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School of History and Philosophy of Science
RESEARCH SEMINAR
[The University of Sydney]
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The situation is hopeless, but not serious: on the non-use of causal language 
in reporting research
Riin Koiv (USYD)
Dates: Thursday, 30/05/2024
Time: 5:00pm
Venue: A31.03.3001.Sydney Nanoscience Hub (SNH).SNH Seminar Room 3001; OR
Online: 
https://uni-sydney.zoom.us/s/86727784923<https://t.e2ma.net/click/0p1egw/090r5ucb/snycsye>
How to register: Free, no registration required
Abstract: Various fields of biomedical, psychological and genetics research 
appear to adhere to a “no causal language” norm: researchers are encouraged to 
avoid causal vocabulary and use correlational vocabulary instead when reporting 
the aims and findings of observational research. This norm is visible in 
terminological choices of the research paper authors and is sometimes 
explicitly stated, for example in journal editorial guidelines such as this:

“Causal language (including use of terms such as effect and efficacy) should be 
used only for randomized clinical trials. For all other study designs […], 
methods and results should be described in terms of association or correlation 
and should avoid cause-and-effect wording.”  
(https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/pages/instructions-for-authors<https://t.e2ma.net/click/0p1egw/090r5ucb/8fzcsye>)

I will argue that this norm and the resulting practice of omitting causal 
language from research reports are unlikely to achieve one of their aims: 
preventing other scientists and the general public from interpreting the aims 
and findings of observational (or any other) research causally. The expectation 
that it does prevent this, I suggest, rests on mistaken assumptions about the 
nature of linguistic content, language processing and human psychology. 
Furthermore, I suggest that under some circumstances, avoiding explicitly 
causal language may even be counterproductive to this aim.

Bio: Riin Koiv is a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Sydney and a 
visiting fellow at Macquarie University where I am a member of the Theory and 
Method in Biosciences group. I got my PhD from the University of Tartu in 2021. 
I am working on issues concerning the content, scope, and implications of 
different types of biological explanations of, mostly, human phenomena. My 
current work (1) focuses on the relationship between genetic and social 
explanations of human traits and (1) factors impacting people’s interpretation 
of scientific claims about genetic causality.

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