Pranam
*Brahmamuhurtha* (Sanskrit <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit>-ब्रह्म
मुहूर्त, lit. 'time of Brahman <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahman>') is
a period (*muhurta*) that begins one hour and 36 minutes before sunrise,
and ends 48 minutes later. It is traditionally the penultimate phase or
*muhurta* of the night, and is considered an auspicious time for all
practices of yoga <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga> and most appropriate
for meditation <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meditation>, worship or any
other religious practice. Spiritual activities performed early in the
morning are said to have a greater effect than in any other part of the
day. *Brahmamuhurtha* is the 14th *muhurtha kala* of the night. One
*muhurtha* is a period of 48 minutes, with a whole night consisting of 15
muhurthas. The time of sunrise varies each day, according to geographic
location and time of year, and the time of the *Brahmamuhurta* varies with
it. For example, if sunrise is at 6:00am, the *brahmamuhurta* begins at
4:24am and ends at 5:12am.
2 What the scripture do speak?.
1 Hari-bhakti-vilasa 1.6: “diksa nityam brahma-kale subhotthanam
pavitrata”// . . . (Second Vilasa, 10. initiation, 11. rising every day at
brahma-muhurta, 12. cleanliness, . . .Text 19.
2 Garga-samhita 4.8.19:
eka-varam- jalam- pitva dhauta-vastro 'ti-nirmalah
brahme muhurta utthaya caikadasyam- harim- natah// During ekadashi one
should be pure-hearted and very clean, wear clean garments, drink water
only once, rise during brahma-muhurta, and bow
down to Lord Krishna
Garga-samhita 4.18.14: brahme muhurta utthaya dhyatva devim-kalindajam
arunodaya-velayam nadyam- snanam- samacaret
During brahma-muhurta one should rise from bed and meditate on
goddess Yamuna' and at sunrise one should bathe in the Yamuna.
Garga-samhita 5.15.2: brahme muhurte cotthaya gopyah sarva grhe grhe
dehaly-anganam alipya dipams tatra nirupya ca
In each home the gopis rose at brahma-muhurta, anointed the doorways and
courtyards, arranged the lamps, . . .
Garga-samhita 8.10.7: brahme muhurte cotthaya rama-krsneti ca bruvan natva
gurum bhuvam caiva tato bhumyam padam nyaset
One should rise at brahma-muhurta, chant the holy names of Lord Krishna and
Lord Balarama, and bow down before one's guru. Only then should one place
his feet on the ground.
3 According to modern science, melatonin levels, which constitute
a part of the body’s circadian rhythm, peak in the night and ebb by the
time the sun rises. Melatonin is seen as a mood stabilizer and may enhance
cognition. There have been some studies with mixed evidence on the
short-term effects of melatonin on cognitive function. The drop in
melatonin levels is accompanied by a rise in the anti-stress hormone
cortisol, whose levels rise during the early morning hours and are highest
at about 6 am. The rising levels of cortisol result in the activation of
anti-stress and anti-inflammatory pathways and also stimulate all of the
body organs. Remember that the amount of energy spent by the mind, brain
and body while studying in the morning is very less as compared to that
spent while studying in the night. “Early to bed and early to rise makes
the man healthy, wealthy and wise!” { One has to go to bed by at least by 8
to 9 PM to get up early; television is anti-melatonin}.
4 Scientific research has determined that in brahamuhurat, the
oxygen level in the atmosphere is most (41%), which is beneficial to lungs.
Tuning our biological clock to the rising and setting of the sun, is the
best way for reversing the aging process. Waking up during this brahma
muhurta puts us in perfect synchronization to the natural clock. Because of
the above time frames, the very first activity of the daily routine, i.e.
rising, should be done shortly before sunrise in the vata period. Vata is
the principle of movement, so to wake up in this period ensures that vata
principle will be functioning properly. In a recent study of 90,000 people
they discovered links between the ‘morningness’ genetic make-up (more
commonly found in women) and the genes connected to body weight. Early
risers generally have a lower BMI (body mass index) and consequently are
less likely to suffer from obesity. According to the same study, the
earlier you get up the less likely you are to develop diabetes or suffer
from depression or insomnia.
