Pranam 1 *concrete*, in construction <https://www.britannica.com/technology/construction>, structural material consisting of a hard, chemically inert particulate substance, known as aggregate <https://www.britannica.com/technology/aggregate> (usually sand <https://www.britannica.com/science/sand> and gravel), that is bonded together by cement <https://www.britannica.com/technology/cement-building-material> and water <https://www.britannica.com/science/water>.
WEST BELIEVES: Among the ancient Assyrians and Babylonians, the bonding substance most often used was clay. The Egyptians developed <https://www.britannica.com/place/ancient-Egypt> a substance more closely resembling modern concrete by using lime and gypsum <https://www.britannica.com/science/gypsum> as binders. Lime (calcium oxide), derived from limestone <https://www.britannica.com/science/limestone>, chalk <https://www.britannica.com/science/chalk>, or (where available) oyster shells, continued to be the primary pozzolanic <https://www.britannica.com/technology/pozzolanic-cement>, or cement-forming, agent until the early 1800s. In 1824 an English inventor, Joseph Aspdin, burned and ground together a mixture of limestone and clay. This mixture, called portland cement <https://www.britannica.com/technology/portland-cement>, has remained the dominant cementing agent used in concrete production. Aggregates <https://www.britannica.com/technology/aggregate> are generally designated as either fine (ranging in size from 0.025 to 6.5 mm [0.001 to 0.25 inch]) or coarse (from 6.5 to 38 mm [0.25 to 1.5 inch] or larger). All aggregate <https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/aggregate> materials must be clean and free from admixture with soft particles or vegetable matter, because *even small quantities of organic soil compounds <https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/compounds> result in chemical reactions that seriously affect the strength of the concrete. (SO CONCRETE IS NOT BEHAVING QUEERLY BUT THE MAKERS CIVIL ENGINEERS WHO DO NOT DO THE JOB AS SERVICE BUT FOR COOLY ONLY).* Concrete is characterized by the type of aggregate or cement used, by the specific qualities it manifests <https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/manifests>, or by the methods used to produce it. In ordinary structural concrete, the character of the concrete is largely determined by a water-to-cement ratio. The lower the water content, all else being equal, the stronger the concrete. The mixture must have just enough water to ensure that each aggregate particle is completely surrounded by the cement paste, that the spaces between the aggregate are filled, and that the concrete is liquid enough to be poured and spread effectively. Another durability factor is the amount of cement in relation to the aggregate (expressed as a three-part ratio—cement to fine aggregate to coarse aggregate). Where especially strong concrete is needed, there will be relatively less aggregate. *The strength of concrete is measured in pounds per square inch or kilograms per square centimetre of force needed to crush a sample of a given age or hardness.* Concrete’s strength is affected by environmental factors, especially temperature and moisture. If it is allowed to dry prematurely, it can experience *unequal tensile stresses* that in an imperfectly hardened state cannot be resisted. In the process known as curing, the concrete is kept damp for some time after pouring to slow the shrinkage that occurs as it hardens. Low temperatures also adversely affect its strength. To compensate for this, an additive such as calcium chloride is mixed in with the cement. This accelerates the setting process, which in turn generates heat sufficient to counteract moderately low temperatures. Large concrete forms that cannot be adequately covered are not poured in freezing temperatures.{ hence well learned civil engg wait to play with the concrete and the rest wonder why it happened} Concrete that has been hardened onto imbedded metal <https://www.britannica.com/science/metal-chemistry> (usually steel) is called reinforced concrete <https://www.britannica.com/technology/reinforced-concrete>, or ferro concrete. Plain concrete does not easily withstand stresses such as wind action, earthquakes, and vibrations and other bending forces and is therefore unsuitable in many structural applications. Another innovation <https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/innovation> in masonry <https://www.britannica.com/technology/masonry> construction is the use of prestressed concrete <https://www.britannica.com/technology/prestressed-concrete>. It is achieved by either pretensioning <https://www.britannica.com/technology/pretensioning> or posttensioning <https://www.britannica.com/technology/posttensioning> processes. In