CULTURAL QA 08-2021-31 Being a compilation there may be errors
Q1 When a jet aircraft flies throughclouds, how does the engine keep running even though there's so much watervapor in the way? Doesn't the water vapor weaken the combustion? A1 AnasMaaz Airline pilot. Airbus A320/A321.August 6 If there is enoughwater content in the clouds, it can weaken the combustion and it can even causethe engine to go out. But there are ways to prevent that from happening. When a jet engineis started, ignition of the fuel is achieved by using high energy ignitorunits, which provides the spark for the fuel to start burning. During theengine start cycle, once the high pressure compressor reaches a certain speedof rotation, the ignitors start firing, and as soon as the fuel is releasedinto the combustion chamber, it is ignited and the engine starts to run. Thecool thing about jet engines is that they are self sustaining. That is, once aparticular engine speed is achieved, the engine can run with no help from theignitors. So, as the engine start cycle comes to a close, the ignitors areturned off. In some engines, you can actually hear the ignitors. A constant‘cluck cluck’ sound as the engine starts in the sound of the ignitors firing.And as the engine speeds up, the sound will suddenly diminish, as they areturned off. When you go throughhigh precipitation, the flame that is being sustained in the combustion chamberby a continuous flow of air and fuel is interrupted. This can result in what wepilots call a flame out. The easiest way to explain a flame out is a simplelighted up birthday candle. If you blow onto the flame of the candle withenough force, it goes out. That is exactly what happens when the engine ingestsa lot of water. The water simply takes out the flame. A flame out does nodamage to the engine. If this were to happen, it can be restarted with ease.But it is not something that we would like to happen. So, when we enter areasof high precipitation or when we land or take off in heavy rain, the previouslydiscussed ignitors are kept on. We have a manual control in the cockpit forthat and how it is done will vary from aircraft type to aircraft type. Thisway, there is always a continuous spark available in the combustion chamberwhich prevents an unwanted flame out. In the A320, toturn on continuous ignition, the engine mode selector knob (circled in red) canbe rotated to the right to IGN/ START position. The jet engines areextensively tested for water ingestion. But the tests are at times not a matchfor the forces of the mother nature. There have been a number of cases whereaircraft had dual engine flame outs in severe weather cells. The TACA flight110 and Garuda Indonesia Flight 421 are prime examples of this. It is not onlythe water ingestion that can impede the performance of the engine in severeweather. In strong weather cells, there also exists areas of heavy turbulence,which can disrupt the flow of air through the engine. This can cause compressorstalls. Also, in these cells, there can exist hail which can damage the enginecomponents and particularly the compressor blades, which can accelerate enginestall. So, it is highly recommended to deviate from weather when flying. Athigh altitudes, if you see well developed cumulonimbus clouds, they should beavoided at all costs, because only a very active cloud can grow that much ataltitudes. So, you should expect everything in there. Rain, hail, ice andturbulence. In airliners, we have sophisticated weather radars, which can beutilized to find these cells well ahead of time so that deviation maneuvers canbe initiated in time. Q2 Is the PG (gen medicine) in goodcollege like AIIMS and JIPMER really matters to be a good physician? A2 SabhaAhmedDM NEUROIMAGING & IR from National Institute of Mental Health andNeurosciences (Expected 2024)July 25 No. You can be apass out from the most prestigious of institutions and still be an averagephysician. My undergraduation is from an average private institution and trustme on this we had stellar physicians. Proficieny to the point were our seniorprofessors would chalk a diagnosis just by scanning a patient's gait anddemenour ,to top it all most had humble educational backgrounds. The zeal forexcellence lies within you! Q3 Which type of Indian railway trainseat is better, 1A or 3A? A3 PrasannaBhalerao Knows about trains. Sat 1A class is ACFirst Class. AC First Class on IR has independent, lockable cabins of 4 berthsor 2 berths. Many people wrongly call it as AC One Tier which is clearly wrong.AC First Class is technically 2-Tier but it is not called out as such. It issimply AC First Class. 3A is Second ClassAC 3-Tier. Again many people wrongly call it as 3rd Class AC. This is incorrectbecause IR does not have a 3rd class in the coach category. 