7 blunders that will always haunt India
by Major General Mrinal Suman
[History is most unforgiving. As historical mistakes cannot be undone, they
have complex cascading effect on a nation's future. Here are seven historical
blunders that have changed the course of independent India's history and cast a
dark shadow over its future. These costly mistakes will continue to haunt India
for generations. They have been recounted here in a chronological order with a
view to highlight the inadequacies of India's decision-making apparatus and the
leadership's incompetence to act with vision.]
No 1: Kashmir Mess
There can be no better example of shooting one's own foot than India's clumsy
handling of the Kashmir issue. It is a saga of naivety, blinkered vision and
inept leadership.
Hari Singh was the reigning monarch of the state of Jammu and Kashmir in 1947.
He was vacillating when tribal marauders invaded Kashmir in October 1947, duly
backed by the Pakistan army. Unable to counter them, Hari Singh appealed to
India for assistance and agreed to accede to India. Indian forces blunted the
invasion and re-conquered vast areas.
First, India erred by not insisting on unequivocal accession of the state to
the Dominion of India and granted special status to it through Article 370 of
the Constitution. Secondly, when on the verge of evicting all invaders and
recapturing the complete state, India halted operations on 1 January 1949 and
appealed to the Security Council. It is the only case in known history wherein
a country, when on the threshold of complete victory, has voluntarily forsaken
it in the misplaced hope of winning admiration of the world community. Thirdly
and most shockingly, the Indian leadership made a highly unconstitutional offer
of plebiscite in the UN.
Forty percent area of the state continues to be under Pakistan's control,
providing it a strategic land route to China through the Karakoram ranges. As a
fall out of the unresolved dispute, India and Pakistan have fought numerous
wars and skirmishes with no solution in sight. Worse, the local politicians are
holding India to ransom by playing the Pak card. Kashmir issue is a
self-created cancerous furuncle that defies all medications and continues to
bleed the country.
No 2: Ignoring Chinese Threats and Neglecting the Military
Memories of the year 1962 will always trouble the Indian psyche. A nation of
India's size had lulled itself into believing that its protestations and
platitudes of peaceful co-existence would be reciprocated by the world. It was
often stated that a peace-loving nation like India did not need military at
all. The armed forces were neglected. The political leadership took pride in
denigrating the military leadership and meddled in internal affairs of the
services to promote sycophancy. Foreign policy was in shambles. The
intelligence apparatus was rusty.
Even though signs of China's aggressive intentions were clearly discernible
for years in advance, the Indian leadership decided to keep its eyes shut in
the fond hope that the problem would resolve itself. When China struck, the
country was caught totally unprepared. Troops were rushed to snowbound areas
with summer clothing and outdated rifles. Despite numerous sagas of gallantry,
the country suffered terrible embarrassment. India was on its knees. With the
national morale and pride in tatters, India was forced to appeal to all nations
for military aid. Inept and incompetent leadership had forced a proud nation to
find solace in Lata Mangeshkar's Ae Mere Watan Ke Logo.
No 3: The Tashkent Agreement and Return of Haji Pir Pass
Following the cease-fire after the Indo-Pak War of 1965, a Russian-sponsored
agreement was signed between India and Pakistan in Tashkent on 10 January 1966.
Under the agreement, India agreed to return the strategic Haji Pir pass to
Pakistan which it had captured in August 1965 against heavy odds and at a huge
human cost. The pass connects Poonch and Uri sectors in Jammu and Kashmir and
reduces the distance between the two sectors to 15 km whereas the alternate
route entails a travel of over 200 km. India got nothing in return except an
undertaking by Pakistan to abjure war, an undertaking which meant little as
Pakistan never had any intention of honouring it.
Return of the vital Haji Pir pass was a mistake of monumental proportions for
which India is suffering to date. In addition to denying a direct link between
Poonch and Uri sectors, the pass is being effectively used by Pakistan to
sponsor infiltration of terrorists into India. Inability to resist Russian
pressure was a manifestation of the spineless Indian foreign policy and
short-sighted leadership.
No 4: The Simla Agreement
With the fall of Dhaka on 16 December 1971, India had scored a decisive victory
over Pakistan. Over 96,000 Pak soldiers were taken Prisoners of War (POWs).
Later, an agreement was signed between the two countries on 2 July 1972 at
Shimla. Both countries agreed to exchange all POWs, respect the line of control
(LOC) in Jammu and Kashmir and refrain from the use of threat or force.
Additionally, Bhutto gave a solemn verbal undertaking to accept LOC as the de
facto border.
India released all Pak POWs in good faith. Pakistan, on the other hand,
released only 617 Indian POWs while holding back 54 PoWs who are still
languishing in Pakistani jails. The Indian Government has admitted this fact a
number of times but has failed to secure their release. India failed to use the
leverage of 96,000 Pak POWs to discipline Pakistan. A rare opportunity was thus
wasted. Forget establishing permanent peace in the sub-continent, India failed
to ensure release of all Indian PoWs - a criminal omission by all accounts.
