Pranam
Q2: Virtually all grhya sutras cannot overstep the vedas; sp there cannot
be differences among the brya sutras at all. The procedures and the
additional mantras and the way they are pronounced etc may vary; hence one
group may not be able to work with another group. Main GSs are 4 as
states below and the works of those sutras enunciated shortly:
"Griya sutra synopsis
The Grihya Sutra deals with 16 Samskaras “ceremonies” and daily yajnas
“sacrifices” that mark various stages of a householder’s life.
2 Three sutras, namely, Grihya, Shrauta, and Dharma, constitute the
Kalpa sutras that are a collection of scriptures that emerged during
different Vedic schools . The Grihya Sutra describes ceremonies for special
occasions, seasonal ceremonies, and five daily sacrifices, particularly
starting from the inception of life to reaching the final destination,
i.e., death. The Hindu scholars believe that Grihya Sutra was composed
during the same period when the Hindu scriptures were composed. The main
Grihya Sutras are Sankhayana Grihya Sutra, Asvalayana Grihya Sutra,
Paraskara { please note not Parasara} Grihya Sutra, and Khadira Grihya
Sutra.
3 Each Veda has a separate Grihya Sutra: the Grihya Sutra of Rig Veda
includes Asvalayana and Sankhayana Grihya Sutra, and the method of
construction of building and dwelling time has been described
4 Also the third Grihya Sutra discusses the rituals related to marriage,
Upanayana, agriculture, and last death rites. In Yajurveda, we have
Paraskar Grihya Sutra. Various commentators, including Jairama, Gadadhara,
and Vishwanatha, provide commentaries on it. The Baudhayana, Apastamba,
Bharadwaja, and Kathaka are included in the Grihya Sutra of Krishna
Yajurveda, whereas Kaushika Grihya Sutra is part of the Atharva Veda. In
this entry, however, we will discuss a few Samskaras based on the Grihya
Sutra .
5 The Grihya Sutra describes the doctrine of five yajnas “sacrifices”:
Brahma “the supreme being,” Pitra “father,” Dev “god,” atithi “guest,” and
Bhuta “ghost” to repay Dev Rna “god’s debt,” Rsi Rna “sage’s debt,” and
Pitra Rna “father’s debt .” The householder studies Veda everyday to repay
Brahma and Rsi debt. Also it is required to perform morning and evening
prayers. The last rites are performed to pay the father’s debt. While
offering oblations in the fire, the god’s debt is paid – gods, such as
Indra, Soma, and Prajapati are worshipped. The Atithi yajna is considered
more beneficial than any other yajna, since atithi “guest” can be any
person – a saint or a beggar – coming to the houses of householders. A
guest is considered like a deva; therefore it is required to welcome and
respect a guest and provide him with food and shelter. In the Bhuta yajna,
an individual first offers food to agni “fire,” lepers, dog, crow, etc.
before he/she feeds oneself. The Bhuta yajna is also known as Bali Vaishva
Dev yajna. Besides these five yajnas, there are other yajna, such as Paka
yajna, soma yajna, and havir yajna, which are performed on special
occasions.
6 The Samskaras are domestic rites performed by a householder to
celebrate the most important stages or turning point in one’s life. The 16
Samskaras are known as Shodasha Samskaras, and a detail discussion on each
one is also found in Brihadaranyaka Upanishad . In Garbhadhana Samskara,
the rites are performed to ensure the birth of a good child. The age of
husband and wife during this Samskara should not be less than 25 and 16,
respectively. The Pumsavana Samskara is performed in the third, fourth, or
eighth month after conceiving. The pregnant wife takes bath, wears clean
cloth, and observes fast. The juice of Vat Vriksha “banyan tree” was
dropped in the right nasal of the pregnant woman. This Samskara is
performed for begetting a son. Also, Simantonnayana Samskara is performed
in the fourth or fifth month of pregnancy. Jatakarmana Samskara is
performed after the birth of a child. In this Samskara, the father of the
child gives him lick honey and butter and utters Meghajanam mantra.
