On Tue, 9 Aug 2016, Richard Procter wrote:

> 
> Here is the first step in the pf checksum modification / refactoring 
> series.
> 
> The complete series is available at http://203.79.107.124/. It differs 
> from what I presented at the hackathon only by a small optimisation [0].

Change of plan. Here is the complete phase one (checksum modification).
It's easier to test, and easier to commit. The easier-to-review
steps remain up at http://203.79.107.124/ 

ok?

best, 
Richard. 

Index: net/pf.c
===================================================================
--- net.orig/pf.c
+++ net/pf.c
@@ -150,21 +150,28 @@ void                       pf_init_threshold(struct 
pf_thre
                            u_int32_t);
 void                    pf_add_threshold(struct pf_threshold *);
 int                     pf_check_threshold(struct pf_threshold *);
-
-void                    pf_change_ap(struct pf_pdesc *, struct pf_addr *,
+int                     pf_check_tcp_cksum(struct mbuf *, int, int,
+                           sa_family_t);
+static __inline void    pf_cksum_fixup(u_int16_t *, u_int16_t, u_int16_t,
+                           u_int8_t);
+void                    pf_translate_ap(struct pf_pdesc *, struct pf_addr *,
                            u_int16_t *, struct pf_addr *, u_int16_t);
+void                    pf_cksum_fixup_a(u_int16_t *, const struct pf_addr *,
+                           const struct pf_addr *, sa_family_t, u_int8_t);
 int                     pf_modulate_sack(struct pf_pdesc *,
                            struct pf_state_peer *);
 int                     pf_icmp_mapping(struct pf_pdesc *, u_int8_t, int *,
                            u_int16_t *, u_int16_t *);
-void                    pf_change_icmp(struct pf_pdesc *, struct pf_addr *,
-                           u_int16_t *, struct pf_addr *, struct pf_addr *,
-                           u_int16_t);
 int                     pf_change_icmp_af(struct mbuf *, int,
                            struct pf_pdesc *, struct pf_pdesc *,
                            struct pf_addr *, struct pf_addr *, sa_family_t,
                            sa_family_t);
-int                     pf_translate_icmp_af(int, void *);
+void                    pf_translate_a(struct pf_pdesc *, struct pf_addr *,
+                           struct pf_addr *);
+void                    pf_translate_icmp(struct pf_pdesc *, struct pf_addr *,
+                           u_int16_t *, struct pf_addr *, struct pf_addr *,
+                           u_int16_t);
+int                     pf_translate_icmp_af(struct pf_pdesc*, int, void *);
 void                    pf_send_tcp(const struct pf_rule *, sa_family_t,
                            const struct pf_addr *, const struct pf_addr *,
                            u_int16_t, u_int16_t, u_int32_t, u_int32_t,
@@ -293,6 +300,8 @@ static __inline int pf_state_compare_key
        struct pf_state_key *);
 static __inline int pf_state_compare_id(struct pf_state *,
        struct pf_state *);
+static __inline void pf_cksum_uncover(u_int16_t *, u_int16_t, u_int8_t);
+static __inline void pf_cksum_cover(u_int16_t *, u_int16_t, u_int8_t);
 
 struct pf_src_tree tree_src_tracking;
 
@@ -1684,27 +1693,247 @@ pf_addr_wrap_neq(struct pf_addr_wrap *aw
        }
 }
 
+/* This algorithm computes 'a + b - c' in ones-complement using a trick to
+ * emulate at most one ones-complement subtraction. This thereby limits net
+ * carries/borrows to at most one, eliminating a reduction step and saving one
+ * each of +, >>, & and ~.
+ *
+ * def. x mod y = x - (x//y)*y for integer x,y
+ * def. sum = x mod 2^16
+ * def. accumulator = (x >> 16) mod 2^16
+ *
+ * The trick works as follows: subtracting exactly one u_int16_t from the
+ * u_int32_t x incurs at most one underflow, wrapping its upper 16-bits, the
+ * accumulator, to 2^16 - 1. Adding this to the 16-bit sum preserves the
+ * ones-complement borrow:
+ *
+ *  (sum + accumulator) mod 2^16
+ * =   { assume underflow: accumulator := 2^16 - 1 }
+ *  (sum + 2^16 - 1) mod 2^16
+ * =   { mod }
+ *  (sum - 1) mod 2^16
+ *
+ * Although this breaks for sum = 0, giving 0xffff, which is ones-complement's
+ * other zero, not -1, that cannot occur: the 16-bit sum cannot be underflown
+ * to zero as that requires subtraction of at least 2^16, which exceeds a
+ * single u_int16_t's range.
+ *
+ * We use the following theorem to derive the implementation:
+ *
+ * th. (x + (y mod z)) mod z  =  (x + y) mod z   (0)
+ * proof.
+ *     (x + (y mod z)) mod z
+ *    =  { def mod }
+ *     (x + y - (y//z)*z) mod z
+ *    =  { (a + b*c) mod c = a mod c }
+ *     (x + y) mod z                   [end of proof]
+ *
+ * ... and thereby obtain:
+ *
+ *  (sum + accumulator) mod 2^16
+ * =   { def. accumulator, def. sum }
+ *  (x mod 2^16 + (x >> 16) mod 2^16) mod 2^16
+ * =   { (0), twice }
+ *  (x + (x >> 16)) mod 2^16
+ * =   { x mod 2^n = x & (2^n - 1) }
+ *  (x + (x >> 16)) & 0xffff
+ *
+ * Note: this serves also as a reduction step for at most one add (as the
+ * trailing mod 2^16 prevents further reductions by destroying carries).
+ */
+static __inline void
+pf_cksum_fixup(u_int16_t *cksum, u_int16_t was, u_int16_t now,
+    u_int8_t proto)
+{
+       u_int32_t x;
+       const int udp = proto == IPPROTO_UDP;
+
+       x = *cksum + was - now;
+       x = (x + (x >> 16)) & 0xffff;
+
+       /* optimise: eliminate a branch when not udp */
+       if (udp && *cksum == 0x0000)
+               return;
+       if (udp && x == 0x0000)
+               x = 0xffff;
+
+        *cksum = (u_int16_t)(x);
+}
+
+/* pre: coverage(cksum) is superset of coverage(covered_cksum) */
+static __inline void
+pf_cksum_uncover(u_int16_t *cksum, u_int16_t covered_cksum, u_int8_t proto)
+{
+       pf_cksum_fixup(cksum, ~covered_cksum, 0x0, proto);
+}
+
+/* pre: disjoint(coverage(cksum), coverage(uncovered_cksum)) */
+static __inline void
+pf_cksum_cover(u_int16_t *cksum, u_int16_t uncovered_cksum, u_int8_t proto)
+{
+       pf_cksum_fixup(cksum, 0x0, ~uncovered_cksum, proto);
+}
+
+/* pre: *a is 16-bit aligned within its packet
+ *
+ * This algorithm emulates 16-bit ones-complement sums on a twos-complement
+ * machine by conserving ones-complement's otherwise discarded carries in the
+ * upper bits of x. These accumulated carries when added to the lower 16-bits
+ * over at least zero 'reduction' steps then complete the ones-complement sum.
+ *
+ * def. sum = x mod 2^16
+ * def. accumulator = (x >> 16)
+ *
+ * At most two reduction steps
+ *
+ *   x := sum + accumulator
+ * =    { def sum, def accumulator }
+ *   x := x mod 2^16 + (x >> 16)
+ * =    { x mod 2^n = x & (2^n - 1) }
+ *   x := (x & 0xffff) + (x >> 16)
+ *
+ * are necessary to incorporate the accumulated carries (at most one per add)
+ * i.e. to reduce x < 2^16 from at most 16 carries in the upper 16 bits.
+ *
+ * The function is also invariant over the endian of the host. Why?
+ *
+ * Define the unary transpose operator ~ on a bitstring in python slice
+ * notation as lambda m: m[P:] + m[:P] , for some constant pivot P.
+ *
+ * th. ~ distributes over ones-complement addition, denoted by +_1, i.e.
+ *
+ *     ~m +_1 ~n  =  ~(m +_1 n)    (for all bitstrings m,n of equal length)
+ *
+ * proof. Regard the bitstrings in m +_1 n as split at P, forming at most two
+ * 'half-adds'. Under ones-complement addition, each half-add carries to the
+ * other, so the sum of each half-add is unaffected by their relative
+ * order. Therefore:
+ *
+ *     ~m +_1 ~n
+ *   =    { half-adds invariant under transposition }
+ *     ~s
+ *   =    { substitute }
+ *     ~(m +_1 n)                   [end of proof]
+ *
+ * th. Summing two in-memory ones-complement 16-bit variables m,n on a machine
+ * with the converse endian does not alter the result.
+ *
+ * proof.
+ *        { converse machine endian: load/store transposes, P := 8 }
+ *     ~(~m +_1 ~n)
+ *   =    { ~ over +_1 }
+ *     ~~m +_1 ~~n
+ *   =    { ~ is an involution }
+ *      m +_1 n                     [end of proof]
+ *
+ */
+#define NEG(x) ((u_int16_t)~(x))
+void
+pf_cksum_fixup_a(u_int16_t *cksum, const struct pf_addr *a,
+    const struct pf_addr *an, sa_family_t af, u_int8_t proto)
+{
+       u_int32_t        x;
+       const u_int16_t *n = an->addr16;
+       const u_int16_t *o = a->addr16;
+       const int        udp = proto == IPPROTO_UDP;
+
+       switch (af) {
+       case AF_INET:
+               x = *cksum + o[0] + NEG(n[0]) + o[1] + NEG(n[1]);
+               break;
+#ifdef INET6
+       case AF_INET6:
+               x = *cksum + o[0] + NEG(n[0]) + o[1] + NEG(n[1]) +\
+                            o[2] + NEG(n[2]) + o[3] + NEG(n[3]) +\
+                            o[4] + NEG(n[4]) + o[5] + NEG(n[5]) +\
+                            o[6] + NEG(n[6]) + o[7] + NEG(n[7]);
+               break;
+#endif /* INET6 */
+       default:
+               unhandled_af(af);
+       }
+
+       x = (x & 0xffff) + (x >> 16);
+       x = (x & 0xffff) + (x >> 16);
+
+       /* optimise: eliminate a branch when not udp */
+       if (udp && *cksum == 0x0000)
+               return;
+       if (udp && x == 0x0000)
+               x = 0xffff;
+
+       *cksum = (u_int16_t)(x);
+}
+
+void
+pf_patch_8(struct pf_pdesc *pd, u_int8_t *f, u_int8_t v, bool hi)
+{
+       u_int16_t new = htons(hi ? ( v << 8) :  v);
+       u_int16_t old = htons(hi ? (*f << 8) : *f);
+
+       pf_cksum_fixup(pd->pcksum, old, new, pd->proto);
+       *f = v;
+}
+
+/* pre: *f is 16-bit aligned within its packet */
+void
+pf_patch_16(struct pf_pdesc *pd, u_int16_t *f, u_int16_t v)
+{
+       pf_cksum_fixup(pd->pcksum, *f, v, pd->proto);
+       *f = v;
+}
+
+void
+pf_patch_16_unaligned(struct pf_pdesc *pd, void *f, u_int16_t v, bool hi)
+{
+       u_int8_t *fb = (u_int8_t*)f;
+       u_int8_t *vb = (u_int8_t*)&v;
+
+       if (hi && ALIGNED_POINTER(f, u_int16_t)) {
+               pf_patch_16(pd, f, v); /* optimise */
+               return;
+       }
+
+       pf_patch_8(pd, fb++, *vb++, hi);
+       pf_patch_8(pd, fb++, *vb++,!hi);
+}
+
+/* pre: *f is 16-bit aligned within its packet */
+void
+pf_patch_32(struct pf_pdesc *pd, u_int32_t *f, u_int32_t v)
+{
+       u_int16_t *pc = pd->pcksum;
+
+       pf_cksum_fixup(pc, *f / (1 << 16), v / (1 << 16), pd->proto);
+       pf_cksum_fixup(pc, *f % (1 << 16), v % (1 << 16), pd->proto);
+       *f = v;
+}
+
 void
-pf_change_ap(struct pf_pdesc *pd, struct pf_addr *a, u_int16_t *p,
+pf_translate_ap(struct pf_pdesc *pd, struct pf_addr *a, u_int16_t *p,
     struct pf_addr *an, u_int16_t pn)
 {
-       if (pd->csum_status == PF_CSUM_UNKNOWN)
-               pf_check_proto_cksum(pd, pd->off, pd->tot_len - pd->off,
-                   pd->proto, pd->af);
        if (pd->af == pd->naf)
-               PF_ACPY(a, an, pd->naf);
+               pf_translate_a(pd, a, an);
        if (p != NULL)
-               *p = pn;
+               pf_patch_16(pd, p, pn);
 }
 