5 According to a study performed by the University of Sussex,
<http://indiaastrologyfoundation.in/astrology/bhrigu-the-son-of-brahman-the-hindu-history/>
humans
actually process two types of memorization, Semantic and Declarative,
throughout the day. Declarative memory tasks like remembering facts, names,
dates and statistics are easiest in the morning hours. On the other hand,
Semantic memory tasks like integrating new information into the context of
what we’re studying are more easily undertaken in the afternoon. What does
this mean for your study plans? If you’re hoping to study new material,
take care of it first thing in the morning. In the afternoon, use what
you’ve learned to integrate it with what you already know. It’s a winning
formula proven by science!
6 उत्थाय पश्चिमे यामे कृतशौचः समाहितः ।
हुताग्निर्ब्राह्मणांश्चार्च्य प्रविशेत् स शुभां सभाम् ॥ १४५ ॥ Manu smrithi
7thchap
*utthāya paścime yāme kṛtaśaucaḥ samāhitaḥ* |
*hutāgnirbrāhmaṇāṃścārcya praviśet sa śubhāṃ sabhām* || 145 ||
Having risen during the last watch of the night and performed his
ablutions, with collected mind, having poured libations into the Fire, and
honoured the Brāhmaṇas, he shall enter the auspicious Hall of
Audience.—(145)
ब्राह्मे मुहूर्ते बुध्येत धर्मार्थौ चानुचिन्तयेत् ।
कायक्लेशांश्च तन्मूलान् वेदतत्त्वार्थमेव च ॥ ९२ ॥Manu smrithi chap 4
*brāhme muhūrte budhyeta dharmārthau cānucintayet* |
*kāyakleśāṃśca tanmūlān vedatattvārthameva ca* || 92 ||
He shall wake up at the point of time sacred to Brahman, and then think
over the means of acquiring Merit and wealth, of the bodily troubles
involved therein, and also of the true meaning of the Veda.—(92).
1-12. { Agni puranam chap 155}; After getting up in the *brāhma muhūrta
<https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/brahma-muhurta#purana>* (about 48
minutes prior to sunrise), one should contemplate on the gods Viṣṇu
<https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/vishnu#purana> and others. One should
pass both urine and stools facing the north during the day time, facing the
south during the night and as in the day during the two twilight periods.
One should not do on the roads, water, streets and on the grassy surface.
After having purified oneself with earth, one should sip water three times
and then cleanse the teeth. Bathing is said to be six kinds such as daily,
casual, performed with some desire, part of a purificatory rite, removing
the bodily dirt and at the time of obsequies. The religious act done
without bathing yields no result. Hence one should bathe in the morning.
Among the waters of a sacred place, a river, a tank
<https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/tank#history>, flowing water, water
present in the well and water drawn (from the well), the preceding one is
more meritorious than the succeeding one in order. The waters of (the
river) Ganges <https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/ganges#hinduism> are
always meritorious. After having cleansed the impurities (on the body), one
should remain submerged in (the waters of) the tank. After having touched
waters one should sprinkle them (on his body) three times with the
(repetition of the *mantra
<https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/mantra#purana>) hiraṇyavarṇā (ṚV.
5.87.1)*, then with (the *mantra*) *śanno devī
<https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/devi#purana>*, three times with *āpo
hi ṣṭhā <https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/stha#hinduism>* (*ṚV*.
10.9.1), and then with *idam āpa (ṚV. 1.23.22) *. Then one should remain in
the water of the tank and mutter (sacred syllables) (remaining) in the
water. One should either recite the *aghamarṣaṇ
<https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/aghamarshana#purana>* hymn or
the *drupadā
<https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/drupada#purana>* or *yuñjate mana
<https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/mana#purana>* or the *puruṣasūkta
<https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/purusha-sukta#purana>*. The *gāyatrī
<https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/gayatri#purana>* (*mantra*) should be
recited especially. *Bhāvavṛtta* is the deity, Aghamarṣaṇa is the sage
and *anuṣṭubh
<https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/anushtubh#purana>* is the metre for
the *aghamarṣaṇa* hymn. Lord Hari
<https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/hari#purana> (Viṣṇu) is remembered to
be Bhāvavṛtta. After squeezing the garment (one should) offer (respectful)
waters of oblation to the gods and manes. One should offer waters of homage
with the palms with the recitation of the *puruṣasūkta*. Then one should
offer oblation to fire and make gifts befitting one’s capacity.