7 The Namakarana Samskara is performed to give a name to the newborn baby
– a golden leaf is tied to the left wrist of the child. The Nishkramana
Sanskar is performed when a child is taken out of the house for the first
time. Any day from the twelfth day to the fourth month of child’s birth is
appropriate. When the child is given solid food for the first time, the
Annaprashana Samskara is performed. According to Manu, a child is
introduced to solid food when he is 6-month-old. During this Samskara,
Kheer ``rice cooked in sweet milk” is offered to the child. And the breast
feed[1]ing of the child hereafter comes to an end after Annaprashana
Samskara. Chudakarana Samskara is performed between 1 year and 3 years –
the head of the child is tonsured, and only a tuft of hair is left on the
top of the head. In the Karnavedha Samskara, the earlobes of the child are
pierced [4]. According to Brihaspati, this Samskara should be performed on
the tenth or fifteenth day of a child's birth, whereas Katyayana prescribes
it in third or fifth year of child’s birth. In Vidyarambha Samskara, the
child is taught alphabets. The Upanayana Samskara marks the beginning of a
formal education.
8 According to Grihya Sutra, the age of initiating this Samskara is 8
years for Brahmin, 11 years for Kshatriya, and 12 years for Vaishya. The
boy wears a sacred thread, known as Yagyopaveeta after performing the rite.
Formally, this Samskara marks the entrance in the Brahmacharya Ashram.
9 There is a Samskara, namely, Vidyarambha Samskara, which is not
mentioned in the Grihya Sutra. Since Vedas were the integral part of
education, it was not considered appropriate to formally introduce it . In
the Gau-dana Samskara, the boy gives a cow to his Acharya. When a student
comes back home, it is known as Samavartana Samskara. The Vivaha Samskara
is performed at the time of marriage. And the last is Antyeshti Samskara.
This Samskara is performed after the death of a person. Since death is not
a welcoming event, however, inevitable – this Samskara is not mentioned in
a number of Grihya Sutra.
1 P. Jain et al. (eds.), Hinduism and Tribal Religions, Encyclopedia of
Indian Religions,
2 Apte VM (1954) Social and religious life in the Grihya sutras. Popular
Book Depot, Bombay
3 Oldenburg H, Müller FM (1964) The Grihya-sutras. Motilal Banarsidass,
Delhi
Q3 ?
Q5 Why was it not asked why AUM is not believed?. WHAT IS SOUND?; AS A
PHYSICS MAN, Sound is defined as "(a) Oscillation
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscillation> in pressure, stress, particle
displacement, particle velocity, etc., propagated in a medium with internal
forces (e.g., elastic or viscous), or the superposition of such propagated
oscillation. (b) Auditory sensation evoked by the oscillation described in
(a)." Sound can be viewed as a wave motion in air or other elastic media.
In this case, sound is a stimulus. Sound can also be viewed as an
excitation of the hearing mechanism that results in the perception of
sound. In this case, sound is a sensation
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense>. Hence, calling it by whatever name,
displacement only causes space and expansion; heap of sand and muddle is a
hill;and vice versa; and whenever there is a motion there is a hiss or
sound in many different decibels; so theory of Big Bang is not a greater
science since the scientists will not be here after many displacements.
Vacuum does not displace. So the Big Bang is only an imaginery thing worked
out mathematically with different figures as science advanced. On the
contrary, AUM an ekakshara was spoken in depth both scientifically and
religiously as to its nature in Vedas and upanishads. STEWAN HADDOCK might
be a sceptic as Canadians who are striving not to have the vaccine are
forcing Trudeau and his wife to hide, as they as sceptics express
unknown things as very well known.
Q8 Were there any dark ages in India in any part of the era? Byu
blindfolding one cannot say the SUN is set.
Q10 Snakes: its sensor is correct; also it senses through the body the
tremor of a small step placed by us. Snake poison is grave in India only
with 4 snakes, Naga Snake, Kattu variyan (not viriyan) , kannadi viriyan
and russell viper and the rest are not dangerous or even many do not have
poison at all. The proverbs ``pambin kal pambariyum: and Pambuch
chevi (ears) are made fun of; but the real truth is that even one may fail
to hear with the ears but the snakes can hear or sense through the body and
twin-spikes the movements hence those proverbs enhancing the merits of the
eavesdroppers and evil minds. Poison is actually a digestive hormone of the
snakes that acts as venom into humans paralysing the system. If one were to
rush any one on a snake bite, please take to Government general
hospitals as Private though treat patients, have no stock of the remedy in
system. Also why doctors ask what kind of snake bite, because the
anti-venom we have is only for the 4 types of snakes we mentioned above and
the world does not have anti-venom of othersanakes yet. So if any one bit
is going to swoon better let him say whomsoever he meets first, had he seen
the name of the snake; but what about the Atharva veda mantras?. What about
first aid done?Many might poop poo; but the science behind is not yet known
to our minds so URuVU KANDU ELLAMAI VENDUM. KR IRS 31/01/21
On Mon, 31 Jan 2022 at 08:05, 'gopala krishnan' via iyer123 <
[email protected]> wrote:
> *CULTURAL QA 01-2022-31*
>
> *BEING A COMPILATION THERE MAY BE ERRORS*
>
> Q1 How dangerous is sugar to our health?