-/* Changes a u_int32_t.  Uses a void * so there are no align restrictions */
 void
-pf_change_a(struct pf_pdesc *pd, void *a, u_int32_t an)
+pf_patch_32_unaligned(struct pf_pdesc *pd, void *f, u_int32_t v, bool hi)
 {
-       if (pd->csum_status == PF_CSUM_UNKNOWN)
-               pf_check_proto_cksum(pd, pd->off, pd->tot_len - pd->off,
-                   pd->proto, pd->af);
-       memcpy(a, &an, sizeof(u_int32_t));
+       u_int8_t *fb = (u_int8_t*)f;
+       u_int8_t *vb = (u_int8_t*)&v;
+
+       if (hi && ALIGNED_POINTER(f, u_int32_t)) {
+               pf_patch_32(pd, f, v); /* optimise */
+               return;
+       }
+
+       pf_patch_8(pd, fb++, *vb++, hi);
+       pf_patch_8(pd, fb++, *vb++,!hi);
+       pf_patch_8(pd, fb++, *vb++, hi);
+       pf_patch_8(pd, fb++, *vb++,!hi);
 }
 
 int
@@ -1898,50 +2127,96 @@ pf_icmp_mapping(struct pf_pdesc *pd, u_i
 }
 
 void
-pf_change_icmp(struct pf_pdesc *pd, struct pf_addr *ia, u_int16_t *ip,
+pf_translate_icmp(struct pf_pdesc *pd, struct pf_addr *qa, u_int16_t *qp,
     struct pf_addr *oa, struct pf_addr *na, u_int16_t np)
 {
-       if (pd->csum_status == PF_CSUM_UNKNOWN)
-               pf_check_proto_cksum(pd, pd->off, pd->tot_len - pd->off,
-                   pd->proto, pd->af);
-
-       /* Change inner protocol port */
-       if (ip != NULL)
-               *ip = np;
+       /* note: doesn't trouble to fixup quoted checksums, if any */
 
-       /* Change inner ip address */
-       PF_ACPY(ia, na, pd->af);
+       /* change quoted protocol port */
+       if (qp != NULL)
+               pf_patch_16(pd, qp, np);
 
-       /* Outer ip address, fix outer icmpv6 checksum, if necessary. */
+       /* change quoted ip address */
+       pf_cksum_fixup_a(pd->pcksum, qa, na, pd->af, pd->proto);
+       PF_ACPY(qa, na, pd->af);
+
+       /* change network-header's ip address */
        if (oa)
-               PF_ACPY(oa, na, pd->af);
+               pf_translate_a(pd, oa, na);
+}
+
+/* pre: *a is 16-bit aligned within its packet */
+/*      *a is a network header src/dst address */
+void
+pf_translate_a(struct pf_pdesc *pd, struct pf_addr *a, struct pf_addr *an)
+{
+       /* fixup transport pseudo-header, if any */
+       switch (pd->proto) {
+       case IPPROTO_TCP:       /* FALLTHROUGH */
+       case IPPROTO_UDP:       /* FALLTHROUGH */
+       case IPPROTO_ICMPV6:
+               pf_cksum_fixup_a(pd->pcksum, a, an, pd->af, pd->proto);
+               break;
+       default:
+               break;  /* assume no pseudo-header */
+       }
+
+       PF_ACPY(a, an, pd->af);
 }
 
 #if INET6
 int
 pf_translate_af(struct pf_pdesc *pd)
 {
-       struct mbuf             *mp;
-       struct ip               *ip4;
-       struct ip6_hdr          *ip6;
-       struct icmp6_hdr        *icmp;
-       int                      hlen;
-
-       if (pd->csum_status == PF_CSUM_UNKNOWN)
-               pf_check_proto_cksum(pd, pd->off, pd->tot_len - pd->off,
-                   pd->proto, pd->af);
+       static const struct pf_addr     zero;
+       struct ip                      *ip4;
+       struct ip6_hdr                 *ip6;
+       int                             copyback = 0;
+       u_int                           hlen, ohlen, dlen;
+       u_int16_t                      *pc;
+       u_int8_t                        af_proto, naf_proto;
+
+       hlen = (pd->naf == AF_INET) ? sizeof(*ip4) : sizeof(*ip6);
+       ohlen = pd->off;
+       dlen = pd->tot_len - pd->off;
+       pc = pd->pcksum;
+
+       af_proto = naf_proto = pd->proto;
+       if (naf_proto == IPPROTO_ICMP)
+               af_proto = IPPROTO_ICMPV6;
+       if (naf_proto == IPPROTO_ICMPV6)
+               af_proto = IPPROTO_ICMP;
 
-       hlen = pd->naf == AF_INET ? sizeof(*ip4) : sizeof(*ip6);
+       /* uncover stale pseudo-header */
+       switch (af_proto) {
+       case IPPROTO_ICMPV6:
+               /* optimise: unchanged for TCP/UDP */
+               pf_cksum_fixup(pc, htons(af_proto), 0x0, af_proto);
+               pf_cksum_fixup(pc, htons(dlen),     0x0, af_proto);
+                               /* FALLTHROUGH */
+       case IPPROTO_UDP:       /* FALLTHROUGH */
+       case IPPROTO_TCP:
+               pf_cksum_fixup_a(pc, pd->src, &zero, pd->af, af_proto);
+               pf_cksum_fixup_a(pc, pd->dst, &zero, pd->af, af_proto);
+                copyback = 1;
+               break;
+       default:
+               break;  /* assume no pseudo-header */
+       }
 