The naivety of the Indian delegation can be seen from the fact that it allowed
Pakistan to bluff its way through at Shimla. The Indian leadership was fooled
into believing Pakistan's sincerity. Unquestionably, Pakistan never intended to
abide by its promises, both written and verbal. Fruits of a hard-fought victory
in the battlefield were frittered away on the negotiating table by the bungling
leadership.
No. 5: The Nuclear Muddle
Subsequent to the Chinese Nuclear Test at Lop Nor in 1964, India showed rare
courage in carrying out its first nuclear test on 18 May 1974 at Pokharan.
Outside the five permanent members of the UN Security Council, India was the
only nation to prove its nuclear capability. The whole country was ecstatic and
every Indian felt proud of its scientific prowess. But Indians had not
contended with their Government's penchant for converting opportunity into
adversity and squandering hard-earned gains.
Instead of asserting India's newly acquired status of a nuclear power and
demanding recognition, India turned apologetic and tried to convince the world
that it had no nuclear ambitions. Strangely, it termed the Pokharan test as a
'peaceful nuclear explosion' - a term unheard of till then. The Defence
Minister went to the extent of claiming that the Indian nuclear experiment was
'only for mining, oil and gas prospecting, for finding underground sources of
water, for diverting rivers, for scientific and technological knowledge.' It
was a self-deprecating stance. Displaying acute inferiority complex, India did
not want to be counted as a member of the exclusive nuclear club.
Criticism and sanctions were expected and must have been factored in before
opting for the nuclear test. Whereas a few more assertive follow-on tests would
have forced the world to accept India as a member of the nuclear club, India
went into an overdrive to placate the world through a self-imposed moratorium
on further testing. It lost out on all the advantages provided to it by its
scientists. It suffered sanctions and yet failed to gain recognition as a
nuclear power. The country missed golden opportunities due to the timidity and
spinelessness of its leaders.
No 6: The Kandahar hijacking
The hijacking of an Indian Airlines aircraft to Kandahar by Pakistani
terrorists in December 1999 will continue to rile India's self-respect for
long. According to the Hindustan Times, India lost face and got reduced to
begging for co-operation from the very regimes that were actively undermining
its internal security. The hijacking revealed how ill-prepared India was to
face up to the challenges of international terrorism.
The eight-day long ordeal ended only after India's National Security Adviser
brazenly announced that an agreement had been reached for the release of all
the hostages in exchange for three Kashmiri militants including Maulana Masood
Azhar. Sadly, the Prime Minister claimed credit for forcing the hijackers to
climb down on their demands. The worst was yet to follow. India's Foreign
Minister decided to accompany the released militants to Kandahar, as if seeing
off honoured guests.
The government's poor crisis-management skills and extreme complacency in
security matters allowed the hijackers to take off from Amritsar airport after
39 minutes halt for refuelling, thereby letting the problem get out of control.
India's much-vaunted decision-making apparatus collapsed and was completely
paralysed by the audacity of a bunch of motivated fanatics. It was a
comprehensive failure of monumental proportions. India's slack and amateurish
functioning made the country earn the tag of a soft nation which it will find
very difficult to shed.
No 7: Illegal Immigration and Passage of IMDT Act
It is a standard practice all over the world that the burden of proving one's
status as a bonafide citizen of a country falls on the accused. It is so for
India as well under Foreigners Act, 1946. Political expediency forced the
Government to make an exception for Assam. In one of the most short-sighted and
anti-national moves, India passed the Illegal Migrants - Determination by
Tribunals (IMDT) Act of 1984 for Assam. It shifted the onus of proving the
illegal status of a suspected immigrant on to the accuser, which was a tall and
virtually impossible order. Detection and deportation of illegal immigrants
became impossible.
Whenever demands were raised for repealing the Act, the Congress, the Left
Front and the United Minorities Front resisted strongly. Illegal immigrants had
become the most loyal vote bank of the Congress. Worse, every protest against
the Act was dubbed as 'anti-minority', thereby imparting communal colour to an
issue of national security. The government's 'pardon' of all Bangladeshis who
had come in before 1985 was another unconstitutional act that aggravated the
problem.
The Act was struck down as unconstitutional by the Supreme Court on July 13,
2005, more than 20 years after its enactment. The Apex Court was of the view
that the influx of Bangladeshi nationals into Assam posed a threat to the
integrity and security of north-eastern region. Unfortunately, immense damage
had already been done to the demography of Assam and the local people of Assam
had been reduced to minority status in certain districts. Illegal immigrants
have come to have a stranglehold over electioneering to the extent that no
party can hope to come to power without their support. Nearly 30 Islamic groups
are thriving in the area to further their Islamist and Pan-Bangladesh agenda.
It is incomprehensible that a nation's leadership can stoop so low and endanger
even national
security for garnering votes.
