in a number of neighborhoods in cities in Sudan including Madani, Sinar, Shandi, Port Sudan and Alhasahisa. On Friday 22 June, members of opposition political parties joined the protests that broke out after the Friday prayers in Omdurman, Buri and Khartoum North neighborhoods. The demonstrations are occurring in the context of soaring inflation, rising prices of food and other essential commodities and new austerity measures to make up for a huge budget deficit in Sudan. As part of the government’s efforts to address this deficit, a plan was announced in early June to lift fuel and sugar subsidies. At the same time, taxes were increased on other essential commodities. These measures have already started to negatively impact the population, particularly the poor. Since mid-December 2011, security forces have used excessive force to break up protests at universities throughout Sudan. According to information gathered by the African Centre for Justice and Peace Studies (ACJPS), this pattern has continued in the current protests. ACJPS documented the following human rights violations perpetrated against the participants during the current wave of protests. END5 6. Sudanese police crackdown on growing protests By the CNN Wire Staff June 24, 2012 -- Updated 1705 GMT (0105 HKT) STORY HIGHLIGHTS - Sudanese police use tear gas against protesters in Khartoum Sunday - Women, children join university students in demonstrations - President urges citizens to understand the new harsh austerity measures - The nation's Inflation has gone up by 30%, finance minister says (CNN) -- Sudanese police fired tear gas on a hundred university students demonstrating against government austerity measures and calling for the president's ouster Sunday, a journalist in Khartoum, Sudan, reported. The government ordered a crackdown on protests that began a week ago and grew in size and number in the last several days, the journalist, who asked not to be identified, told CNN Sunday. "I was told a good number of activists have been detained from their homes before they even join the protest as a precautionary measure," the reporter said. Growing numbers of protesters have rallied in the capital against government spending cuts and other measures. The protests have in some cases turned violent, with people throwing stones at police, burning tires and police trucks, and cutting off roads. Police have been ordered to take harsh measure against any protests, including the use of tear gas, the reporter said. Women and children, who joined the students in the streets, have not been spared the tear gas except in the case of older women, the journalist said. Students at two Khartoum universities were in the streets protesting Sunday, but several other demonstrations were taking place elsewhere, the reporter said. The head of Sudan's police force told his officers Saturday how to deal with riots, groups targeting property, and arbitrary road closures by protesters "in accordance with the laws," state television reported. At the same meeting with Gen. Hashim Osman Hussein, police called on residents of Khartoum to "cooperate with the police in doing its job to enforce the law aimed at securing the homeland and its citizens," state TV reported. After Friday prayers, crowds called for the toppling of President Omar al-Bashir. "Leave, Bashir, leave!" they chanted. "Khartoum, people, please revolt against humiliation and dictatorship." Police and security agents intensified their crackdown Saturday, detaining a number of opposition figures and surrounding the buildings of two of the country's main opposition parties. Officers used batons to disperse the demonstrations and police vehicles patrolled throughout the capital. In a televised speech on state media last week, al-Bashir urged citizens to understand the new harsh austerity measures, which lifted fuel subsidies and cut the Cabinet by half to reduce expenses. Sudan has faced soaring inflation since it separated with South Sudan a year ago -- taking with it more than 70% of Sudan's oil reserves. The nation's inflation has gone up by 30%, according to Sudanese