-       /* trim the old header */
+       /* replace the network header */
        m_adj(pd->m, pd->off);
+       pd->src = NULL;
+       pd->dst = NULL;
 
-       /* prepend a new one */
        if ((M_PREPEND(pd->m, hlen, M_DONTWAIT)) == NULL) {
                pd->m = NULL;
                return (-1);
        }
 
+       pd->off = hlen;
+       pd->tot_len += hlen - ohlen;
+
        switch (pd->naf) {
        case AF_INET:
                ip4 = mtod(pd->m, struct ip *);
@@ -1949,7 +2224,7 @@ pf_translate_af(struct pf_pdesc *pd)
                ip4->ip_v   = IPVERSION;
                ip4->ip_hl  = hlen >> 2;
                ip4->ip_tos = pd->tos;
-               ip4->ip_len = htons(hlen + (pd->tot_len - pd->off));
+               ip4->ip_len = htons(hlen + dlen);
                ip4->ip_id  = htons(ip_randomid());
                ip4->ip_off = htons(IP_DF);
                ip4->ip_ttl = pd->ttl;
@@ -1962,7 +2237,7 @@ pf_translate_af(struct pf_pdesc *pd)
                bzero(ip6, hlen);
                ip6->ip6_vfc  = IPV6_VERSION;
                ip6->ip6_flow |= htonl((u_int32_t)pd->tos << 20);
-               ip6->ip6_plen = htons(pd->tot_len - pd->off);
+               ip6->ip6_plen = htons(dlen);
                ip6->ip6_nxt  = pd->proto;
                if (!pd->ttl || pd->ttl > IPV6_DEFHLIM)
                        ip6->ip6_hlim = IPV6_DEFHLIM;
@@ -1972,70 +2247,77 @@ pf_translate_af(struct pf_pdesc *pd)
                ip6->ip6_dst  = pd->ndaddr.v6;
                break;
        default:
-               return (-1);
+               unhandled_af(pd->naf);
        }
 
-       /* recalculate icmp/icmp6 checksums */
-       if (pd->proto == IPPROTO_ICMP || pd->proto == IPPROTO_ICMPV6) {
-               int off;
-               if ((mp = m_pulldown(pd->m, hlen, sizeof(*icmp), &off)) ==
-                   NULL) {
-                       pd->m = NULL;
-                       return (-1);
-               }
-               icmp = (struct icmp6_hdr *)(mp->m_data + off);
-               icmp->icmp6_cksum = 0;
-               icmp->icmp6_cksum = pd->naf == AF_INET ?
-                   in4_cksum(pd->m, 0, hlen, ntohs(ip4->ip_len) - hlen) :
-                   in6_cksum(pd->m, IPPROTO_ICMPV6, hlen,
-                   ntohs(ip6->ip6_plen));
+       /* UDP over IPv6 must be checksummed per rfc2460 p27 */
+       if (naf_proto == IPPROTO_UDP && *pc == 0x0000 &&
+           pd->naf == AF_INET6) {
+               pd->m->m_pkthdr.csum_flags |= M_UDP_CSUM_OUT;
+       }
+
+       /* cover fresh pseudo-header */
+       switch (naf_proto) {
+       case IPPROTO_ICMPV6:
+               /* optimise: unchanged for TCP/UDP */
+               pf_cksum_fixup(pc, 0x0, htons(naf_proto), naf_proto);
+               pf_cksum_fixup(pc, 0x0, htons(dlen),      naf_proto);
+                               /* FALLTHROUGH */
+       case IPPROTO_UDP:       /* FALLTHROUGH */
+       case IPPROTO_TCP:
+               pf_cksum_fixup_a(pc, &zero, &pd->nsaddr, pd->naf, naf_proto);
+               pf_cksum_fixup_a(pc, &zero, &pd->ndaddr, pd->naf, naf_proto);
+               copyback = 1;
+               break;
+       default:
+               break;  /* assume no pseudo-header */
        }
 
+       /* flush pd->pcksum */
+       if (copyback)
+               m_copyback(pd->m, pd->off, pd->hdrlen, pd->hdr.any, M_NOWAIT);
+
        return (0);
 }
 
 int
-pf_change_icmp_af(struct mbuf *m, int off, struct pf_pdesc *pd,
+pf_change_icmp_af(struct mbuf *m, int ipoff2, struct pf_pdesc *pd,
     struct pf_pdesc *pd2, struct pf_addr *src, struct pf_addr *dst,
     sa_family_t af, sa_family_t naf)
 {
        struct mbuf             *n = NULL;
        struct ip               *ip4;
        struct ip6_hdr          *ip6;
-       int                      hlen, olen, mlen;
-
-       if (pd->csum_status == PF_CSUM_UNKNOWN)
-               pf_check_proto_cksum(pd, pd->off, pd->tot_len - pd->off,
-                   pd->proto, pd->af);
+       u_int                    hlen, ohlen, d;
 
        if (af == naf || (af != AF_INET && af != AF_INET6) ||
            (naf != AF_INET && naf != AF_INET6))
                return (-1);
 
-       /* split the mbuf chain on the inner ip/ip6 header boundary */
-       if ((n = m_split(m, off, M_DONTWAIT)) == NULL)
+       /* split the mbuf chain on the quoted ip/ip6 header boundary */
+       if ((n = m_split(m, ipoff2, M_DONTWAIT)) == NULL)
                return (-1);
 
-       /* old header */
-       olen = pd2->off - off;
-       /* new header */
+       /* new quoted header */
        hlen = naf == AF_INET ? sizeof(*ip4) : sizeof(*ip6);
+       /* old quoted header */
+       ohlen = pd2->off - ipoff2;
 
-       /* trim old header */
-       m_adj(n, olen);
+       /* trim old quoted header */
+       pf_cksum_uncover(pd->pcksum, in_cksum(n, ohlen), pd->proto);
+       m_adj(n, ohlen);
 
-       /* prepend a new one */
+       /* prepend a new, translated, quoted header */
        if ((M_PREPEND(n, hlen, M_DONTWAIT)) == NULL)
                return (-1);
 
-       /* translate inner ip/ip6 header */
        switch (naf) {
        case AF_INET:
                ip4 = mtod(n, struct ip *);
                bzero(ip4, sizeof(*ip4));
                ip4->ip_v   = IPVERSION;
                ip4->ip_hl  = sizeof(*ip4) >> 2;
-               ip4->ip_len = htons(sizeof(*ip4) + pd2->tot_len - olen);
+               ip4->ip_len = htons(sizeof(*ip4) + pd2->tot_len - ohlen);
                ip4->ip_id  = htons(ip_randomid());
                ip4->ip_off = htons(IP_DF);
                ip4->ip_ttl = pd2->ttl;
@@ -2051,7 +2333,7 @@ pf_change_icmp_af(struct mbuf *m, int of
                ip6 = mtod(n, struct ip6_hdr *);
                bzero(ip6, sizeof(*ip6));
                ip6->ip6_vfc  = IPV6_VERSION;
-               ip6->ip6_plen = htons(pd2->tot_len - olen);
+               ip6->ip6_plen = htons(pd2->tot_len - ohlen);
                if (pd2->proto == IPPROTO_ICMP)
                        ip6->ip6_nxt = IPPROTO_ICMPV6;
                else
@@ -2065,14 +2347,35 @@ pf_change_icmp_af(struct mbuf *m, int of
                break;
        }
 
-       /* adjust payload offset and total packet length */
-       pd2->off += hlen - olen;
-       pd->tot_len += hlen - olen;
-
-       /* merge modified inner packet with the original header */
-       mlen = n->m_pkthdr.len;
-       m_cat(m, n);
-       m->m_pkthdr.len += mlen;
+       /* cover new quoted header */
+       /* optimise: any new AF_INET header of ours sums to zero */
+       if (naf != AF_INET) {
+               pf_cksum_cover(pd->pcksum, in_cksum(n, hlen), pd->proto);
+       }
+
+       /* reattach modified quoted packet to outer header */
+       {
+               int nlen = n->m_pkthdr.len;
+               m_cat(m, n);
+               m->m_pkthdr.len += nlen;
+       }
+
+       /* account for altered length */
+       d = hlen - ohlen;
+
+       if (pd->proto == IPPROTO_ICMPV6) {
+               /* fixup pseudo-header */
+               int dlen = pd->tot_len - pd->off;
+               pf_cksum_fixup(pd->pcksum,
+                   htons(dlen), htons(dlen + d), pd->proto);
+       }
+
+       pd->tot_len  += d;
+       pd2->tot_len += d;
+       pd2->off     += d;
+
+       /* note: not bothering to update network headers as
+          these due for rewrite by pf_translate_af() */
 
        return (0);
 }
@@ -2082,7 +2385,7 @@ pf_change_icmp_af(struct mbuf *m, int of
 #define PTR_IP6(field) (offsetof(struct ip6_hdr, field))
 
