Believe me, air does not soften the surge. I ran tests a few years back, the 
article is in Sprinkler Age (maybe 2003 timeframe).  We used one of those pull 
behind pumps to introduce a sudden pressure surge.  We had a hand tightened 
grooved coupling (which amazingly passed a hydro test with no leaks). The tests 
that were filled completely with water barely moved.  Once we introduced air in 
the system, the piping network jumped and the coupling separated from the pipe. 
 Air is a big issue with surges.

Duane Johnson, PE
Program Manager
Division of the Fire Marshal (Support Contractor)
Office of Research Services 
National Institutes of Health 
301-496-0487

"Protecting Science - One Sprinkler at a Time"


-----Original Message-----
From: Cahill, Christopher [mailto:[email protected]] 
Sent: Tuesday, March 27, 2012 2:52 PM
To: [email protected]
Subject: RE: Excessive pressure hydraulic ram effect

Except if the City main is going over pressure even bleeding off the air won't 
help.  If you have say 200 psi in the lead-in to the building you have 200 in 
the system air or no air.  The difference in air is how many molecules of water 
actually flow.  No air maybe a couple, air, certainly a whole bunch.    

The air problem is more related to false alarms.  If there is enough air the 
flowing water from the pressure increase is enough to trip the switch, ie many 
molecules actually move into the compressed air space.   In theory air should 
actually lower surge pressure by acting as a spring to soften the velocity and 
corresponding pressure spike when the flowing mass of water hits the end of the 
system.  That's essentially what a surge suppressor is that military (hangars) 
likes.  They are nothing more than a trapped air source to absorb a sudden 
change in pressure and smooth out the spike.  Also used on anti-freeze system 
because they should have no air in them and the delta on the temperatures is 
easily over 100 degrees in most parts of the US.  

I have tracked down at least one of these and showed the City they were getting 
in excess of 250 psi on the lead-in.  So about all we could do is put in a  
PR(elief)V.  City was unable to figure out the cause of the pressure.  But the 
PRV solved the building problem, sort of.  Sort of because first there was ice 
then getting caught open because of grit getting caught in the valve seat.  

As someone else already said bleeding off the air hurts if it's a temperature 
problem.  Well if you have air the source probably isn't temperature in the 
first place. 

You have to find the cause before you can apply the right solution.  I'd get a 
recording pressure gauge (make sure it samples in like 1/10 of a second range) 
and put in on the city side of the riser and a recording temperature gauge in 
the building.  Watching them for a couple days or longer should tell you where 
the problem is. 

Chris Cahill, PE*
Senior Fire Protection Engineer, Aviation & Facilities Group
Burns & McDonnell
8201 Norman Center Drive
Bloomington, MN 55437
Phone:  952.656.3652
Fax:  952.229.2923
[email protected]
www.burnsmcd.com

Proud to be one of FORTUNE's 100 Best Companies to Work For
*Registered in: MN




-----Original Message-----
From: [email protected] 
[mailto:[email protected]] On Behalf Of Johnson, Duane 
(NIH/OD/ORS) [C]
Sent: Tuesday, March 27, 2012 1:17 PM
To: '[email protected]'
Subject: Re: Excessive pressure hydraulic ram effect

For surges, bleed off the air and provide a check valve. For slower increases, 
provide relief valve as others have stated. 

----- Original Message -----
From: Ford, Charles [mailto:[email protected]]
Sent: Tuesday, March 27, 2012 11:11 AM
To: [email protected] <[email protected]>
Subject: RE: Excessive pressure  hydraulic ram effect

Has anybody come up with a permanent fix for recurring high pressure on wet 
pipe systems. This is believed to be caused by the ram effect.

 Regards


C. Burton Ford
Nicet Certified
Special Hazards IV
Fire alarm IV
Sprinkler III
Water Based Inspections I
NFPA Certified Fire Protection Specialist [CFPS] Cintas Fire Protection
1038 Conshohocken Road
Conshohocken ,PA 19428
610-233-1400
Fax 610-233-1401
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