addition to its potential for immense strength and its initial ability to adapt to virtually any form, concrete is fire resistant and has become one of the most common building materials in the world. (Encyclopaedia Britannica) I said west: How Indians did? KARIKALAN AND KALLANAI TRICHY: It is the 2000-year-old Grand Anicut located in Tamil Nadu, India*. This Indian engineering masterpiece is one of the designs* throughout history to inspire the perfection of dams used today. Its unique structure majorly involves several large unhewn stones extending across the Kaveri, stuck in the Cauvery river to divert the flow of current to the fertile delta. The dam is 329 meters long, 20 meters wide and 5.4meters high. It was able to irrigate 69,000 acres of land in the fertile delta. Before the modifications made by the British, the original Kallanai dam had some unique design features which worked well for both the environment and residents. These features include the curved shape of the masonry section, an irregular descent, and a sloping crest. These features reshaped the water current flowing towards the dam smoothly and it had a good sedimentation process. no concrete) The process involved in the construction includes cutting and placing rocks. Rock cutting process includes punching holes into the rocks, inserting wedges into those holes, apply water and streaking. The Brihadisvara Temple is built mainly of granite and the large blocks of stone were transported to the site from 50 km away. The stones were raised to the required height by constructing an inclined plane. The temple consists of the srivimana, ardhamandapa (front pavilion), mahamandapa (assembly hall), mukha mandapa (community hall) and a Nandi-mandapa in front. The main vimana of the temple is especially unique, reaching a height of around 200 feet. The Nandi-mandapa is also a striking component of the temple as it houses a huge monolithic sculpture of Nandi, the bull and vehicle of Shiva. The sculpture is estimated to weigh around 25 tons. There is a large courtyard with a circumscribing trichy-churru-maligai (a raised, covered and columned verandah. The defensive structures, which included a moat and fortification walls, make Brihadisvara a unique temple. This could be because Brihadisvara was not only a temple meant for public worship but it also served as the royal shrine for the use of the royal family whose palace was in its vicinity. Outside, there are two further walls of the enclosure, the outer wall being a defensive one with bastions and gun-holes. This was added to the complex in 1777 CE. The fortified wall in the complex has two gopurams. In the courtyard (prakara), there are two major shrines, that of deities Amman and Subrahmanyar, and a number of other smaller ones. A later mandapa in the north-eastern corner of the courtyard and two gopurams in the eastern perimeter walls complete the complex. ( and done with the lime mortar and not concrete). Q3 Brahma vishnu Shiva are all saguna Brahmam ; vedic concept designated functionaries of the Brahmam. As they are created , so too they are destroyable. Yajnavalkya answers in Brihadaranyaka Upanishad shall enlighten on the number of GODs. sie please read before writing that of some misspelt ideas. Q5 Energy displacement or entropy in the role of chemical reactions during heat and cold process is physics as Thermodynamics; all pancha bhuta reactions outside and inside the body are one and the same; Potential and kinetic energies apart from some more energies described in the vedic and modern sciences are about normal energy; entropy is a different thing about which the thermo dynamics speak of. Q6 If Krister sundekin does not know its OK; but Rig vedam and the Nasadiya and Purusha suktham taught the idle or potential energy which became the kinetic of which we know better; written hear many times; and telling the people "we don't know yet" is ........ Q9 OOPS. The answer is in Yaksha prasanam directly; and dharma did not answer because he is greater than or more intelligent than. Yatha yatha hi dharmasya gyanir bhavathi Bharatha. KR IRS 6621 On Sun, 6 Jun 2021 at 10:00, 'gopala krishnan' via iyer123 < [email protected]> wrote: > *CULTURAL QA 06-2021-06* > > *Being a compilation there may be errors* > > > > Q1 What are the things Civil Engineers know while others don't? > > A1 Prathyaksh Shetty Updated October 3, 2016 MTech from IIT > Madras > > *1. Concrete is the second most consumed material on the planet by humans. > On an average, three* metric tonnes per person is produced annually. > (btw, first is water) > > 2. Concrete is an erratic material. Most of the time, we don't know why it > behaves the way it does. But, you don't know that we don't know, so we > pretend to know. (Sorry for bursting the bubble