 int
-pf_translate_icmp_af(int af, void *arg)
+pf_translate_icmp_af(struct pf_pdesc *pd, int af, void *arg)
 {
        struct icmp             *icmp4;
        struct icmp6_hdr        *icmp6;
@@ -2170,13 +2473,16 @@ pf_translate_icmp_af(int af, void *arg)
                default:
                        return (-1);
                }
-               icmp6->icmp6_type = type;
-               icmp6->icmp6_code = code;
+
+               pf_patch_8(pd, &icmp6->icmp6_type, type, PF_HI);
+               pf_patch_8(pd, &icmp6->icmp6_code, code, PF_LO);
+
                /* aligns well with a icmpv4 nextmtu */
-               icmp6->icmp6_mtu = htonl(mtu);
+               pf_patch_32(pd, &icmp6->icmp6_mtu, htonl(mtu));
+
                /* icmpv4 pptr is a one most significant byte */
                if (ptr >= 0)
-                       icmp6->icmp6_pptr = htonl(ptr << 24);
+                       pf_patch_32(pd, &icmp6->icmp6_pptr, htonl(ptr << 24));
                break;
        case AF_INET6:
                icmp4 = arg;
@@ -2265,11 +2571,12 @@ pf_translate_icmp_af(int af, void *arg)
                default:
                        return (-1);
                }
-               icmp4->icmp_type = type;
-               icmp4->icmp_code = code;
-               icmp4->icmp_nextmtu = htons(mtu);
+
+               pf_patch_8(pd, &icmp4->icmp_type, type, PF_HI);
+               pf_patch_8(pd, &icmp4->icmp_code, code, PF_LO);
+               pf_patch_16(pd, &icmp4->icmp_nextmtu, htons(mtu));
                if (ptr >= 0)
-                       icmp4->icmp_void = htonl(ptr);
+                       pf_patch_32(pd, &icmp4->icmp_void, htonl(ptr));
                break;
        }
 
@@ -2310,13 +2617,17 @@ pf_modulate_sack(struct pf_pdesc *pd, st
                        if (olen >= TCPOLEN_SACKLEN) {
                                for (i = 2; i + TCPOLEN_SACK <= olen;
                                    i += TCPOLEN_SACK) {
+                                       size_t startoff = (opt + i) - opts;
                                        memcpy(&sack, &opt[i], sizeof(sack));
-                                       pf_change_a(pd, &sack.start,
+                                       pf_patch_32_unaligned(pd, &sack.start,
                                            htonl(ntohl(sack.start) -
-                                           dst->seqdiff));
-                                       pf_change_a(pd, &sack.end,
+                                               dst->seqdiff),
+                                           PF_ALGNMNT(startoff));
+                                       pf_patch_32_unaligned(pd, &sack.end,
                                            htonl(ntohl(sack.end) -
-                                           dst->seqdiff));
+                                               dst->seqdiff),
+                                           PF_ALGNMNT(startoff +
+                                               sizeof(sack.start)));
                                        memcpy(&opt[i], &sack, sizeof(sack));
                                }
                                copyback = 1;
@@ -3357,8 +3668,8 @@ pf_test_rule(struct pf_pdesc *pd, struct
                    !(th->th_flags & TH_RST)) {
                        u_int32_t        ack = ntohl(th->th_seq) + pd->p_len;
 
-                       if (pf_check_proto_cksum(pd, pd->off,
-                           pd->tot_len - pd->off, IPPROTO_TCP, pd->af))
+                       if (pf_check_tcp_cksum(pd->m, pd->off,
+                           pd->tot_len - pd->off, pd->af))
                                REASON_SET(reason, PFRES_PROTCKSUM);
                        else {
                                if (th->th_flags & TH_SYN)
@@ -3453,7 +3764,6 @@ pf_test_rule(struct pf_pdesc *pd, struct
 
        /* copy back packet headers if needed */
        if (rewrite && pd->hdrlen) {
-               pf_cksum(pd, pd->m);
                m_copyback(pd->m, pd->off, pd->hdrlen, pd->hdr.any, M_NOWAIT);
        }
 
@@ -3539,8 +3849,8 @@ pf_create_state(struct pf_pdesc *pd, str
                        if ((s->src.seqdiff = pf_tcp_iss(pd) - s->src.seqlo) ==
                            0)
                                s->src.seqdiff = 1;
-                       pf_change_a(pd, &th->th_seq,
-                           htonl(s->src.seqlo + s->src.seqdiff));
+                       pf_patch_32(pd,
+                           &th->th_seq, htonl(s->src.seqlo + s->src.seqdiff));
                        *rewrite = 1;
                } else
                        s->src.seqdiff = 0;
@@ -3699,12 +4009,12 @@ pf_translate(struct pf_pdesc *pd, struct
        case IPPROTO_TCP:
                if (afto || PF_ANEQ(saddr, pd->src, pd->af) ||
                    *pd->sport != sport) {
-                       pf_change_ap(pd, pd->src, pd->sport, saddr, sport);
+                       pf_translate_ap(pd, pd->src, pd->sport, saddr, sport);
                        rewrite = 1;
                }
                if (afto || PF_ANEQ(daddr, pd->dst, pd->af) ||
                    *pd->dport != dport) {
-                       pf_change_ap(pd, pd->dst, pd->dport, daddr, dport);
+                       pf_translate_ap(pd, pd->dst, pd->dport, daddr, dport);
                        rewrite = 1;
                }
                break;
@@ -3712,12 +4022,12 @@ pf_translate(struct pf_pdesc *pd, struct
        case IPPROTO_UDP:
                if (afto || PF_ANEQ(saddr, pd->src, pd->af) ||
                    *pd->sport != sport) {
-                       pf_change_ap(pd, pd->src, pd->sport, saddr, sport);
+                       pf_translate_ap(pd, pd->src, pd->sport, saddr, sport);
                        rewrite = 1;
                }
                if (afto || PF_ANEQ(daddr, pd->dst, pd->af) ||
                    *pd->dport != dport) {
-                       pf_change_ap(pd, pd->dst, pd->dport, daddr, dport);
+                       pf_translate_ap(pd, pd->dst, pd->dport, daddr, dport);
                        rewrite = 1;
                }
                break;
@@ -3729,20 +4039,18 @@ pf_translate(struct pf_pdesc *pd, struct
 
                if (afto) {
 #ifdef INET6
-                       if (pf_translate_icmp_af(AF_INET6, pd->hdr.icmp))
+                       if (pf_translate_icmp_af(pd, AF_INET6, pd->hdr.icmp))
                                return (0);
                        pd->proto = IPPROTO_ICMPV6;
                        rewrite = 1;
 #endif /* INET6 */
                } else {
                        if (PF_ANEQ(saddr, pd->src, pd->af)) {
-                               pf_change_a(pd, &pd->src->v4.s_addr,
-                                   saddr->v4.s_addr);
+                               pf_translate_a(pd, pd->src, saddr);
                                rewrite = 1;
                        }
                        if (PF_ANEQ(daddr, pd->dst, pd->af)) {
-                               pf_change_a(pd, &pd->dst->v4.s_addr,
-                                   daddr->v4.s_addr);
+                               pf_translate_a(pd, pd->dst, daddr);
                                rewrite = 1;
                        }
                }
@@ -3750,11 +4058,8 @@ pf_translate(struct pf_pdesc *pd, struct
                        u_int16_t icmpid = (icmp_dir == PF_IN) ? sport : dport;
 
                        if (icmpid != pd->hdr.icmp->icmp_id) {
-                               if (pd->csum_status == PF_CSUM_UNKNOWN)
-                                       pf_check_proto_cksum(pd, pd->off,
-                                           pd->tot_len - pd->off, pd->proto,
-                                           pd->af);
-                               pd->hdr.icmp->icmp_id = icmpid;
+                               pf_patch_16(pd,
+                                   &pd->hdr.icmp->icmp_id, icmpid);
                                rewrite = 1;
                        }
                }
@@ -3767,18 +4072,17 @@ pf_translate(struct pf_pdesc *pd, struct
                        return (0);
 
                if (afto) {
-                       /* ip_sum will be recalculated in pf_translate_af */
-                       if (pf_translate_icmp_af(AF_INET, pd->hdr.icmp6))
+                       if (pf_translate_icmp_af(pd, AF_INET, pd->hdr.icmp6))
                                return (0);
                        pd->proto = IPPROTO_ICMP;
                        rewrite = 1;
                } else {
                        if (PF_ANEQ(saddr, pd->src, pd->af)) {
-                               pf_change_ap(pd, pd->src, NULL, saddr, 0);
+                               pf_translate_ap(pd, pd->src, NULL, saddr, 0);
                                rewrite = 1;
                        }
                        if (PF_ANEQ(daddr, pd->dst, pd->af)) {
-                               pf_change_ap(pd, pd->dst, NULL, daddr, 0);
+                               pf_translate_ap(pd, pd->dst, NULL, daddr, 0);
                                rewrite = 1;
                        }
                }
@@ -3786,11 +4090,8 @@ pf_translate(struct pf_pdesc *pd, struct
                        u_int16_t icmpid = (icmp_dir == PF_IN) ? sport : dport;
 