KR IRS 231121
On Tue, 23 Nov 2021 at 10:53, 'gopala krishnan' via iyer123 <
[email protected]> wrote:
> *CULTURAL QA 11-2021-23*
>
> *Being a compilation there may be errors*
>
> Q1 Does the water heater consume more electricity if it is kept
> on?
>
> A1 Jonathan Tamm, use it daily Answered Aug 11, 2020
>
> The water heater looses heat to the surrounding air and the higher its
> temperature the more it looses I add extra insulation and have a box over
> it as well as insulate all the fittings and pipes and set it to a lower
> temperature.
>
> It use less power than only turning it on an hour or so before use and is
> far more stable in temperature and convenient.
>
> With poor insulation any water not used will cool down more between uses
> when turned off and be wasted power.
>
> To save money spend a bit on insulation and have more convenience and use
> less power.
>
> Q2 What is the geography of Karnataka?
>
> A2 Titus D'silvaThu
>
> Karnataka can broadly be divided into three geographical parts:
>
> North Karnataka South Karnataka Coastal Karnataka
>
> Since these three regions are divided by geography you will see quite a
> bit of cultural and ethnic distinctions between these three regions.
>
> *North Karnataka is the more "North Indian" part of Karnataka. It has
> large North Indian ethnic* minorities. It is also in geographic
> continuity with Maharashtra. In fact, even the color of the sand in North
> Karnataka and Maharashtra is the same: reddish-black which is also from
> where Karnataka allegedly gets its name from, the land of red soil.
>
> *Coastal Karnataka can also be further divided into the more "North
> Indian" Karwar part where Konkani,* an Indo-Aryan language is spoken and
> Tulu Nadu, the land where Tulu, a Dravidian language is spoken.
>
> *South Karnataka is the highlands. In fact, according to another
> entymology the name Karnataka means* "highland country". Since it is more
> elevated compared to the adjoining areas a lot of rivers originate here and
> flows outwards as can be seen below in the river system map of Karnataka.
> Unfortunately, this is also the source of the conflict between Karnataka
> and Tamil Nadu.
>
> Due to these geographic reasons and other historical reasons Karnataka is
> a very linguistically diverse state.
>
> Q3 In criminal cases, what is the time period for framing charges?
>
> A3 Kanthaswamy Balasubramaniam
> Lawyer21h
>
> Framing of the Charges?Or Putting up the Chargesheet?
>
> *Framing of the Charges is done at Judicial Level.* The Charges are
> explained to the Accused and the Accused understands the Charges. Then the
> Accused records the plea - Guilty or not Guilty and if not guilty asks to
> be tried
>
> Chargesheet is done at Police level after filing of the FIR.
>
> Now
>
> Chargesheet Putting Up usually takes place within 45 Days of Filing the
> FIR but could even take 3 years or longer. There is no time limit defined
> in the CRPC and as long as the Accused gets released on bail, Chargesheet
> can take some time. However Judges tend to Quash cases where Charge Sheets
> take long.
>
> Framing of Charges - happens after the Accused person makes an appearance
> and the Charge sheet is submitted to court. It generally takes between 3
> months of filing the FIR but could take even 5 years of filing the FIR.
>
> Generally after a case comes to Court- Framing of Charges happens after
> 2–3 Hearings if the Accused , PP etc attend regularly but could also take
> upto 2–3 years if Accused is not regular and PP or Judge are transfered
> regularly.
>
> Q4 What are the health benefits of the inner stem of a banana
> tree when cooked as a curry?
>
> A4 Bhuvana Rameshwar Smart cook, not hardworking 4h
>
> *Cooked banana inner stem is of many benefits. We* have it our South
> Indian cuisine in our coconut milk curries like avials , in sambar, in
> lentil kootus, in butter milk and in our raithas.
>
> It is soft but fibrous hence good for weight reducing as it satiates a
> person soon of food. The fibrous nature helps to ease constipation and
> encourages free, regular bowel movement. Those in sitting jobs, drivers are
> asked to have banana stem often to avoid getting piles.
