I have seen this problem raised several times in the list archives, but have never found a solution. I'm sorry if I am asking something obvious. I started with fresh install of Tomcat 3.2.2 running on a RedHat Linux 6.2 box with Sun jdk 1.3. I got xml parser jar files jaxp.jar and crimson.jar and copied them to $TOMCAT_HOME/lib. I also put in jdbc2_0-stdext.jar. I copied the struts-example.war file into $TOMCAT_HOME/webapps directory. When starting up Tomcat, it fails while loading struts-example with: New org.apache.struts.webapp.example.User Begin event threw exception java.lang.ClassNotFoundException: org.apache.struts.webapp.example.User The struts-documentation war file works fine. I have seen a number of responses indicating that "struts.jar" located in the CLASSPATH or in $TOMCAT_HOME/lib will cause this error. In my setup, struts.jar is only found in the WEB-INF/lib directory. WEB-INF/classes has the directory hierarcy for org.apache.struts.webapp.example.User If I jar it up and put it into $TOMCAT_HOME/lib, or copy the WEB-INF/classes hierarchy to $TOMCAT_HOME/classes, then I can get around this error and actually get the app to start. But I must be missing something pretty fundamental. It doesn't seem that my WEB-INF/classes or WEB-INF/lib directories are added to the application's context on startup. I tried Tomcat 3.2.3 with the same result. I tried Tomcat 4 (beta 6) and didn't get the error: instead I got a "sealing violation" with one of the xml parser jar files. I fiddled around with that, too, trying different versions, searching lists, ensuring I didn't have two parser jar files in my CLASSPATH, etc, but didn't get any luckier. Any suggestions would be greatly appreciated. It has been a frustrating weekend... :) Thanks Glenn Heinze [EMAIL PROTECTED] __________________________________________________ Do You Yahoo!? Make international calls for as low as $.04/minute with Yahoo! Messenger http://phonecard.yahoo.com/