my civil engineering > comrades. :p) > > 3. Soil is fine. Water is fine. Soil+Water is...well, f***! > > 4. Steel loses most of its strength during fire even with a temperature > well below its melting point. This is one of the main reasons why the > World Trade Center collapsed on 9/11. The 9/11 conspiracy theorists ignore > this simple fact and just babble about the jet fuel fire not being hot > enough to have melted the steel and ignorantly deduce that the collapse was > a result of controlled demolition. > > ***5. The lines you see on concrete roads are actually cracks created > along a straight line by us* purposefully so that the concrete doesn't > crack on its own elsewhere and look shabby. > > 6. There are moments at intersections when all the signals are red. This > usually lasts for 2 seconds after every green cycle to facilitate > clearing of vehicles from the junction. In other words, during this all-red > phase, you can actually jump the red light without risking a collision, > provided, of course, you are the only one doing it. > > (Disclaimers: 1. Please do not experiment this, it's very dangerous, not > to mention an offence; 2. This all-red phase may not be functional at all > signals) > > 7. While negotiating a curve or an intersection in your car, there is > only a short length of roadway that is visually accessible to you. > However, we have designed that length so that it's adequate to avoid a > collision based on your body's reaction time. However, this distance is > not sufficient if you are listening to music because it increases your > reaction time, meaning you are more likely to crash into that oncoming > vehicle or a tree if you are enjoying your favorite music. Happy Journey! > > 8. Indians not following lane-discipline is actually a good thing. It > increases the capacity of the road because of more efficient movement of > mixed traffic and hence causes less traffic jams than if they were > disciplined.** > > ***9. Flyovers don't solve congestion, they only relocate it to > somewhere downstream.* > > 10. High speeds don't cause accidents, different speeds do. > > To illustrate, a highway with only cars, all moving at 160+ speeds is less > prone to accidents as compared to the one with cars, trucks and other > vehicles with variable speeds even if the speed does not exceed 100. > > 11. We would be able to save a lot of tax payers money in the > construction and maintenance of *public sewer systems if people took shit > at different times during the day instead of everyone doing it in the > morning. T*he sewer pipes are currently designed for three times the > average flow of sewage to accommodate just that few peak hours of the > morning rendering the system redundant at other times. > > 12. We can literally treat the sewage to an extent that it becomes as > good as a bottled mineral water. > > 13. And finally, any building can collapse. Any time. We don't design > buildings to not collapse. We just make them less probable. The ceiling > that you stare at while laying on bed, may come crumbling down while you > are asleep. Good Night! > > ----------------------------------------------------------- > > **Edit 1: Some people are finding it hard to appreciate point no. 8 about > undisciplined lane manners being a good thing. I respect your opinion. I > feel it's a wishful thinking though. We expect something to be true just > because it's nice. But physical laws do not share our prejudice. It is what > it is. Having said that let me elaborate on that point. > > *I am not implying that breaking traffic laws is good.* I'm just talking > about this specific case applicable to countries like India, Thailand, > Malaysia etc., i.e. maintaining a lane discipline will cause more traffic > delays. If India, however, had only cars on its roads like in the US, > following lanes systematically would have been beneficial. But, India has a > mixed traffic with enormous volume of two-wheelers. The two-wheelers > currently squeeze into the space between the cars and clear the > intersection quickly at green signal. This results is passing of more > vehicles per hour i.e. the capacity of a road increases and hence the delay > decreases. I am not condoning the act. I agree that we need to incorporate > substantial traffic measures that would make people's lives better. Thanks. > > Edit 2: I've grossly exaggerated point 13. > > > > Q2 Should I quit my job? I have 2 years of employment agreement > with my current employer but I'm not feeling motivated to work there. I'm > passionate about programming but I don't like those meaningless meetings & > sudden changes to the project. > > A2 Bhuvana Rameshwar married for three decades Thu > > *I gave this advice to my younger brother and my son as they both are > married with a wife and daughter each.