                        if (icmpid != pd->hdr.icmp6->icmp6_id) {
-                               if (pd->csum_status == PF_CSUM_UNKNOWN)
-                                       pf_check_proto_cksum(pd, pd->off,
-                                           pd->tot_len - pd->off, pd->proto,
-                                           pd->af);
-                               pd->hdr.icmp6->icmp6_id = icmpid;
+                               pf_patch_16(pd,
+                                   &pd->hdr.icmp6->icmp6_id, icmpid);
                                rewrite = 1;
                        }
                }
@@ -3801,24 +4102,22 @@ pf_translate(struct pf_pdesc *pd, struct
                switch (pd->af) {
                case AF_INET:
                        if (!afto && PF_ANEQ(saddr, pd->src, pd->af)) {
-                               pf_change_a(pd, &pd->src->v4.s_addr,
-                                   saddr->v4.s_addr);
+                               pf_translate_a(pd, pd->src, saddr);
                                rewrite = 1;
                        }
                        if (!afto && PF_ANEQ(daddr, pd->dst, pd->af)) {
-                               pf_change_a(pd, &pd->dst->v4.s_addr,
-                                   daddr->v4.s_addr);
+                               pf_translate_a(pd, pd->dst, daddr);
                                rewrite = 1;
                        }
                        break;
 #ifdef INET6
                case AF_INET6:
                        if (!afto && PF_ANEQ(saddr, pd->src, pd->af)) {
-                               pf_change_ap(pd, pd->src, NULL, saddr, 0);
+                               pf_translate_ap(pd, pd->src, NULL, saddr, 0);
                                rewrite = 1;
                        }
                        if (!afto && PF_ANEQ(daddr, pd->dst, pd->af)) {
-                               pf_change_ap(pd, pd->dst, NULL, daddr, 0);
+                               pf_translate_ap(pd, pd->dst, NULL, daddr, 0);
                                rewrite = 1;
                        }
                        break;
@@ -3869,8 +4168,8 @@ pf_tcp_track_full(struct pf_pdesc *pd, s
                        while ((src->seqdiff = arc4random() - seq) == 0)
                                continue;
                        ack = ntohl(th->th_ack) - dst->seqdiff;
-                       pf_change_a(pd, &th->th_seq, htonl(seq + src->seqdiff));
-                       pf_change_a(pd, &th->th_ack, htonl(ack));
+                       pf_patch_32(pd, &th->th_seq, htonl(seq + src->seqdiff));
+                       pf_patch_32(pd, &th->th_ack, htonl(ack));
                        *copyback = 1;
                } else {
                        ack = ntohl(th->th_ack);
@@ -3921,8 +4220,8 @@ pf_tcp_track_full(struct pf_pdesc *pd, s
                ack = ntohl(th->th_ack) - dst->seqdiff;
                if (src->seqdiff) {
                        /* Modulate sequence numbers */
-                       pf_change_a(pd, &th->th_seq, htonl(seq + src->seqdiff));
-                       pf_change_a(pd, &th->th_ack, htonl(ack));
+                       pf_patch_32(pd, &th->th_seq, htonl(seq + src->seqdiff));
+                       pf_patch_32(pd, &th->th_ack, htonl(ack));
                        *copyback = 1;
                }
                end = seq + pd->p_len;
@@ -4440,7 +4739,7 @@ pf_test_state(struct pf_pdesc *pd, struc
 
                if (afto || PF_ANEQ(pd->src, &nk->addr[sidx], pd->af) ||
                    nk->port[sidx] != pd->osport)
-                       pf_change_ap(pd, pd->src, pd->sport,
+                       pf_translate_ap(pd, pd->src, pd->sport,
                            &nk->addr[sidx], nk->port[sidx]);
 
                if (afto || PF_ANEQ(pd->dst, &nk->addr[didx], pd->af) ||
@@ -4449,7 +4748,7 @@ pf_test_state(struct pf_pdesc *pd, struc
 
                if (afto || PF_ANEQ(pd->dst, &nk->addr[didx], pd->af) ||
                    nk->port[didx] != pd->odport)
-                       pf_change_ap(pd, pd->dst, pd->dport,
+                       pf_translate_ap(pd, pd->dst, pd->dport,
                            &nk->addr[didx], nk->port[didx]);
 
                pd->m->m_pkthdr.ph_rtableid = nk->rdomain;
@@ -4457,7 +4756,6 @@ pf_test_state(struct pf_pdesc *pd, struc
        }
 
        if (copyback && pd->hdrlen > 0) {
-               pf_cksum(pd, pd->m);
                m_copyback(pd->m, pd->off, pd->hdrlen, pd->hdr.any, M_NOWAIT);
        }
 
@@ -4518,7 +4816,6 @@ int
 pf_test_state_icmp(struct pf_pdesc *pd, struct pf_state **state,
     u_short *reason)
 {
-       struct pf_addr  *saddr = pd->src, *daddr = pd->dst;
        u_int16_t        virtual_id, virtual_type;
        u_int8_t         icmptype;
        int              icmp_dir, iidx, ret, copyback = 0;
@@ -4580,7 +4877,7 @@ pf_test_state_icmp(struct pf_pdesc *pd,
                        case AF_INET:
 #ifdef INET6
                                if (afto) {
-                                       if (pf_translate_icmp_af(AF_INET6,
+                                       if (pf_translate_icmp_af(pd, AF_INET6,
                                            pd->hdr.icmp))
                                                return (PF_DROP);
                                        pd->proto = IPPROTO_ICMPV6;
@@ -4588,22 +4885,19 @@ pf_test_state_icmp(struct pf_pdesc *pd,
 #endif /* INET6 */
                                if (!afto && PF_ANEQ(pd->src,
                                    &nk->addr[sidx], AF_INET))
-                                       pf_change_a(pd, &saddr->v4.s_addr,
-                                           nk->addr[sidx].v4.s_addr);
+                                       pf_translate_a(pd,
+                                           pd->src, &nk->addr[sidx]);
 
                                if (!afto && PF_ANEQ(pd->dst,
                                    &nk->addr[didx], AF_INET)) {
-                                       pf_change_a(pd, &daddr->v4.s_addr,
-                                           nk->addr[didx].v4.s_addr);
+                                       pf_translate_a(pd,
+                                           pd->dst, &nk->addr[didx]);
                                        pd->destchg = 1;
                                }
 
                                if (nk->port[iidx] !=  pd->hdr.icmp->icmp_id) {
-                                       if (pd->csum_status == PF_CSUM_UNKNOWN)
-                                               pf_check_proto_cksum(pd,
-                                                   pd->off, pd->tot_len -
-                                                   pd->off, pd->proto, pd->af);
-                                       pd->hdr.icmp->icmp_id = nk->port[iidx];
+                                       pf_patch_16(pd, &pd->hdr.icmp->icmp_id,
+                                           nk->port[iidx]);
                                }
 
                                m_copyback(pd->m, pd->off, ICMP_MINLEN,
@@ -4613,30 +4907,27 @@ pf_test_state_icmp(struct pf_pdesc *pd,
 #ifdef INET6
                        case AF_INET6:
                                if (afto) {
-                                       if (pf_translate_icmp_af(AF_INET,
+                                       if (pf_translate_icmp_af(pd, AF_INET,
                                            pd->hdr.icmp6))
                                                return (PF_DROP);
                                        pd->proto = IPPROTO_ICMP;
                                }
                                if (!afto && PF_ANEQ(pd->src,
                                    &nk->addr[sidx], AF_INET6))
-                                       pf_change_ap(pd, saddr, NULL,
+                                       pf_translate_ap(pd, pd->src, NULL,
                                            &nk->addr[sidx], 0);
 
                                if (!afto && PF_ANEQ(pd->dst,
                                    &nk->addr[didx], AF_INET6)) {
-                                       pf_change_ap(pd, daddr, NULL,
+                                       pf_translate_ap(pd, pd->dst, NULL,
                                            &nk->addr[didx], 0);
                                        pd->destchg = 1;
                                }
 
                                if (nk->port[iidx] != pd->hdr.icmp6->icmp6_id) {
-                                       if (pd->csum_status == PF_CSUM_UNKNOWN)
-                                               pf_check_proto_cksum(pd,
-                                                   pd->off, pd->tot_len -
-                                                   pd->off, pd->proto, pd->af);
-                                       pd->hdr.icmp6->icmp6_id =
-                                           nk->port[iidx];
+                                       pf_patch_16(pd,
+                                           &pd->hdr.icmp6->icmp6_id,
+                                           nk->port[iidx]);
                                }
 
                                m_copyback(pd->m, pd->off,
@@ -4785,7 +5076,7 @@ pf_test_state_icmp(struct pf_pdesc *pd,
                        /* Demodulate sequence number */
                        seq = ntohl(th.th_seq) - src->seqdiff;
                        if (src->seqdiff) {
-                               pf_change_a(pd, &th.th_seq, htonl(seq));
+                               pf_patch_32(pd, &th.th_seq, htonl(seq));
                                copyback = 1;
                        }
 