3 in 3A simplymeans 3-Tier. Obviously, 1A isfar better than 3A because: Independent cabins(of 4) or coupes (of 2). Security at nightdue to lockable cabins. Huge internal cabinspace. Lot of luggage allowance. If you have thefull cabin or coupe, you can travel with a pet such as a dog or cat (dog mustbe leashed). “Free-boarders” are not permitted. Food is preparedspecifically on order in the Pantry car. (Many people wrongly believe thatPantry car prepares food for all passengers, those who order; the Pantry carsimply serves as loading, distribution and unloading of catering trays for allother classes.) Peace and quiet.Now the latest coaches are even providing a shower facility (with hot water) inone of the four toilets. Travel in leisure. The whole coach hasonly 22 berths (LHB) as opposed to 68 (LHB) in AC 3-tier (recent modificationshave increased the capacity very slightly). The disadvantage isthat the ticket price of 1A is nearly 2.5 times the cost of 3A (if not more). Q4 Is it unhealthy to clean too much? A4 NarayanaHealthHealth for all. All for health.April 20 NarayanaHealthHealth for all. All for health.April 20 Too much ofanything can be too bad, and so too it seems with cleanliness. Strange as itmay seem, a theory called the “hygiene hypothesis” blames too much cleanlinessfor contributing to developing allergies, asthma, inflammatory bowel diseases,and other autoimmune disorders. Dr. David Strachan first drew attention tounpleasant consequences of excessive sanitation in his article published in ascience journal BMJ (earlier known as British Medical Journal) in 1989. Dr. Strachan saidour immune system is not getting enough stimulation from healthy bacteria,worms, parasites during infancy and childhood due to this ultra-sanitizedsociety. Strachan alsoobserved that people living together in a large family in suburban societyliving with pets and animals had less incidence of autoimmune and chronicinflammatory disorder. He attributed this benefit to the high exposure to germsfrom one another and the environment in early life. Basically, thereare good germs and bad germs and we should not keep away from the good germs. “A child’s immunesystem needs education, just like any other growing organ in the human body,”says Erika von Mutius, a pediatric allergist at the University of Munich andone of the first doctors to research the idea. “The hygiene hypothesis suggeststhat early life exposure to microbes helps in the education of an infant’sdeveloping immune system.” Without this education, your immune system may bemore prone to attacking the wrong target if exposed later in life and may leadto some autoimmune disorder. At the moment, thehygiene hypothesis is still a hypothesis: a working theory, subject to change. None of this meansthat you should stop cleaning your house or washing, or begin drinkingpotentially sewage-contaminated water most of these findings involve bacteriaexposure during childhood, not for adults. Additionally, most of the reductionin bacteria exposure we have in modern society comes from broader trends (likeantibiotic overuse and sewage treatment plants) rather than personal choices. So, at the moment,the practical applications of this research on a personal level are relativelylimited. It might make you think twice before having your kid use antibioticsoap (which you really shouldn’t be using anyway). More importantly, it providessome evidence that vaginal births and breastfeeding are important for thedevelopment of a healthy microbiome in infants. We need to come outfrom ultra-sanitized home and rub shoulder with healthy germs. Source: NarayanaHealth[1] (Too much cleanliness - Good or Bad?)[2] Q5 What are the reasons for a vitaminB12 deficiency? A5 MFineBook a Health Check or a Lab Test at Home Today Sun Vitamin B12 isessentially involved in 3 important functions of the body. One is red bloodcell formation, so its deficiency leads to reduced oxygen-carrying capacity. Second, it’sinvolved in DNA synthesis. And third, itsdeficiency can lead to nerve damage. That is why thisvitamin is so important to be well-supplemented in our diet. Coming to thereasons behind a vitamin B12 deficiency: Who are the people who are prone to a vitamin B12deficiency? So, purevegetarians or vegans are prone to a b12 deficiency because b12 is presentmostly in animal products, like meat or fish or eggs or dairy products, likeyogurt, cheese, milk, etc. Secondly, certainmedications, which are known as proton pump inhibitors, or antacids, or certaindiabetes medicines like metformin, can cause vitamin B12 deficiency. Anyone who has anissue that involves your digestive tract, primarily your stomach, your smallintestine, so when I say issue, I mean things like autoimmune disorders,surgeries, which are involving your digestive tract, you can have a vitamin B12deficiency. And one veryspecific subset of people is there who have something known as perniciousanemia, and they have, again, a vitamin B12 deficiency. When it comes tothe symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency, they are basically around 2 majorproblems or issues, one is anemia and the second is nerve damage. So, you can haveweakness, tiredness, pale skin, palpitations, you can be out of breath, so allof these are the signs and symptoms of anemia. Second is, you canhave numbness, tingling, loss of sensation, especially of the feet or hands,which can lead to frequent falls. You can also have loss of vision, which isagain revolving around nerve damage. And apart fromthis, you can also have symptoms, which are due to digestive tract, which isconstipation, diarrhea, loss of appetite, bloating, you can have a very smoothtongue known as Glossitis. It’s important toremember that we have very good amount of stores of