Pranam Nandrum thethum pirar thara vaara, means said in Tamil that both the good and bad are sought by us only. 2 Three worldwide (pandemic) outbreaks of influenza occurred in the 20th century: in 1918, 1957, and 1968. The latter 2 were in the era of modern virology and most thoroughly characterised. All 3 have been informally identified by their presumed sites of origin as Spanish, Asian, and Hong Kong influenza, respectively. They are now known to represent 3 different antigenic subtypes of influenza A virus: H1N1, H2N2, and H3N2, respectively. Not classified as true pandemics are 3 notable epidemics: a pseudo pandemic in 1947 with low death rates, an epidemic in 1977 that was a pandemic in children, and an abortive epidemic of swine influenza in 1976 that was feared to have pandemic potential. Major influenza epidemics show no predictable periodicity or pattern, and all differ from one another. Evidence suggests that true pandemics with changes in hemagglutinin subtypes arise from genetic reassortment with animal influenza A viruses. 3 Viral hepatitis, including hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C, are a group of distinct diseases that affect the liver. Each has different hepatitis symptoms and treatments. Some causes of hepatitis include recreational drugs and prescription medications. Laboratory tests can determine hepatitis types. 4 HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus. It weakens a person’s immune system by destroying important cells that fight disease and infection. There is currently no effective cure for HIV. But with proper medical care, HIV can be controlled. Some groups of people in the United States are more likely to get HIV than others because of many factors, including their sex partners and risk behaviors. This section will give you basic information about HIV, such as how it’s transmitted, how you can prevent it, and how to get tested for HIV. HIV (*human immunodeficiency virus*) is a virus that attacks cells that help the body fight infection, making a person more vulnerable to other infections and diseases. It is spread by contact with certain bodily fluids of a person with HIV, most commonly during unprotected sex (sex without a condom or HIV medicine to prevent or treat HIV), or through sharing injection drug equipment.
If left untreated, HIV can lead to the disease AIDS (*acquired immunodeficiency syndrome*). The human body can’t get rid of HIV and no effective HIV cure exists. So, once you have HIV, you have it for life. 5 There are two narratives at large in India's COVID-19 story. One we might label “historical,” the other “insurgent.” Taking the historical first, the lessons and legacies of the past hang heavily over recent South Asian experience. COVID-19 might be a “novel” coronavirus to the epidemiologist, but to the historian, there is much about the behavior of the disease and the sociopolitical responses it has elicited that appears decidedly lacking in novelty. The events of early 2020 have so compellingly reminded commentators of the long sequence of pandemics that issued from or impacted the Subcontinent over the previous two hundred years—cholera from 1817, bubonic plague from 1896, influenza in 1918—that it has become commonplace, almost facile, to say that history is repeating itself.1 <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7556896/#fn1> As if to give credence to the idea of a recurring history, epidemiologists have long predicted that, a century on from the “Spanish flu” of 1918–19 (in which a quarter, perhaps a third, of the 40 to 50 million deaths worldwide occurred in India), a new pandemic, probably of influenza, was almost inevitable. India, with its billion-plus people, high population densities, widespread malnutrition and poverty, millions of migrant workers, and defective public health infrastructure, was bound to suffer most. By the template of 1918, millions of Indians would die.2 <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7556896/#fn2> Although pandemics and epidemics are commonly conflated, as if the former were merely the latter writ globally large, COVID-19 reminds us how different in their social dynamics and political reverberations one is from the other. Governments and health services try to manage their own epidemics; pandemics have long been global business. Held responsible for successive “waves” of disease—cholera, smallpox, dengue, plague—advancing overland toward Europe or entering the maritime circuits of the Indian Ocean, nineteenth-century India unwittingly helped fashion the modern concept of a pandemic, a concept that ran counter to widely held beliefs about the local origins of disease and varying susceptibility between races. Globalisation, with India as one of its principal nodes, further shaped the modern pandemic. Steamships and railroads, burgeoning international trade, and the movement of migrant labor (from and across South Asia) increased the speed and extended the reach of epidemic transmission and, aided by newspapers and telegraphs, fostered a global sense of vulnerability and alarm. While the progress of the cholera pandemic of 1817–23 was relatively slow, taking years to penetrate Western Europe and North America, by the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, it took only months for plague and weeks for influenza to traverse the globe. In each of these pandemics, India played a different role. In the cholera pandemic of the nineteenth century, India was (as critics of British rule seldom tired of arguing) the originator, incubator, and disseminator. With bubonic plague, India was the recipient of a disease coming (as now with COVID-19) westward out of China, but