Hi, To state the obvious: language is the means for human collaboration and, therefore, central to the XO mission. I also believe that the computer can be more effectively used to support language learning than it is.
The target user for the XO is a primary school child in a developing country. Consider the language learning task faced by this child. First, the child is learning his native language (mother tongue) at a rate of approximately 1000 words per year. Second, the child is learning the language (or medium) of instruction. This may, or may not, be the same as the native language. Third, the child is attempting to learn a foreign language (probably English). Note: research has shown that a child typically learns new vocabulary at a constant rate. So while learning new languages appears easy for a child, a bilingual child may have a smaller vocabulary in the native language as a result. Learning English is likely to be a priority for many or even most of the target users. Educators distinguish teaching of English as a foreign language into ESL and EFL. ESL is the situation in which the student is living in an English-speaking community while EFL is for students living in a community speaking the native-language. In most cases the XO will support the EFL model. Moreover, it many cases the teacher will not be fluent in English. Current dogma among educators is that learning a foreign language involves four 'competencies': listening, reading, speaking, and writing. These should be learned in the context of the culture of the people speaking the language. Each of these should receive essentially equal emphasis. The rote learning of vocabulary and study of grammar are somewhat deprecated. In practice, however, I believe the traditional 'Latin' course (grammar, vocabulary, reading, recitation, and writing) is still predominant simply because it is well understood, practical in a classroom setting, and able to be 'assessed'. An overlooked point here is that learning to read in one's native language is very different from learning to read in a foreign language. In the first case, one is trying to connect the printed word with the word in one's current spoken vocabulary. In the second case, one is trying to recognize a word and then remember it's meaning in one's native language. Greg Thomson has provided a quite complete roadmap to learning a foreign language at http://www.sil.org/lingualinks/LANGUAGELEARNING/LANGUAGELEARNING.HTM which is based on two important ideas: one, that the student should have a 1:1 relation with a native-speaker of the language being learned (a language resource person) and two, that the first task is to learn to understand the spoken language. I believe his materials can form the basis for an organized approach to use the computer to support language learning. Short of viable speech recognition, language learning on a computer is going to involve keyboarding. We need tools (esp. games) to help children learn to touch-type. Activities such as Chat and Speak provide a motive for learning. Learning vocabulary is central to learning to communicate. However, this learning should result from frequent exposure and opportunities to use the vocabulary which a computer makes easy. Traditional flashcards are text-based. We need 'flashcards' which speak a word or phrase and allow the learner to select a corresponding image. Learning to pronounce a foreign language correctly is believed to be easier for children than adults. Songs and poetry can certainly help. Without speech recognition, the XO can support a child hearing a word or phrase, recording it, and then hearing the two together for comparison. In summary, language learning is central to the mission of the XO, Computer usage in language learning is way below what is needed and possible. The XO with access to the internet, the ability to collaborate within communities and across communities, the ability to record and display images, record and play sounds, and to enter and display information in most of the world's languages gives it great potential. Efficient tools and content development depends on a clear understanding of how languages are learned and the paradigm-shift possible by a focus on 1:1 learning and the immediate use of new language skills in collaboration. Personally, I am looking to developing, adapting, or using tools on the XO which support Greg Thomson's model/roadmap for learning a foreign language. A short-term problem is that most of the available content is proprietary; however, I believe the OLPC/Sugar/XO community worldwide can provide these materials if we have a well-defined direction and a easily-available repository for free content. Tony Tony _______________________________________________ Sugar mailing list [email protected] http://lists.laptop.org/listinfo/sugar