>
> A1 Lucia Garcia Worked at Hospitals Thu
>
> Sugars are carbohydrates. Fat, carbohydrate and protein are the three
> major sources of energy required by the human body.
>
> The main function of sugar is to provide calories for the human body. *Like
> other nutrients, sugar is an indispensable nutrient for maintaining health*
> .
>
> If there is a lack of protein and fat, the body will not have immediate
> problems, but *if there is a lack of sugar, the body is prone to symptoms
> such as fatigue, dizziness, vertigo, muscle achesand, drowsiness so on.*
>
> In general, don't eat too much sugar, especially refined sugar. *The WHO
> recommends that adults consume no more than 25 grams (6 tablespoons) of
> sugar per day.*
>
> Sugar intake is closely related to obesity, diabetes, high blood sugar,
> high blood pressure, high cholesterol, heart disease, and metabolic
> syndrome.
>
> However, some experts believe that the amount of sugar consumed is not the
> most important.
>
> What matters most is how fast the sugar gets into the bloodstream. It is
> very important for the body to maintain proper blood sugar levels.
>
> Because in addition to sugar, fruits are also rich in dietary fiber,
> vitamins, and minerals, which can reduce the speed of sugar entering the
> bloodstream, thereby effectively maintaining the stability of blood sugar.
>
> *Eating fruits high in sugar is the best way to replenish your body with
> sugar!*
>
> Top 14 Fruits Highest in Sugar:
>
> Lychee, coconut, mango, pineapple, grape, pomegranate, date, durian,
> dragon fruit, jackfruit, persimmon, watermelon, kiwi and banana.
>
> Q2 What are the differences between brahminical traditions of
> North vs South India?
>
> A2 Rami Sivan Priest, Dharma teacher, counsellor, Gov. Advisor
> (1998–present)16h
>
> *The major difference is in the Veda followed.*
>
> *The majority of Northern brahmins follow the Shukla-Yajur Veda.*
>
> And Southerners follow the Krishna-Yajur Veda. There are also small
> pockets of Brahmins that follow the Rig, Shukla Yajur and Sāma Vedas.
>
> *Each Veda is associated with a Grihya sūtra which determines and
> structures the ceremonies and rituals practiced and have different formats.*
>
> So the Shukla-Yajur Veda is associated with the Parāskara Grihya Sūtra.
>
> The Krishna-Yajur Veda is associated with the Āpastamba, Baudhāyana and
> Hiraṇyakeśin Grihya sūtras.
>
> *The differences are in the chanting style of the Vedas, the mantras
> deployed in the various rituals*
>
> The format of the rituals themselves have many variations, so much so that
> the Northerner and Southerner priests cannot work together in the same
> ceremonies.
>
> The Sukla-Veda in South India is chanted differently to the North Indian
> recension and is closer to that of the Krishna Yajur Veda.
>
> *My note- Answer is by a westerner converted to* Hinduism. Due merits may
> be given to his answer.
>
> Q4 How were serfs different from Roman slaves?
>
> A4 Matt Riggsby MA Archaeological Studies, Boston University
> Jan 16
>
> *Roman slaves might fill a variety of roles from short-*lived salt miner
> to skilled educator. It was a legal status but not a job description. A
> slave might also be disposed of as their owner saw fit (bought and sold,
> physically and sexually abused, etc.), with few if any legal rights.
>
> *Serfs were more or less exclusively peasants, agricultural workers who
> grew crops first for* themselves and secondarily to sell their surplus.