one that was especially feared lest India's ports passed on this latter-day Black Death to the Middle East and Europe. Ultimately, more than 90 percent of plague deaths worldwide occurred in India. With influenza in 1918, India was again a recipient, this time of a pandemic marching from west to east, from the war zones of Europe and the Middle East. Plague rumbled on for years; influenza did its killing in months. In this last great pandemic, India, despite suffering at least 12 million deaths, received scant international attention, its mortality overshadowed by war and the more widely publicised ravages of the disease in the West. With cholera and plague, India was the main story; with influenza, it was a sideshow. Ever since the cholera of the nineteenth century, pandemics have triggered a global blame game, a naming and shaming, that often simulates old rivalries. How has Britain done in the pandemic league compared with Germany, and India with Pakistan? As cholera so evidently erupted out of India, other empires and nations blamed the British for these deadly and repeated explosions and for the apparent failure of the colonial regime to stop the pandemics at their source, implicating Hindu bathing festivals, or, critiquing the hajj, along the lines of westward transmission from India to Europe's eastern approaches. International naming and shaming no longer operates—officially—through such stigmatising geographic designations as “Asiatic cholera” or “Hong Kong flu,” and yet the effect on the global pandemic imagination remains much the same. NB: Born 40s to 60s would have seen many plus and minus of history which no other generations totally witnessed. KR IRS 12122 On Wed, 12 Jan 2022 at 06:40, Markendeya Yeddanapudi < [email protected]> wrote: > > > -- > *Mar*Corona—Omicron-Variants-On and On > > > > Corona, or its new monster, Omicron, or the future monsters in queue, the > monsters must be trying to jump the queue, to give new and new markets, > attacks the breathing system. It causes diseases in breathing. Why? > > The answer is very clear. The air is made unfit for breathing, thanks to > the poisoning and pollution of the atmosphere. > > We have to realize that the so called economic development, with > industrialization, leads to the extinction of the Biosphere completely, the > process of extinction will gather momentum, day after day. > > Virus making has become the new market spinner, which will compete with > another big industry-Coffin Making. There will be big unemployment among > the humans; while there will be boom in the employment of Robots. > > As long as the air is poisoned, with the euphemism of economic > development, the process of extinction cannot be stopped. > > Extinction is not new to earth. In fact 99.999999…% of the Biosphere > became extinct repeatedly, and now we are tempting, by provoking mother > earth to do another extinction. > > Now already we find the ardent advocates of space exploration, for > settlement in the other planets, including our moon, and then Mars, in the > Moons of Jupiter and Saturn, on and on…, to escape from earth. > > Modern Economics has failed. Its basic dictum is a contradiction. Your > cost is my income. If you reduce your costs in the name of efficiency, I > lose my income and you lose the market. This simple fact is being > obfuscated by swamping the contradiction, with mathematics, so that the > impression of the high brow, gives it the appearance of a great > sophisticated science. The very process of economics, leads to the > recurring redundancy of jobs, the new jobs requiring new expertises, the > new expertise becoming redundant, creating the crash of very big > undertakings. > > So employment opportunities are continuously found in the preparation for > wars, weapons, investments in space etc.When you go on rattling weapons and > indulging in small wars, the net result will be the poisoning of the air, > and new and new viruses. So the new virus will become the new employment > spinner. > > Air, once was the wonderful language of the Biosphere, wherein every > organism conversed with other organisms, via inhaling messages of smell and > exhaling responses by smells. The result was the feeling of nature and the > emergence of the concept of God. > > Today, we just cannot accept the fact that air once was the language of > the Biosphere. It is not proved scientifically; assert the Darwinists or > the Dawkinists of today. > > There is the Butterfly effect. So start reviving nature in your small > personal way. Plant a seed, try to smell converse with a plant or animal. > You start the butterfly effect and nature may return with health and the > earth will be free from economics, the euphemism for poisoning the air, > water and land. > > We do not even realize the fact that by disabling ourselves from > conversing via breathing, smelling and sensing, we have really become dumb, > and the languages which we use to speak only to the fellow humans is > suffocated in the dungeon- the VIBGYOR. > > YM > > -- > You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups > "iyer123" group. > To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an > email to [email protected]. > To view this discussion on the web visit > https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/iyer123/CACDCHCKLMGNWh-Y8cfoHOxTG7sMbuCnJqEBRp7mvq2v2T%3Ds7-A%40mail.gmail.com > <https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/iyer123/CACDCHCKLMGNWh-Y8cfoHOxTG7sMbuCnJqEBRp7mvq2v2T%3Ds7-A%40mail.gmail.com?utm_medium=email&utm_source=footer> > . > -- You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "Thatha_Patty" group. 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