@@ -4836,7 +5127,7 @@ pf_test_state_icmp(struct pf_pdesc *pd,
 
 #ifdef INET6
                                if (afto) {
-                                       if (pf_translate_icmp_af(nk->af,
+                                       if (pf_translate_icmp_af(pd, nk->af,
                                            pd->hdr.icmp))
                                                return (PF_DROP);
                                        m_copyback(pd->m, pd->off,
@@ -4859,10 +5150,12 @@ pf_test_state_icmp(struct pf_pdesc *pd,
                                            pd, &pd2, &nk->addr[sidx],
                                            &nk->addr[didx], pd->af, nk->af))
                                                return (PF_DROP);
-                                       pf_change_ap(pd, pd2.src, &th.th_sport,
+                                       pf_translate_ap(pd,
+                                           pd2.src, &th.th_sport,
                                            &nk->addr[pd2.sidx],
                                            nk->port[sidx]);
-                                       pf_change_ap(pd, pd2.dst, &th.th_dport,
+                                       pf_translate_ap(pd,
+                                           pd2.dst, &th.th_dport,
                                            &nk->addr[pd2.didx],
                                            nk->port[didx]);
                                        m_copyback(pd2.m, pd2.off, 8, &th,
@@ -4873,8 +5166,8 @@ pf_test_state_icmp(struct pf_pdesc *pd,
                                if (PF_ANEQ(pd2.src,
                                    &nk->addr[pd2.sidx], pd2.af) ||
                                    nk->port[pd2.sidx] != th.th_sport)
-                                       pf_change_icmp(pd, pd2.src,
-                                           &th.th_sport, daddr,
+                                       pf_translate_icmp(pd, pd2.src,
+                                           &th.th_sport, pd->dst,
                                            &nk->addr[pd2.sidx],
                                            nk->port[pd2.sidx]);
 
@@ -4886,8 +5179,8 @@ pf_test_state_icmp(struct pf_pdesc *pd,
                                if (PF_ANEQ(pd2.dst,
                                    &nk->addr[pd2.didx], pd2.af) ||
                                    nk->port[pd2.didx] != th.th_dport)
-                                       pf_change_icmp(pd, pd2.dst,
-                                           &th.th_dport, saddr,
+                                       pf_translate_icmp(pd, pd2.dst,
+                                           &th.th_dport, pd->src,
                                            &nk->addr[pd2.didx],
                                            nk->port[pd2.didx]);
                                copyback = 1;
@@ -4952,7 +5245,7 @@ pf_test_state_icmp(struct pf_pdesc *pd,
 
 #ifdef INET6
                                if (afto) {
-                                       if (pf_translate_icmp_af(nk->af,
+                                       if (pf_translate_icmp_af(pd, nk->af,
                                            pd->hdr.icmp))
                                                return (PF_DROP);
                                        m_copyback(pd->m, pd->off,
@@ -4975,10 +5268,12 @@ pf_test_state_icmp(struct pf_pdesc *pd,
                                            pd, &pd2, &nk->addr[sidx],
                                            &nk->addr[didx], pd->af, nk->af))
                                                return (PF_DROP);
-                                       pf_change_ap(pd, pd2.src, &uh.uh_sport,
+                                       pf_translate_ap(pd,
+                                           pd2.src, &uh.uh_sport,
                                            &nk->addr[pd2.sidx],
                                            nk->port[sidx]);
-                                       pf_change_ap(pd, pd2.dst, &uh.uh_dport,
+                                       pf_translate_ap(pd,
+                                           pd2.dst, &uh.uh_dport,
                                            &nk->addr[pd2.didx],
                                            nk->port[didx]);
                                        m_copyback(pd2.m, pd2.off, sizeof(uh),
@@ -4990,8 +5285,8 @@ pf_test_state_icmp(struct pf_pdesc *pd,
                                if (PF_ANEQ(pd2.src,
                                    &nk->addr[pd2.sidx], pd2.af) ||
                                    nk->port[pd2.sidx] != uh.uh_sport)
-                                       pf_change_icmp(pd, pd2.src,
-                                           &uh.uh_sport, daddr,
+                                       pf_translate_icmp(pd, pd2.src,
+                                           &uh.uh_sport, pd->dst,
                                            &nk->addr[pd2.sidx],
                                            nk->port[pd2.sidx]);
 
@@ -5003,8 +5298,8 @@ pf_test_state_icmp(struct pf_pdesc *pd,
                                if (PF_ANEQ(pd2.dst,
                                    &nk->addr[pd2.didx], pd2.af) ||
                                    nk->port[pd2.didx] != uh.uh_dport)
-                                       pf_change_icmp(pd, pd2.dst,
-                                           &uh.uh_dport, saddr,
+                                       pf_translate_icmp(pd, pd2.dst,
+                                           &uh.uh_dport, pd->src,
                                            &nk->addr[pd2.didx],
                                            nk->port[pd2.didx]);
 
@@ -5025,7 +5320,10 @@ pf_test_state_icmp(struct pf_pdesc *pd,
                                        break;
 #endif /* INET6 */
                                }
-                               uh.uh_sum = 0;
+                               /* Avoid recomputing quoted UDP checksum.
+                                * note: udp6 0 csum invalid per rfc2460 p27.
+                                * but presumed nothing cares in this context */
+                               pf_patch_16(pd, &uh.uh_sum, 0);
                                m_copyback(pd2.m, pd2.off, sizeof(uh), &uh,
                                    M_NOWAIT);
                                copyback = 1;
@@ -5076,7 +5374,7 @@ pf_test_state_icmp(struct pf_pdesc *pd,
                                if (afto) {
                                        if (nk->af != AF_INET6)
                                                return (PF_DROP);
-                                       if (pf_translate_icmp_af(nk->af,
+                                       if (pf_translate_icmp_af(pd, nk->af,
                                            pd->hdr.icmp))
                                                return (PF_DROP);
                                        m_copyback(pd->m, pd->off,
@@ -5087,11 +5385,13 @@ pf_test_state_icmp(struct pf_pdesc *pd,
                                            &nk->addr[didx], pd->af, nk->af))
                                                return (PF_DROP);
                                        pd->proto = IPPROTO_ICMPV6;
-                                       if (pf_translate_icmp_af(nk->af, &iih))
+                                       if (pf_translate_icmp_af(pd,
+                                               nk->af, &iih))
                                                return (PF_DROP);
                                        if (virtual_type == htons(ICMP_ECHO) &&
                                            nk->port[iidx] != iih.icmp_id)
-                                               iih.icmp_id = nk->port[iidx];
+                                               pf_patch_16(pd, &iih.icmp_id,
+                                                   nk->port[iidx]);
                                        m_copyback(pd2.m, pd2.off, ICMP_MINLEN,
                                            &iih, M_NOWAIT);
                                        pd->m->m_pkthdr.ph_rtableid =
@@ -5110,10 +5410,10 @@ pf_test_state_icmp(struct pf_pdesc *pd,
                                    &nk->addr[pd2.sidx], pd2.af) ||
                                    (virtual_type == htons(ICMP_ECHO) &&
                                    nk->port[iidx] != iih.icmp_id))
-                                       pf_change_icmp(pd, pd2.src,
+                                       pf_translate_icmp(pd, pd2.src,
                                            (virtual_type == htons(ICMP_ECHO)) ?
                                            &iih.icmp_id : NULL,
-                                           daddr, &nk->addr[pd2.sidx],
+                                           pd->dst, &nk->addr[pd2.sidx],
                                            (virtual_type == htons(ICMP_ECHO)) ?
                                            nk->port[iidx] : 0);
 
@@ -5124,8 +5424,8 @@ pf_test_state_icmp(struct pf_pdesc *pd,
 
                                if (PF_ANEQ(pd2.dst,
                                    &nk->addr[pd2.didx], pd2.af))
-                                       pf_change_icmp(pd, pd2.dst, NULL,
-                                           saddr, &nk->addr[pd2.didx], 0);
+                                       pf_translate_icmp(pd, pd2.dst, NULL,
+                                           pd->src, &nk->addr[pd2.didx], 0);
 
                                m_copyback(pd->m, pd->off, ICMP_MINLEN,
                                    pd->hdr.icmp, M_NOWAIT);
@@ -5186,7 +5486,7 @@ pf_test_state_icmp(struct pf_pdesc *pd,
                                if (afto) {
                                        if (nk->af != AF_INET)
                                                return (PF_DROP);
-                                       if (pf_translate_icmp_af(nk->af,
+                                       if (pf_translate_icmp_af(pd, nk->af,
                                            pd->hdr.icmp))
                                                return (PF_DROP);
                                        m_copyback(pd->m, pd->off,
@@ -5197,12 +5497,14 @@ pf_test_state_icmp(struct pf_pdesc *pd,
                                            &nk->addr[didx], pd->af, nk->af))
                                                return (PF_DROP);
                                        pd->proto = IPPROTO_ICMP;
-                                       if (pf_translate_icmp_af(nk->af, &iih))
+                                       if (pf_translate_icmp_af(pd,
+                                               nk->af, &iih))
                                                return (PF_DROP);
                                        if (virtual_type ==
                                            htons(ICMP6_ECHO_REQUEST) &&
                                            nk->port[iidx] != iih.icmp6_id)
-                                               iih.icmp6_id = nk->port[iidx];
+                                               pf_patch_16(pd, &iih.icmp6_id,
+                                                   nk->port[iidx]);
                                        m_copyback(pd2.m, pd2.off,
                                            sizeof(struct icmp6_hdr), &iih,
                                            M_NOWAIT);
@@ -5222,11 +5524,11 @@ pf_test_state_icmp(struct pf_pdesc *pd,
                                    ((virtual_type ==
                                    htons(ICMP6_ECHO_REQUEST)) &&
                                    nk->port[pd2.sidx] != iih.icmp6_id))
-                                       pf_change_icmp(pd, pd2.src,
+                                       pf_translate_icmp(pd, pd2.src,
                                            (virtual_type ==
                                            htons(ICMP6_ECHO_REQUEST))
                                            ? &iih.icmp6_id : NULL,
-                                           daddr, &nk->addr[pd2.sidx],
+                                           pd->dst, &nk->addr[pd2.sidx],
                                            (virtual_type ==
                                            htons(ICMP6_ECHO_REQUEST))
                                            ? nk->port[iidx] : 0);
@@ -5238,8 +5540,8 @@ pf_test_state_icmp(struct pf_pdesc *pd,
 