Finance Minister Ali Mahmud. Protesters have vowed to hold mass rallies June 30, when the ruling party celebrates 24 years in power. Organizers are also calling for mass action using social media sites such as Twitter and Facebook, where they are posting pictures and details of upcoming protests. The government has described the week-long protests as small and urged citizens to avoid them. Government officials were not immediately available for comment. In similar protests in January last year, students vowed to replicate the Arab Spring that has swept over the Middle East. http://edition.cnn.com/2012/06/24/world/africa/sudan-protests/index.html END6 7. Arabic translation of "Sudan at the Tipping Point" by Eric Reeves, which I circulated in English two days ago السودان على الحافة: إحتجاجات الخرطوم قد تنذر بتغيير النظام اريك ريفز 21 يونيو 2012 يمر السودان حالياً بلحظات الطلق الفوضوية لما يمكن أن يكون العرض الأخير لنظام حكم يكمل في الأسبوع القادم 23 عاماً في السلطة. فقد هيأت حزمة من التطورات إرهاصات "ربيع عربي" كان يبدو غير محتملاً قبل عام من الآن – بل يمكن أن يُخضع السودانيون غير السعداء قريباً القوات الأمنية والعسكرية للنظام لاختبارها الأخير. في ذات الوقت فإن هناك دليل على مرارات معتبرة داخل سلك الضباط على تجدد المواجهات العسكرية مع جنوب السودان المستقل حديثاً؛ وهناك أيضاً تذمر متوتر في صفوف القوات حول الإنتقادات التي ووجهت بها القوات المسلحة السودانية في حربها ضد الجيش الشعبي لتحرير السودان – قطاع الشمال, في جبال النوبة. فالجيش لم يعد حامي النظام وحصنه كما كان من قبل. غير أن الأهم, وكما كان الحال في السودان في السابق, أن الوضع الاقتصادي المتفجر قد أفرز مقاومة عريضة تتسارع وتيرتها. فالاحتجاجات والمظاهرات اليومية حالياً داخل وحول الخرطوم هي الدليل الذي لا يمكن انكاره على ذلك. هناك أيضاً هجمة شرسة على العمل الصحفي إذ تتزايد وتطرد حالات مصادرة الصحف. ولسبب مفهوم: فالنظام يعلم أن هناك الكثير من الأخبار السيئة التي يجب إخفاؤها – حول الاقتصاد وحول تذمر الرأي العام من اللصوص المهووسين المسنين, الذين كانوا وراء هذه الفوضى. مع ذلك فإن حقائق الاقتصاد في السودان هي التي تلقي بتأثيرها على بلد يحمل ذات السمات الديموغرافية التي تحملها أقطار "الربيع العربي" الأخرى, بما في ذلك قطاع سكاني ضخم تحت سن الثلاثين, بلا عمل ولا أمل في الحصول على وظيفة ذات معنى. وقد بدأت المشاكل عندما حصل جنوب السودان على استقلاله في 9 يوليو 2011, وذلك على الرغم من استفزازات عديدة عسكرية وغيرها من نظام الخرطوم. فقد رفض جنوب السودان بعد أن أخذ معه 75% من الاحتياطات النفطية في المنطقة, رفض مطالب الخرطوم الاستفزازية ب: 36 دولاراً كرسوم لعبور برميل النفط الجنوبي الخام إلى بورتسودان. وبالنظر إلى الطريق المسدود الذي وصلت إليه المفاوضات, قامت جوبا, في شهر يناير الماضي, بوقف انتاج النفط في جنوب السودان. وبذلك فشلت سياسات حافة الهاوية التي اتبعتها الخرطوم, وأكد ذلك الفعل لاحقاً على أنه المسمار الأخير على طريق الانهيار الاقتصادي. فقد فاقت معدلات التضخم حالياً 30% (يقول بعض الاقتصاديين إن الرقم قد يتجاوز 40%), وقد تكون قادمة في الطريق معدلات تضخم مفرطة تشل الاقتصاد.ويتوقع صندوق النقد الدولي أن يتقلص الاقتصاد السوداني الشمالي بنسبة مذهلة تبلغ 7% هذا العام؛ إذ لا توجد في الوقت الحالي تقريباً أي احتيطيات للنقد الأجنبي, مما يصعِّب بصورة متزايدة العمليات التجارية والاستيراد, بل ويجعلها مستحيلة أحياناً, كذلك يواصل الجنيه السوداني تدهوره المتسارع, وذلك على الرغم من أن النظام إدعى بأنه حصل حديثاً على دفعة كبيرة من العملات الحرة من دولة أخرى (لم تعط أي تفصيلات أخرى). غير أن أسعار العملات الصعبة في السوق الأسود لا تعطي مؤشراً بأن هناك من يصدق بأن مثل هذه التحويلات قد حدثت بالفعل. يأتي فوق كل هذا عبء الدين الخارجي الضخم للخرطوم, الذي تراكم عبر السنين ويقارب الآن 40 بليون دولار. وهو رقم من الضخامة بمكان يحيث أن حجم الاقتصاد الحالي لن يكون بمقدوره إدرلر دخل كاف لخدمة الدين, ناهيك عن سداد أصوله. لهذا لم يكن مستغرباً بعد خسارة كل إيرادات النفط تقريباً أن تكون هناك فجوات ضخمة في الموازنة العامة. وهي ما قاد النظام لرفع الدعم عن إثنين من أكثر السلع أهمية للمستهلك: المحروقات والسكر (الذي يحصل منه كثير من السودانيين على جزء مقدر من احتياجاتهم اليومية من السعرات الحرارية). بينما يمكن أن يكون لرفع الدعم عن المحروقات على وجه الخصوص آثاراً سياسية كارثية. "دعا إتحاد أصحاب العمل السودانيين السلطات للبحث عن إجراءات تقشفية بديلة عن خططها "الكارثية" لرفع الدعم عن المحروقات, محذراً بأن هذه الإجراءات ستعرض الحكومة للخطر" (سودان تربيون 4 يونيو 2012) (التأكيد