>
> It is rich in vitamin B 6 and potassium. Potassium strengthens muscles of
> our body including heart muscles. Banana stem has lots of moisture and
> helps to reduce blood pressure. It helps to maintain fluid balance in our
> body as it is a diuretic. It keeps our kidneys healthy helps to remove
> kidney stones.
>
> It is common amongst health conscious people to drink the juice of raw
> banana stem to keep their kidneys strong and lower their high BP.
>
> Q5 What happens if you don’t fast before a blood test? Should you
> still do the test?
>
> A5 Amy Chai MD, Internal Medicine, MS Epidemiology Fri
>
> You pretty much never need to fast for a blood test. They used to say you
> needed to fast for cholesterol test but we don’t do that anymore either.
> Just tell the lab tech that you fasted and call it a day*. I basically
> never ask my patients to fast for basically any test. So pointless.*
>
> If your doctor SPECIFICALLY asks for a fasting test, well try to do it but
> still just get the test.
>
> Tests that will be off: triglycerides: this only matters if you have a
> triglyceride disorder. Glucose: this doesn’t matter if you are a known
> diabetic and actually I prefer to see what your blood looks like when you
> haven’t made a special effort. PLUS if a non fasting glucose is elevated in
> a person WITHOUT known diabetes, I am thrilled because now your insurance
> will pay for me to order an A1C on you.
>
> Tests that won’t be off: cholesterol. A1C. Liver tests. Thyroid tests.
> Kidney tests. Blood counts. Pretty much any other test.
>
> It makes me mad when I send patients to get blood and they don’t get it
> done because of some misguided belief that fasting is needed. And
> phlebotomists are part of the problem, always asking if you are fasting.
> Just say yes.
>
> SMH. This happens way too often.
>
> My note- A fortnight back I went to the lab technician close to my home
> for test of HB1Ac and creatine. He asked shall I collect blood Now? It
> was 8PM. I said I wanted tomorrow morning after fasting. He smiled and came
> next day morning…
>
> This answer by doctor clarifies, blood can be collected at all times.
>
> Q6 Which is healthier, cashews, peanuts, or almonds?
>
> A6 Sachin Masekar Nov 17
>
> Peanuts are the healthiest then cashews, almonds. Peanuts, also known as
> almonds of the poor, are very beneficial for the body.
>
> Peanuts are good for your hair and skin. Some of the properties of peanuts
> help in reducing obesity. The inclusion of peanuts in the daily diet helps
> in reducing body fat. It also helps in maintaining balance between dead and
> living birds in the body.
>
> Eating peanuts is beneficial for women. Eating peanuts during pregnancy
> also reduces stomach pain. It also provides relief from menstrual cramps.
> It also has the advantage of increasing fertility. Soaking peanuts during
> pregnancy is good for health.
>
> Meanwhile, peanuts help keep skin clean. Also, peanuts are high in biotin,
> which is good for hair. However, eating too much peanuts can also lead to
> bile problems. Therefore, peanuts need to be consumed in sufficient
> quantity.
>
> One liter of milk gives you as much protein as just 100 grams of peanuts.
>
> Peanuts are considered an excellent source of minerals and vitamins. If
> you can't eat very expensive dry fruits, eat peanuts regularly. According
> to experts, 250 grams of peanuts contain as much protein and vitamins as
> 250 grams of meat. At the same time, an egg and milk protein can give you
> some nuts. If a person eats peanuts regularly, his body gets the nutrition
> it needs from milk, almonds and ghee.
>
> *My note- But as a visitor going to a home, he* cannot take ground nut
> candy. *He can take roasted cashew which would be highly appreciated.*
>
> Q7 Has there ever been acid rain on Earth?
>
> A7 C.S. Friedman Nov
> 17
>
> Acid rain is a regular occurrence in the K'au Desert on the Island of
> Hawaii. Technically it is not a desert, but rain picks up sulfuric acid
> from Kilauea Volcano, and when it falls it is quickly sucked down into the
> crumbled lava soil, leaving the surface parched. The acid rain destroys
> vegetation, though some tiny plants struggle for life in shaded crevices. (I
> have some pictures of those I will try to find to add.)
>
> Q8 Is aluminum affected by magnets?
