This post gets technical and legal, so feel free to skip it if you are not
interested.  The text reply below is copyrighted by the respective parties
listed, and is not for redistribution.  

David R. Busse wrote:

> FYI: I would assume this applies to photographs, too. I would assume 
> anyone who submits material to the railroad magazines is assumed to be a 
> freelancer ... DRB
> --------------------------------------------------------------------
> NEWS MEDIA UPDATE - Digest version
> VOL. 3, NO. 13
> August 25, 1997
> 
> published by the
> Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press
 
> Freelancers lose claim over electronic publishing rights
> 
>      NEW YORK--Freelance writers who sell their stories may not stop
> the periodical publishers who buy them from putting the contents of
> their publications into electronic databases or CD-ROMS, a federal
> District Court in Manhattan ruled in mid-August.

That description is very vague, but it is for writers.  The above is
correct for text reportage and editorial work submitted either by 'work for
hire', assignment (staff or freelance) or unsolicited, and it does not
include copyrighted images if submitted correctly.  For image rights, see
my notes following your quoted text below...

>      The court noted that its finding, that electronic versions are
> "revisions" of the original articles covered by the publishers'
> copyright interest

If you sell your work to a periodical as 'work for hire' then you do not
retain copyright, and that means they can do whatever they want with it. 
Most people on this list are not aware of these issues because they do not
use contracts in their photographic business transactions.  If you tried to
submit one to a railfan magazine, they may laugh at you (see several of
the previous list posts on the worth of our RR photography in the current
publication market).

Below are examples (with notes) of some of my terms which are also
generally endorsed by the American Society Of Media Photographers which
pertain to images:

"Image(s)" means all viewable renditions furnished by photographer, whether
captured or stored in photographic, magnetic, optical or any other medium
whatsoever.
 
Note: If you don't include a notice (and terms) similar to this next one
below, then you have limited or no rights.

All Images and rights therein, including copyright, remain the sole and
exclusive property of Photographer. The license to use the delivered Images
are not conveyed by this document...

Note: So... you must outline the rights in writing through usage terms and
specify the length of use, circulation and the exact type of use if you
wish to enforce any of this. 

The circulation of a publication will have some bearing on the price that a
publication may be willing to pay you for your images' use (to be
determined when you formalize an agreement with the 'client' (publication).
 
Unless you are just selling the image to the magazine permanently (which is
considered a work for hire), then are LICENSING the use of your image to
them, NOT selling it to them.  IF THE IMAGE IS TO BE RETURNED TO YOU, then
you are not selling it to them and you have legal rights if you submitted
your images to the publication correctly in the first place (more than I
can get into here in this post).  

Many publications don't want you to know about these rights
and would rather just borrow your image for 'hobby' use and pay you a small
fee for letting them use it in whichever way that they see fit.  Giving
your work away, without requiring correct copyright terms and without usage
terms waives your rights, and this is not endorsed by any professional
organization.  

If you treat your photography as just a hobby, but submit any of your work
for publication, just don't expect anything.  Period.

More important terms:

Reimbursement by Client for loss or damage of each original
photographic TRANSPARENCY or film NEGATIVE shall be in the amount of One
Thousand Five Hundred Dollars ($1,500), or such other amount set forth next
to said item on the attached...

Note: How many people on this list have submitted slides that were
permanently lost?  Unfortunately this industry standard amount or anything
close to it will just get you laughed at with a railroad publication.  Of
course they only have to pay it if they signed the contract and lost your
slides, hence the incentive to do business correctly, and protect your 
submissions while in their possession.

Important:

Photographer shall receive credit for Images as specified on written
contract unless no placement is specified.

Note: This means printed credit or copyright notice.  You can tell them how
and where to print it too.  If you contracted to have this notice on your
behalf in the form a copyright notice (Copyright symbol or (C)/the
year/photographer's name and/or company), the photographer is protected by
Article 2 of the Uniform Commercial Code, and the Copyright Act of 1976, as
amended.  The copyright notice doesn't have to be located directly on the
printed publication page to protect your image from additional unauthorized
use by that company or individual that you submitted it to, providing that
it
is included in your contract terms.  However, printing your copyright
notice
adjacent to (or on) the image area certainly protects you from any other
parties copying and using your published image without your permission 
(and fee).  

My contracts stipulate that the omission of copyright notice on a published
image(s) will result in triple billing for that image(s).  This is
considered a
loss to the photographer, and is enforceable if included in your contract.

If the magazine or book is copyrighted inside the front cover in any other
than your name, then they would have to stand behind you in a third party
copyright dispute.  You have to ask yourself: "would they"?  You must spell
this out on your contract to make sure that the publisher will protect your
interests from that type of unauthorized image usage.

Most hobby photographers don't know about these issues, they don't protect
themselves properly and then they have no leg to stand on in a dispute...
and 
why should you if you are just enjoying a hobby and not interested in
carrying
out any business transactions or making any money?

There are sections that deal with limiting or prohibiting digital
alterations of your shots in prepress and printing as well.

Very Important:

Client may not assign or transfer this agreement or any rights granted...

If you are still reading this with interest at this point and you have
correctly
submitted work and are having a problem with a company or individual 
violating your copyrights, then it is time to meet with a lawyer and learn 
about the rest of these issues.

Brief excerpts of terms (C) Copyright 1995 ASMP
(C) Copyright 1997 Dave Cohen and Action Photographic   All Rights
Reserved.

Not for redistribution.  (C) 1997 SPORRS  


--> SPORRS: Serious Photographers of Railroad Related Subjects

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