                                if (PF_ANEQ(pd2.dst,
                                    &nk->addr[pd2.didx], pd2.af))
-                                       pf_change_icmp(pd, pd2.dst, NULL,
-                                           saddr, &nk->addr[pd2.didx], 0);
+                                       pf_translate_icmp(pd, pd2.dst, NULL,
+                                           pd->src, &nk->addr[pd2.didx], 0);
 
                                m_copyback(pd->m, pd->off,
                                    sizeof(struct icmp6_hdr), pd->hdr.icmp6,
@@ -5271,8 +5573,8 @@ pf_test_state_icmp(struct pf_pdesc *pd,
 
                                if (PF_ANEQ(pd2.src,
                                    &nk->addr[pd2.sidx], pd2.af))
-                                       pf_change_icmp(pd, pd2.src, NULL,
-                                           daddr, &nk->addr[pd2.sidx], 0);
+                                       pf_translate_icmp(pd, pd2.src, NULL,
+                                           pd->dst, &nk->addr[pd2.sidx], 0);
 
                                if (PF_ANEQ(pd2.dst, &nk->addr[pd2.didx],
                                    pd2.af) || pd2.rdomain != nk->rdomain)
@@ -5281,8 +5583,8 @@ pf_test_state_icmp(struct pf_pdesc *pd,
 
                                if (PF_ANEQ(pd2.dst,
                                    &nk->addr[pd2.didx], pd2.af))
-                                       pf_change_icmp(pd, pd2.dst, NULL,
-                                           saddr, &nk->addr[pd2.didx], 0);
+                                       pf_translate_icmp(pd, pd2.dst, NULL,
+                                           pd->src, &nk->addr[pd2.didx], 0);
 
                                switch (pd2.af) {
                                case AF_INET:
@@ -5308,7 +5610,6 @@ pf_test_state_icmp(struct pf_pdesc *pd,
                }
        }
        if (copyback) {
-               pf_cksum(pd, pd->m);
                m_copyback(pd->m, pd->off, pd->hdrlen, pd->hdr.any, M_NOWAIT);
        }
 
@@ -5781,105 +6082,55 @@ bad:
 
 
 /*
- * check protocol (tcp/udp/icmp/icmp6) checksum and set mbuf flag
+ * check TCP checksum and set mbuf flag
  *   off is the offset where the protocol header starts
  *   len is the total length of protocol header plus payload
  * returns 0 when the checksum is valid, otherwise returns 1.
  * if the _OUT flag is set the checksum isn't done yet, consider these ok
  */
 int
-pf_check_proto_cksum(struct pf_pdesc *pd, int off, int len, u_int8_t p,
-    sa_family_t af)
+pf_check_tcp_cksum(struct mbuf *m, int off, int len, sa_family_t af)
 {
-       u_int16_t flag_ok, flag_bad, flag_out;
        u_int16_t sum;
 
-       if (pd->csum_status == PF_CSUM_OK)
-               return (0);
-       if (pd->csum_status == PF_CSUM_BAD)
-               return (1);
-
-       switch (p) {
-       case IPPROTO_TCP:
-               flag_ok = M_TCP_CSUM_IN_OK;
-               flag_out = M_TCP_CSUM_OUT;
-               flag_bad = M_TCP_CSUM_IN_BAD;
-               break;
-       case IPPROTO_UDP:
-               flag_ok = M_UDP_CSUM_IN_OK;
-               flag_out = M_UDP_CSUM_OUT;
-               flag_bad = M_UDP_CSUM_IN_BAD;
-               break;
-       case IPPROTO_ICMP:
-#ifdef INET6
-       case IPPROTO_ICMPV6:
-#endif /* INET6 */
-               flag_ok = M_ICMP_CSUM_IN_OK;
-               flag_out = M_ICMP_CSUM_OUT;
-               flag_bad = M_ICMP_CSUM_IN_BAD;
-               break;
-       default:
-               return (1);
-       }
-       if (pd->m->m_pkthdr.csum_flags & (flag_ok | flag_out)) {
-               pd->csum_status = PF_CSUM_OK;
+       if (m->m_pkthdr.csum_flags &
+           (M_TCP_CSUM_IN_OK | M_TCP_CSUM_OUT)) {
                return (0);
        }
-       if (pd->m->m_pkthdr.csum_flags & flag_bad || off < sizeof(struct ip) ||
-           pd->m->m_pkthdr.len < off + len) {
-               pd->csum_status = PF_CSUM_BAD;
+       if (m->m_pkthdr.csum_flags & M_TCP_CSUM_IN_BAD ||
+           off < sizeof(struct ip) ||
+           m->m_pkthdr.len < off + len) {
                return (1);
        }
 
        /* need to do it in software */
-       if (p == IPPROTO_TCP)
-               tcpstat.tcps_inswcsum++;
-       else if (p == IPPROTO_UDP)
-               udpstat.udps_inswcsum++;
+       tcpstat.tcps_inswcsum++;
        
        switch (af) {
        case AF_INET:
-               if (pd->m->m_len < sizeof(struct ip)) {
-                       pd->csum_status = PF_CSUM_BAD;
+               if (m->m_len < sizeof(struct ip))
                        return (1);
-               }
-               sum = in4_cksum(pd->m, (p == IPPROTO_ICMP ? 0 : p), off, len);
+
+               sum = in4_cksum(m, IPPROTO_TCP, off, len);
                break;
 #ifdef INET6
        case AF_INET6:
-               if (pd->m->m_len < sizeof(struct ip6_hdr)) {
-                       pd->csum_status = PF_CSUM_BAD;
+               if (m->m_len < sizeof(struct ip6_hdr))
                        return (1);
-               }
-               sum = in6_cksum(pd->m, p, off, len);
+
+               sum = in6_cksum(m, IPPROTO_TCP, off, len);
                break;
 #endif /* INET6 */
        default:
                unhandled_af(af);
        }
        if (sum) {
-               switch (p) {
-               case IPPROTO_TCP:
-                       tcpstat.tcps_rcvbadsum++;
-                       break;
-               case IPPROTO_UDP:
-                       udpstat.udps_badsum++;
-                       break;
-               case IPPROTO_ICMP:
-                       icmpstat.icps_checksum++;
-                       break;
-#ifdef INET6
-               case IPPROTO_ICMPV6:
-                       icmp6stat.icp6s_checksum++;
-                       break;
-#endif /* INET6 */
-               }
-               pd->m->m_pkthdr.csum_flags |= flag_bad;
-               pd->csum_status = PF_CSUM_BAD;
+               tcpstat.tcps_rcvbadsum++;
+               m->m_pkthdr.csum_flags |= M_TCP_CSUM_IN_BAD;
                return (1);
        }
-       pd->m->m_pkthdr.csum_flags |= flag_ok;
-       pd->csum_status = PF_CSUM_OK;
+
+       m->m_pkthdr.csum_flags |= M_TCP_CSUM_IN_OK;
        return (0);
 }
 
@@ -6274,6 +6525,7 @@ pf_setup_pdesc(struct pf_pdesc *pd, void
                        REASON_SET(reason, PFRES_SHORT);
                        return (PF_DROP);
                }
+               pd->pcksum = &pd->hdr.icmp6->icmp6_cksum;
                break;
        }
 #endif /* INET6 */
@@ -6730,37 +6982,6 @@ done:
        return (action);
 }
 