>
> A8 C Stuart Hardwick Scifi author and science nerd. Updated 12h
>
> *Yes, but only very slightly. Aluminum (more properly aluminium*) is
> paramagnetic*, meaning it is weakly attracted by a magnetic field but
> cannot itself be made into a magnet.
>
> The metal was first isolated by Danish physicist Hans Christian Ørsted,
> who named it aluminium. This is its recognized scientific name and still
> the name in common usage throughout the English speaking world—except in
> America. Humphrey Davies had first suggested the name aluminum (after the
> ore he attempted to refine) and later alumium, but he did not earn naming
> rights as he failed to produce it. The American name arose independently
> from aluminium through a simple transcription error, so by all means, let’s
> just keep using it anyway.
>
> Q9 What happens if you don't filter water?
>
> A9 Venkateswara Swamy Swarna, former Scientist, Metallurgist,
> Quality / NDT Manager at Department of Atomic Energy, India
> (1967-2008)Answered Sun
>
> We drank water from a rivulet (Chandravanka that flows by Macherla town
> where we lived for 5 years). My mother used to fetch the water from the
> river which was a furlong away. *She used to bring clean water and at the
> most filter it through a fine cloth*. In summer, the river used to dry up
> and if we dig a little in the sand, we used to get crystal clear water.
>
> In Chirala where we lived for 3 years, we used to draw water from an open
> well in the same compound where the house was located. Again the only
> filtration was through a cloth if needed.
>
> I drank water from rivers and springs without any filtration. Probably I
> had enough immunity. Only once I fell sick and I knew that was a
> possibility because I knew that the stagnant river water was highly
> polluted.
>
> Now, people use water filters of various designs and sophistication
> depending on their budget. We buy bottled water for drinking and use tap
> water for other purposes.
>
> Q10 What is the importance of “Brahma Muhurta”? Why do
> people wake up at that time?
>
> A10 Ramadevi GiduguSun
>
> There are two important benefits. One is personal and the second is
> spiritual.
>
> What is Brahma Muhurta?
>
> Every day one and half hours before sunrise. Generally 4.30 to 6 in the
> morning.
>
> Brahma means knowledge and muhurta means time period. Brahma Muhurta is
> the time period perfect to perceive knowledge. It can be any knowledge.
>
> Medical experts of yore agree with this. Ashtanga Hridaya, a treatise on
> Ayurveda, delineates that waking in Brahma Muhurta increases one’s lifespan
> and helps avoid diseases.
>
> For me, Brahma muhurtham means
> ‘Me’ time redefined.
>
> The benefits of a disease-free life and an increased health are appealing.
>
> From morning to night, we are giving in to the demands of the world.
> Literally chasing the time.
>
> The day is spent in running around to fulfill professional, social, and
> family responsibilities. A little time is left for oneself in the night.
> But in that period, you are left with no energy. The only time when you are
> fresh, aware, and can easily tune within is Brahma Muhurta timing, making
> it a special time for yourself.
>
> “This time offers the possibility to become the “Brahman” or creator, and
> to make yourself the way you want to be.’’
>
> I did not try to become ‘Brahmam’ just became best friend to my husband at
> that time in all aspects. If you are interested you can persue your
> spiritual goals.
>
> *“When Brahmarandhra opens while a person is still alive, that life is
> liberated" it's said.*
>
> ‘A devotee and a yogi, his prana will not go from the base of the spine.
> ... If the mind is stable, focused at one point, at the time when the prana
> is leaving the body, then the soul gets strength to attain the highest
> realm.’ spirituality and yogic science say this.
>
> About an hour and a half before the sunrise, a great shift in energy fills
> space. . Hope, inspiration and peace manifest at this time. This time is
> considered best for attaining bhrahama gyan , supreme knowledge and eternal
> happiness. At this time, the environment is pure and calm and soothing and
> the mind is fresh after sleep.Meditation at this time improves mental
> performance thus helps in increasing satva guna therefore subduing mental
> irritation or hyperactivity and lethargy.
>
> According to the International Journal of Yoga and Allied Sciences, during
> the pre-dawn period, there is the availability of nascent oxygen in the
> atmosphere. This nascent oxygen easily mixes with hemoglobin forming
> oxyhemoglobin, which has the following benefits:
>
> 1Boosts the immune system 2 Increases energy level3.Helps maintain the
> balance of blood flow.