* > > Do not leave a job before you get the next one. Only if sure of the next > job think of leaving the current one. Carry on calmly until then. > > As soon you are sure of the next job, its requirements, your passion in > this field then give a two /three months notice as usually asked by > companies and resign with a good pleasant reason. Do not antagonize the > previous company when moving to the next. > > *I hear during covid times it is difficult to get a job but easier to be > benched or taken out. So be careful.* > > And one more thing do not tell even your shadow you are planning to quit > here and take a new job. Chairs, tables and walls, all have ears so keep > the quitting and transition a secret. It works for both ways.. that is if > you quit or if you change your mind and continue here itself. > > > > Q3 How was Lord Shiva's birth? Who were his parents? > > A3 Mahesh K Reader at MIT Vedic Sciences (2020–present)3m ago > > the supreme triad, Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva have origins from Rig Veda.. > Swayambhu (primal seed of creation or Cosmic Self) became Brahma, > Hiranyagarbha (primeval womb or Cosmic Potentiality) became Vishnu and Aum > (primordial sound or Cosmic Reality) became Rudra Shiva.. > > > > Q4 I had my gallbladder removed about 15 years ago, but recently > someone told me they could see I still had one in a scan. How is this > possible? > > A4 Jitendra Mistry Consultant GI surgeon & founder at Mission > Gastrocare, an Institute of Gastroenterology, Liver-Pancreas & GI Cancer > Sciences May 30 > > *Once gall bladder is removed, it can’t reappear again*; but there is a > catch here which everyone needs to understand before making any assumption. > > When we do laparoscopic gall bladder removal, we apply a clip on cystic > duct, a part where it joins with other system and cut and remove. When > disease is very bad, area around this joint is not clear, anatomy is bad. > So, in such situations, *we do something known as subtotal > cholecystectomy where a part of gall bladder, around a cm or so kept* > inside and sutured. So, such part may be seen in scan. > > > > Q5 Do we eat food so as to obey the second law of thermodynamics? > > A5 Zot Ljungberg, works at IAR Systems Answered July 21, 2020 > > We usually eat food because we are hungry, or because the food is good. > > The 2nd law of thermodynamics is, as other natural laws, a descriptive > law, that describes how nature works. *It is not something you can chose > to obey or disobey.* > > The 2nd law applies to closed systems, where no energy is added or removed. > > > Our bodies are not closed systems. When we eat we add energy to the body, > which will help to lower the entropy of the body. So you could say that we > eat to disobey the 2nd law (but I would rather say that eating counteracts > the law). > > Q6 From where did the energy that caused the Big Bang come from? > > A6 Krister Sundelin April 15 E-learning Producer (2020–present) > > A: We actually don’t know whether there was nothing before the Big Bang, > or even if there was a before. We simply cannot see that far back. And > since we cannot see that far back, the Big Bang theory “only” explains the > history of the universe, not the origin of the universe. > > But we can speculate. Options include: > > An earlier phase of the universe (Eternal Inflation) > > An earlier universe (Big Bounce, Conformal Cyclic Cosmology, Predecessor > Black Holes) > > *The universe has always been here (Near Miss version of Big Bounce)* > > *And of course, nothing.* > > None of the options mentioned (and there are others) violate physics as we > know it. > > But even if you assume that there was nothing before the Big Bang, you can > still have a valid explanation of where the energy came from. > > You see, you can regard gravitational potential as negative energy, > meaning that you can cancel out matter and energy from the equation. That > way, the net total energy of the universe would be zero, and the principle > of conservation of energy is preserved. > > This hypothesis is aptly called the Zero Energy Universe hypothesis. Like > the others, it does not violate physics as we know it, but it cannot be > tested. > > But the point is not that any of these speculations are true, but that it > is possible to theoretically make universes without violating the laws of > physics. > > > > Q7 Why did Ekalavya cut off his finger and give it to Guru > Dronacharya? > > A7 Kavana N Lives in Bangalore, Karnataka.3m ago > > When Dronacharya and his disciples were roaming in the forest, a dog was > barking which was then made to shut its mouth with some 7 arrows . > > All were shocked to see arrows coming from somewhere and doing this work . > *Drona > went in the direction and saw a Prince practicing Archery.