-void
-pf_cksum(struct pf_pdesc *pd, struct mbuf *m)
-{
-       if (pd->csum_status != PF_CSUM_OK)
-               return; /* don't fix broken cksums */
-
-       switch (pd->proto) {
-       case IPPROTO_TCP:
-               pd->hdr.tcp->th_sum = 0;
-               m->m_pkthdr.csum_flags |= M_TCP_CSUM_OUT;
-               break;
-       case IPPROTO_UDP:
-               pd->hdr.udp->uh_sum = 0;
-               m->m_pkthdr.csum_flags |= M_UDP_CSUM_OUT;
-               break;
-       case IPPROTO_ICMP:
-               pd->hdr.icmp->icmp_cksum = 0;
-               m->m_pkthdr.csum_flags |= M_ICMP_CSUM_OUT;
-               break;
-#ifdef INET6
-       case IPPROTO_ICMPV6:
-               pd->hdr.icmp6->icmp6_cksum = 0;
-               m->m_pkthdr.csum_flags |= M_ICMP_CSUM_OUT;
-               break;
-#endif /* INET6 */
-       default:
-               /* nothing */
-               break;
-       }
-}
-
 int
 pf_ouraddr(struct mbuf *m)
 {
Index: net/pfvar.h
===================================================================
--- net.orig/pfvar.h
+++ net/pfvar.h
@@ -1205,10 +1205,6 @@ struct pf_pdesc {
        u_int8_t         didx;          /* key index for destination */
        u_int8_t         destchg;       /* flag set when destination changed */
        u_int8_t         pflog;         /* flags for packet logging */
-       u_int8_t         csum_status;   /* proto cksum ok/bad/unchecked */
-#define        PF_CSUM_UNKNOWN 0
-#define        PF_CSUM_BAD     1
-#define        PF_CSUM_OK      2
 };
 
 
@@ -1715,9 +1711,14 @@ void     pf_addr_inc(struct pf_addr *, sa_fa
 
 void   *pf_pull_hdr(struct mbuf *, int, void *, int, u_short *, u_short *,
            sa_family_t);
-void   pf_change_a(struct pf_pdesc *, void *, u_int32_t);
-int    pf_check_proto_cksum(struct pf_pdesc *, int, int, u_int8_t,
-           sa_family_t);
+#define PF_HI (true)
+#define PF_LO (!PF_HI)
+#define PF_ALGNMNT(off) (((off) % 2) == 0 ? PF_HI : PF_LO)
+void   pf_patch_8(struct pf_pdesc *, u_int8_t *, u_int8_t, bool);
+void   pf_patch_16(struct pf_pdesc *, u_int16_t *, u_int16_t);
+void   pf_patch_16_unaligned(struct pf_pdesc *, void *, u_int16_t, bool);
+void   pf_patch_32(struct pf_pdesc *, u_int32_t *, u_int32_t);
+void   pf_patch_32_unaligned(struct pf_pdesc *, void *, u_int32_t, bool);
 int    pflog_packet(struct pf_pdesc *, u_int8_t, struct pf_rule *,
            struct pf_rule *, struct pf_ruleset *, struct pf_rule *);
 void   pf_send_deferred_syn(struct pf_state *);
@@ -1906,8 +1907,6 @@ int                        pf_map_addr(sa_family_t, 
struct p
 
 int                     pf_postprocess_addr(struct pf_state *);
 
-void                    pf_cksum(struct pf_pdesc *, struct mbuf *);
-
 struct pf_state_key    *pf_state_key_ref(struct pf_state_key *);
 void                    pf_state_key_unref(struct pf_state_key *);
 int                     pf_state_key_isvalid(struct pf_state_key *);
Index: net/pf_norm.c
===================================================================
--- net.orig/pf_norm.c
+++ net/pf_norm.c
@@ -855,10 +855,6 @@ pf_normalize_tcp(struct pf_pdesc *pd)
        u_int8_t         flags;
        u_int            rewrite = 0;
 
-       if (pd->csum_status == PF_CSUM_UNKNOWN)
-               pf_check_proto_cksum(pd, pd->off, pd->tot_len - pd->off,
-                   pd->proto, pd->af);
-
        flags = th->th_flags;
        if (flags & TH_SYN) {
                /* Illegal packet */
@@ -880,21 +876,23 @@ pf_normalize_tcp(struct pf_pdesc *pd)
        }
 
        /* If flags changed, or reserved data set, then adjust */
-       if (flags != th->th_flags || th->th_x2 != 0) {
-               th->th_flags = flags;
-               th->th_x2 = 0;
-               rewrite = 1;
-       }
+       if (flags != th->th_flags || th->th_x2 != 0) {
+               /* hack: set 4-bit th_x2 = 0 */
+               u_int8_t *th_off = (u_int8_t*)(&th->th_ack+1);
+               pf_patch_8(pd, th_off, th->th_off << 4, PF_HI);
+
+               pf_patch_8(pd, &th->th_flags, flags, PF_LO);
+               rewrite = 1;
+       }
 
        /* Remove urgent pointer, if TH_URG is not set */
        if (!(flags & TH_URG) && th->th_urp) {
-               th->th_urp = 0;
+               pf_patch_16(pd, &th->th_urp, 0);
                rewrite = 1;
        }
 
        /* copy back packet headers if we sanitized */
        if (rewrite) {
-               pf_cksum(pd, pd->m);
                m_copyback(pd->m, pd->off, sizeof(*th), th, M_NOWAIT);
        }
 
@@ -1008,7 +1006,7 @@ pf_normalize_tcp_stateful(struct pf_pdes
        u_int32_t        tsval, tsecr;
        u_int            tsval_from_last;
        u_int8_t         hdr[60];
-       u_int8_t        *opt;
+       u_int8_t        *opts, *opt;
        int              copyback = 0;
        int              got_ts = 0;
 
@@ -1049,7 +1047,7 @@ pf_normalize_tcp_stateful(struct pf_pdes
            pd->af)) {
                /* Diddle with TCP options */
                int hlen;
-               opt = hdr + sizeof(struct tcphdr);
+               opt = opts = hdr + sizeof(struct tcphdr);
                hlen = (th->th_off << 2) - sizeof(struct tcphdr);
                while (hlen >= TCPOLEN_TIMESTAMP) {
                        switch (*opt) {
@@ -1077,28 +1075,35 @@ pf_normalize_tcp_stateful(struct pf_pdes
                                        return (PF_DROP);
                                }
                                if (opt[1] >= TCPOLEN_TIMESTAMP) {
-                                       memcpy(&tsval, &opt[2],
-                                           sizeof(u_int32_t));
+                                       u_int8_t *ts = opt + 2;
+                                       u_int8_t *tsr = opt + 6;
+
+                                       memcpy(&tsval, ts, sizeof(u_int32_t));
+                                       memcpy(&tsecr, tsr, sizeof(u_int32_t));
+
+                                       /* modulate TS */
                                        if (tsval && src->scrub &&
                                            (src->scrub->pfss_flags &
                                            PFSS_TIMESTAMP)) {
+                                               /* note: tsval used further on 
*/
                                                tsval = ntohl(tsval);
-                                               pf_change_a(pd, &opt[2],
+                                               pf_patch_32_unaligned(pd, ts,
                                                    htonl(tsval +
-                                                   src->scrub->pfss_ts_mod));
+                                                       
src->scrub->pfss_ts_mod),
+                                                   PF_ALGNMNT(ts - opts));
                                                copyback = 1;
                                        }
 
-                                       /* Modulate TS reply iff valid (!0) */
-                                       memcpy(&tsecr, &opt[6],
-                                           sizeof(u_int32_t));
+                                       /* modulate TS reply if any (!0) */
                                        if (tsecr && dst->scrub &&
                                            (dst->scrub->pfss_flags &
                                            PFSS_TIMESTAMP)) {
+                                               /* note: tsecr used further on 
*/
                                                tsecr = ntohl(tsecr)
                                                    - dst->scrub->pfss_ts_mod;
-                                               pf_change_a(pd, &opt[6],
-                                                   htonl(tsecr));
+                                               pf_patch_32_unaligned(pd, tsr,
+                                                   htonl(tsecr),
+                                                   PF_ALGNMNT(tsr - opts));
                                                copyback = 1;
                                        }
                                        got_ts = 1;
@@ -1391,12 +1396,8 @@ pf_normalize_mss(struct pf_pdesc *pd, u_
        u_int16_t        mss;
        int              thoff;
        int              opt, cnt, optlen = 0;
-       u_char           opts[MAX_TCPOPTLEN];
-       u_char          *optp = opts;
-
-       if (pd->csum_status == PF_CSUM_UNKNOWN)
-               pf_check_proto_cksum(pd, pd->off, pd->tot_len - pd->off,
-                   pd->proto, pd->af);
+       u_int8_t         opts[MAX_TCPOPTLEN];
+       u_int8_t        *optp = opts;
 
        thoff = th->th_off << 2;
        cnt = thoff - sizeof(struct tcphdr);
@@ -1419,13 +1420,15 @@ pf_normalize_mss(struct pf_pdesc *pd, u_
                                break;
                }
                if (opt == TCPOPT_MAXSEG) {
-                       memcpy(&mss, (optp + 2), 2);
+                       u_int8_t *mssp = optp + 2;
+                       memcpy(&mss, mssp, sizeof(mss));
                        if (ntohs(mss) > maxmss) {
-                               mss = htons(maxmss);
+                               size_t mssoffopts = mssp - opts;
+                               pf_patch_16_unaligned(pd, &mss,
+                                   htons(maxmss), PF_ALGNMNT(mssoffopts));
                                m_copyback(pd->m,
-                                   pd->off + sizeof(*th) + optp + 2 - opts,
-                                   2, &mss, M_NOWAIT);
-                               pf_cksum(pd, pd->m);
+                                   pd->off + sizeof(*th) + mssoffopts,
+                                   sizeof(mss), &mss, M_NOWAIT);
                                m_copyback(pd->m, pd->off, sizeof(*th), th,
                                    M_NOWAIT);
                        }

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