مضاف من الكاتب). هذا ولن تسهم التخفيضات المرتقبة في كوادر الجهاز الحزبي والحكومي كثيراً في مخاطبة المشاكل الحالية للموازنة العامة – إو القضايا الاقتصادية الاخرى التي ظلت تتفاقم لسنين: الإدارة الخاطئة تماماً للقطاع الزراعي؛ المشتريات العسكرية التبذيرية؛ الحسابات المالية التي تفتقد الشفافية؛ والإثراء الذاتي الذي فاق كل تصور. لقد بدأت التداعيات تتضح جلياً: فحتى الصين الحليفة الاقتصادية للنظام لمدة طويلة سحبت تمويلها لمشرروع زراعي ضخم, في مارس الماضي, عندما وضح أن الخرطوم لن تستطيع توفير المقابل النفطي الذي تحتاجه بكين. إضافة لذلك فإن إشعال الحروب يتطلب أموالاً طائلة, وحالياً يخوض جيش الخرطوم معارك في دارفور, والنيل الأزرق, وجنوب كردفان, وعلى طول الحدود التي تفصل بين الشمال والجنوب. حتى اللجوء المتزايد للاعتماد على المليشيات المسلحة لم يسهم في تخفيض هذه المنصرفات بصورة كبيرة. ومن غير المتوقع أن تتغير هذه الأوضاع العسكرية العنيفة, خاصة بالنظر إلى أن بعضاً من أكثر صقور النظام هوساً وتطرفاً يبدون مصرين على تحقيق انتصار عسكري بدلاً من الانخراط في المفاوضات. لن يسهم هذا العناد الوحشي في تعريض حياة ما يقارب المليونين للخطر في جنوب كردفان, والنيل الأزرق, وكذلك اللاجئين في جنوب السودان, فحسب, ولكنه سيجعل أيضاً من المستحيل سياسياً القيام بأي إجراءات دولية لإنقاذ الاقتصاد, كما هو مطلوب. لذلك لم يكن هناك مفر من الاحتجاجات, وقد بدأت الأسبوع الفائت وتزايدت أعدادها وتصاعدت كثافتها. وفي السياق أعتقل إثنان من الصحفيين الكبار, وصودرت أعداد متزايدة من الصحف, بينما يواجه الصحفيون حملات القمع الوحشية؛ إذ يبدو واضحاً أن النظام يخشى أن تتعاظم رسالة المحتجين مع تواصل الخروج. وهي رسالة واضحة كما جاء أمس في موقع ميدل ايست اونلاين, الذي أورد أن: "مجموعات من الطلاب تجمعت في الطرق المحيطة بجامعة الخرطوم, التي تقع بموازاة النيل الأزرق في وسط المدينة, وهم يهتفون بشعارات مثل: ‘يا خرطوم ثوري ثوري‘ و ‘الشعب يريد ‘إسقاط النظام!‘" غير أن تغيير النظام لن يكون سهلاً. فقد برعت الجبهة الإسلامية القومية/ حزب المؤتمر الوطني بقسوة شديدة في تفريخ أجهزة أمنية مهمتها الوحيدة إبقاء هؤلاء الرجال الخبيثين في سدة الحكم؛ لذلك فمن المرجح جداً أنه, في حال تصاعد وتيرة الاحتجاجات, أن تُقمع أيضاً بوحشية شبيهة بما هو حادث في سوريا. فهؤلاء الذين جاءوا إلى الحكم بالانقلاب العسكري والمتهمين بارتكاب الإبادة الجماعية لن يترددوا في استخدام أي وسيلة ضرورية لقمع التطلع إلى الديمقراطية. في المقابل يشعر كثير من السودانيين – بعد 23 سنة- أنه ليس لديهم ما يخسرونه. ولم تعد ألأحزاب الطائفية المتكلسة والمشغولة بمصالحها – الأمة والاتحادي الديمقراطي – مرجعاً ومصدراً للمعارضة, بل تُعتبر بصورة واسعة غير مهمة للتحول الديمقراطي في السودان. بالنسبة لمهمشي السودان في الشرق, ودارفور, ومنطقة النوبيين, وجبال النوبة, فأن رغبتهم في تغيير النظام بسرعة لا يمكن أن تكون أشد. سيكون الأمر دموياً, غير أن نهاية الجبهة الإسلامية القومية/ حزب المؤتمر الوطني قد تكون على الأبواب. أما أولئك السودانيين الذين يتطلعون للحرية وتحول ديمقراطي وطني فيستحقون أعتراف العالم ودعمه القوي المتواصل. ************* (كتب اريك ريفز, الاستاذ في كلية سميث, اصدارات عديدة حول السودان, نُشرت داخل السودان وحول العالم, وذلك على مدى أكثر من عقد. وهو مؤلف: الموت في يوم طويل: اللحظات الحرجة في في الإبادة الجماعية في دارفور) END7 ______________________ John Ashworth Sudan, South Sudan Advisor [email protected] +254 725 926 297 (Kenya mobile) +211 919 695 362 (South Sudan mobile) +27 82 050 1235 (South Africa mobile) +44 750 304 1790 (UK/international) +88 216 4334 0735 (Thuraya satphone) PO Box 52002 - 00200, Nairobi, Kenya This is a personal e-mail address and the contents do not necessarily reflect the views of any organisation -- The content of this message does not necessarily reflect John Ashworth's views. Unless explicitly stated otherwise, John Ashworth is not the author of the content and the source is always cited. You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "sudan-john-ashworth" group. To post to this group, send email to [email protected] To unsubscribe from this group, send email to [email protected] For more options, visit this group at http://groups.google.co.za/group/sudan-john-ashworth -- You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "South Sudan Info - The Kob" group. To post to this group, send email to [email protected]. To unsubscribe from this group, send email to [email protected]. For more options, visit https://groups.google.com/groups/opt_out.
