all-- i'm in the process of designing an exception handling scheme with which struts will interact, and i wanted to solicit any ideas and best practices out there, especially from those of you who might have done this already. i have a base exception with relevant methods to chain additional exceptions to it, which will create a linked list of exceptions. i plan to have at least two subclasses of this base exception, one for application exceptions, one for system exceptions. when one or more exception(s) is(are) encountered, i was thinking i would pass a constant which holds a specific struts application.properties message key (e.g., "error.authentication" or "error.database") to each exception constructor. then, if one or more exceptions is encountered, i can chain them all together and throw the base exception from the business layer to the presentation layer, where it will be caught by a related struts action class. at that point, the action class can call some utility method, passing it the base exception. this utility method will return a fully populated ActionErrors object, which the action class can then check for size. if it contains errors, the action class can return an appropriate ActionForward object. does anyone out there see any flaws with this type of setup? suggestions? comments? thanks in advance. jon