>
> 4.Relieves pain, soreness, and cramps5. Enhances the absorption of
> minerals and vitamins.
>
> This is what I learned.
>
> I have no interest to prove whether it's true or not. Sometimes I don't
> like to search for scientific temperament in every little thing I am doing.
> I don't want any explanation. I am okay if it's giving expected results and
> happiness.
>
> *I have been getting up in Brahma muhurtham from my childhood. I am active
> and feel fresh entire* day. I get lot of time to finish my works.
>
> Even while studying I preferred early mornings than late nights.
>
> If I want to try , read, play or pray anything new, early morning only I
> prefer.
>
> Two things I can claim as benefits.
>
> What and all I learnt , whatever little spiritually I know is taught by my
> grandmother in the early hours called Brahma muhurtham only. May be that's
> why still I remember.
>
> After marriage, me and my husband enjoyed ‘our space' at that time. All
> our precious and memorable moments happened at that time. Especially our
> leisurely talks.A mother will do anything to protect her baby. The mother
> thinks that anyone who isn’t part of her herd is a threat to her baby.
>
> PS. Few texts are taken from Google to convey the meaning in a precised way
>
> Q11 Is an elephant dangerous?
>
> A11 Franko Böhm Updated 1y
>
> A Elephants are most dangerous in two situations. First one:
> male elephant in the musth.Male elephant with tar like liquid (temporin)
> on the sides of the head. That liquid comes out of his temporal glands.
> Musth usually happens during winter, and males can have 60x normal
> testosterone in their blood (sometimes even 140x more testosterone,) *making
> them very aggressive towards anything nearby*. To make things worse for
> elephants, their temporal glands become larger and it hurts them a lot.
> *Elephants
> will try anything to get rid of pain, including attacking everything near
> them.*
>
> Second one: mother with baby elephant.
>
> A mother will do anything to protect her baby. The mother thinks that
> anyone who isn’t part of her herd is a threat to her baby.A mother will
> do anything to protect her baby. The mother thinks that anyone who isn’t
> part of her herd is a threat to her baby.
>
> Q12 Will air conditioner spoil if not used for a long time?
>
> Mignato Mignato, B.tech Air Conditioners & Household Appliances,
> Vishveshwaryav (2012) Answered Oct 11, 2020
>
> There is very less chance the AC get spoil if you not use it for a long
> time.You just need to service your AC and then there is no problem.
>
> But still there are lot of technician who shows fake Repair in your AC.
> Because the are working with a company and Company takes high commission
> charge.
>
> To overcome the charge or to make some extra money they shows fake
> Repairs.So never go with a company who provide service in commission basis.
>
> Company is just looking for their commission and that's it.
>
> 2ND ANSWER -Themistocles Padla
> Answered Mar 14
>
> I had a split type air-conditioner. It was rarely used for about a year.
> Then, I moved to another location. That aircon was not used for 5 years.
> Eventually, I had it reinstalled in my new place. VOILA, it worked and
> still does. It has been 8 years now.
>
> 3RD ANSWER Streiff, EPA certified section 608 Universal
> technicianAnswered Mar 14, 2016
>
> Any time an air conditioner is disused for a long period of time it is
> wise to have it re-commissioned by a technician, doing things like
> checking the filters, cleaning the coils, inspecting the circuits for
> damage from rodents and so on, lubricating motors and checking belts for
> rot, and a host of other things that can be the result of the passage of a
> long period of time. The refrigerant should be checked for acid and
> charge in certain cases. Whether this is cost-effective depends on the
> capacity of the unit in question, with low-capacity window units probably
> not, but with commercial units you are typically money ahead having the
> start-up done by a pro.
>
> AJ Perrie, studied Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning at Conestoga
> College (2016) Answered Mar 11, 2016
>
> The refrigerant would be fine but leaving condenser fans and even
> compressor motors to sit in the weather isn't great. I tell people even
> just an hour of use a month during the summer keeps it from seizing up.
>
> *All the above QA are from Quora website on 22-11- 2021. *
>
> *Compiled and posted by R. Gopala krishnan ,78, former AGM Telecom
> Trivandrum on 23-11-2021*
>
>
>
> --
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