* Then drona > asked Ekalavya, who was his teacher . To this , Ekalavya answered That > Drona was only his teacher and he used to hide and learn from Drona. > > So, Drona knowing who *Ekalavya was ,asked his thumb as Gurudakshina. *Since, > it was compulsory to Give Gurudakshina (fee) ,Ekalavya agreed and cut of > his thumb and gave it to Drona. > > Q8 Have you ever thought that if you had a different parent, life > could be better? > > A8 Ramya Annadurai Technical Writer (2007–present) Thu > > Yes. Many times. > > My mother was very strict towards me every time. My grandma was my world. > > I wished my granny to be my mom.My aunt (Usha) loved me a lot.I wished to > be Usha Aunt’s daughter. > > Once I came to knew about my mom’s struggles, I decided that “I want to be > my mom’s daughter forever”. > > > > Q9 In Mahabharata, all the Pandavas were very strong and > intelligent. Why did only eldest brother Yudhisthir give the answer of > Yaksha where all others failed? > > A9 Deepak Surana Entrepreneur and Author (2017–present)Fri > > Yudhishthir was the embodiment of Dharma. Even though all his brothers > were intelligent they were not as calm as him. > > *They relied more on weapons than on intelligence to overcome their enemy > whereas Yudhishthir knew how to judiciously use both at various times.* > > Perhaps he was the only Pandava brother who could come out of a crisis > situation repeatedly through his intelligence. (Sahadeva did it once during > his conquest against King Nila). Yudhishthir knew and believed that truth, > intelligence and justice are bigger weapons than a bow, mace or a sword. > > *Hence it's understandable that Yudhishthir easily answered the questions > while his brothers did not* even bother to pay heed to them. > > > > Q10 Have you ever witnessed a marriage being called off days > before? What was the reason? > > A10 Bhuvana Rameshwar married for three decades Wed > > My friend's son's wedding was called off just 3 days before the wedding. > She was my friend from our days in PG studies in Chennai, Presidency > college. > > The groom, her son is a smart doctor with a MD. My friend’s husband is > also a doctor who retired recently from Apollo hospitals. *He is a little > money minded and a miser*. > > Add to that a little arrogance. So instead of looking for girls from > India, Tamilnadu he chose his Dr. friend's daughter as bride. *The girl > was a lawyer a second generation UK settled*. They fixed everything > online with a few meetings in the girl’s house in London. > > This way he planned to get a fat dowry and an easy pathway for his son to > go abroad for his future prospects. He kept making demands on the girl’s > family. *One important point he overlooked was that the girl was a > practising lawyer in London*. She couldn't tolerate the frequent dowry > and other demands by the groom's father. > > The arguments went on even after their grand engagement in Chennai . > Finally the wedding day was coming nearer. The UK people were already > staying in a big hotel in Chennai. *But there were a lot of > misunderstandings brewing between the parents of the groom and bride. *My > friend is very soft spoken but when it comes to protecting her husband and > son she has the choicest of harsh words. We friends didn't know the > misunderstandings were going on. A common friend of ours who is also her > relative gave me this information. > > Just three days before the wedding we got a WhatsApp message saying “the > marriage stands cancelled”. No reason was given. > > When I asked my friend after a few months *she said the girl loved a boy > in UK and she herself stopped the wedding. * > > *My note- Can it be the reason??* > > The boy is still unmarried because of the covid 19 situation in India. > > *All the above QA are based on Quora digest on 05-06- 2021. Quora answers > need not be 100% correct answers * > > *Compiled and posted by R. Gopala krishnan on 06-6- 2021* > > > > -- > You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups > "iyer123" group. > To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an > email to [email protected]. > To view this discussion on the web visit > https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/iyer123/217644562.1382485.1622953816134%40mail.yahoo.com > <https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/iyer123/217644562.1382485.1622953816134%40mail.yahoo.com?utm_medium=email&utm_source=footer> > . > -- You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "Thatha_Patty" group. To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an email to [email protected]. To view this discussion on the web visit https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/thatha_patty/CAL5XZora5MKqHztZFeFaevx_w7q%3DN5vEoLbbMxU-eCb1z1-8SA%40mail.gmail.com.