vitamin B12 in our body, sothese symptoms take a very long time to manifest themselves. But again it’s veryimportant that we catch the deficiency early and we correct it as soon aspossible. You can book avitamin B12 test at home[1] from India’s leading NABL-accredited labs on MFineright away. Footnotes [1] Vitamin B12Test at home in Bengaluru, price, diagnosis | mfine Q6 Why aren't you having a masaladosa right now? A6 Rameshwar married for three decades 10h ago For us masala dosais just another good breakfast and it has to wait for its turn to be on ourdining table. No special privileges. Our breakfast queueincludes idlies, plain dosa, upma, poori, aapam chapathis, masala dosa, breadomelette, pongal, bread and veg soup, veg noodles, broccoli - mushroom pasta,veg - upma, adai, , puttu, bread upma on an average queue. Sometimes it mayinclude a rava dosa, rava - pongal, idiyappam, rotis or oothappum. The turns are notfixed and can change as per the need or availability of veg, batter, flour andnumber of people. As per the turn,today it is the rice - pongal, with restaurant bought vadas, sambar and coconutchutney. Even though savinghelp middle class families stir through an emergency, only saving won't helpthem much in future. Important thing ismoney saved should grow and it should grow such that it beat inflation. Onlythen saving will help them in securing future. Families having incomeonly from salary are termed as middle class. This source of income is only tillthe retirement, so it is very essential than an individual is habitual ofsaving and investing it in avenues which will give returns to beat theinflation so that he has enough money for future and other familyresponsibilities. This can be doneby: - Cut down on some ofunessential expenditure. Tracking dailyexpenditure and reviewing it at the end of month. This review can help check onunessential and take remedial measures accordingly. Investing in equityand mutual fund. Investing in PPF. Educating familymembers on importance of saving. Monthly saving andinvesting will result in compounding of returns which will work wonders inaccumulation of retirement corpus. Q7 Why does my father get irritated the 1stthing in the morning, especially in the time of festivals? A7 BhuvanaRameshwar Observe humans 7h ago Hahaha.. This issuch a common sight in many houses. My father, my mil, my aunt are all samplesof this behaviour. It is probably the symptom of the “ anxiety” associated withdoing the Pooja properly, or the work load or the tension of getting work doneby others without they actually doing any work. Or thinking that only they arepraying with devotion all others are taking life easy! I have seen thetension start right from morning . They will wake us up early, force us tobathe before breakfast, keep scolding, or keep a grumpy face as if it is a bigdeal to do a Pooja at home. Some women fast on festival days, the hunger due toa forced fast angers them and they show it on others especially lazy teenagers.Only after finishing the Pooja and when the few vadas enter their month theywill calm down. I used to fear festival days because of this attitude by thesepeople. I remember my milwould drop kitchen vessels a lot with this self induced anxiety. She would say“ bow , bow” for every question or statement by poor new bride like me. Theyshould take adrenal gland calming medicines or atleast drink a glass of hotmilk. It calms them otherwise their BP may shoot up. Q8 How do fingerprint sensorsaccurately tell you your heartbeat, O2 saturation, etc.? A8 3Answers Gangadharan Nair, Now working for thepromotion of medical literacy (1992-present)Answered 22h ago “During a pulseoximetry reading, a small clamp-like device is placed on a finger, earlobe, ortoe. Small beams of light pass through the blood in the finger, measuring theamount of oxygen. It does this by measuring changes of light absorption inoxygenated or deoxygenated blood. This is a painless process. The pulse oximeterwill thus be able to tell you your oxygen saturation levels along with yourheart rate.”(1) 2ND ANSWER- Arpit Dubey, lives in Allahabad,Uttar Pradesh, IndiaAnswered 22h ago When your heartpulses, it squeezed red blood cells through vessels in your skin. Shine a lighton your skin and you can see the red color pulsing. Time the pulsing and youget your bpm Oxygen is carriedin our blood in heamoglobin , which is why it's red. The more red it is, themore oxygen it has. The less red it is, the less oxygen it has. Shine acalibrated color light at the skin. If it's more red, your blood has more o2.If it's less red, your blood has less o2 saturation. 3RD ANSWER- Gopala Krishnan, former RetiredAssistant General Manager 1996-2004 at Department of Telecom(1966-2004)Answered Sun Pulse Oxymeterusually plug to any of the finger of a person, after that pulse oxymeter emitsbeam lights into the body. These beams calculate the oxygen levels carrying theblood cells by calculating amount of beam light absorbed by the blood cell.Pulse Oxymeter can also calculates the Heart Beat and Pulse as well. Searchresult from google please. All the above QA are based on Quora digeston 30-08- 2021. Quora answers need not be 100% correct answers Compiled and posted by R. 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