> They’re what’s often called “semi-free” workers because *they had a
> number of rights and legal protections and could not be used and abused at
> will, *but they also had some substantial obligations. In particular,
> they were obligated to provide certain kinds of service, notably labor
> working pieces of land owned by their landlord. They were tied to the land,
> with that obligation going with the ownership of the land itself. If their
> landlord sold his land to somebody else, they’d find themselves providing
> labor to the new landlord. *They weren’t bought and sold as such, but
> their labor was bought and sold indirectly.*
>
> Q5 How do we know there was a Big Bang?
>
> A5 Steven Haddock Studied at York University (Canada)Jan 13
>
> If someone set off a grenade in your room while you were far *away, you
> would get home and obviously say “Hey! Someone set off a grenade in here!
> There’s debris in a spherical pattern all around the explosion site”.*
>
> Now, a skeptic could say “You weren’t there. You can’t be sure”.
>
> *Well, since the 1970s, scientists have been able to detect the remnants
> of the initial expansion of the universe, commonly called the Big Bang.
> It’s the* cosmic background radiation.
>
> Here’s the current map of it, but it was first detected in the 1960s by a
> couple of guys from Bell Labs who were wondering why there was so much
> microwave interference. They tried to find the source and the source turned
> out to be “everywhere”. This radiation precisely matched calculations of
> what the radiation from the Big Bang would look like.You can even see it
> yourself. Get an old CRT television and tune it to a blank station. About a
> third of the static is remnants of the Big Bang. The rest is from local
> sources.*So, we know there was a Big Bang because we can still see its
> results.*
>
> Q6 Wheather heating hard water make it soft water?
>
> A6 No, heating hard water with a water heater does not make it
> soft water. Scale problems are different from gas to electric water
> heaters. In both, it prevents the efficient transfer of heat from the
> heating element or flame to the water to be heated. In other words, *it
> costs more to heat water and the water heater will not last as long if the
> water is hard.* Built-up minerals in a water heater can be so bad as to
> take up space that should contain hot water, making the holding capacity of
> the heater less than it should be. In electric water heaters, scale first
> forms on the heating element then flakes off into the tank, building upon
> the bottom. *When the build up is deep enough to cover the bottom heating
> element, chances are good that the element will overheat and burn out.*
>
> Blue Mount Alkaline RO Water purifier is India’s first Alkaline RO water
> purifier with LED display and is a leading brand as it has a wide range of
> water purifiers that help you to drink healthy and safe water which can
> help you to boost your health and make you more healthy and fit. *The
> water purifiers remove the acid components from the water and make the
> water more pure and safe to drink*. So, switch your drinking habits to
> Alkaline Water.
>
> Q7 Is the National Pension Scheme better than the old pension
> scheme?
>
> A7 Prasanna Bhalerao M. Sc. in Electronics & Physics,
> Fergusson College, Pune Jan 17
>
> *The question of comparison - good vs. not so good - is relevant only if
> there is an option*. For example, housewives know that Sihor wheat is the
> better quality wheat as compared to produce from other areas of the country
> (matter of opinion also). But this is based on the fact that we can buy
> Sihor wheat or other wheat. There is a matter of cost and affordability
> also. Anyway, the point is that the *old pension scheme is no more an
> option for government employees*. So whether OPS was good or bad is a
> matter of academic interest.
>
> *Nevertheless, if one insists on a comparison, then it is a question of
> fixed return vs. variable/ indeterminate return.*
>
> *The old government pension scheme was a fixed payment based on the last
> salary drawn*. It was periodically revised with each Pay Commission. This
> was beneficial to quite a few retirees as they were assured an income.
> The disadvantage was that *people who retired early, say in the 90s,
> retired at lower last pay and their pension pay was thus lower.* Even
> with successive Pay Commission revisions, they were always behind. In fact,
> this was one of the reasons (not the only reason) of the Indian Army’s OROP
> issue. Civil Services officers, MPs, MLAs corrected this anomaly for their
> cadre but the rest of the government servants lagged*. The old scheme
> was/is a tremendous burden to the exchequer.* It was/is also unfair to
> the private sector who had no such fallback other than PF.
>
> To correct this, (mainly to reduce the cost burden), the government
> introduced NPS for the government servants. Then this scheme was extended
> to the private sector. *The advantage of NPS is that the returns are
> linked to the market*. As we know, the equity market usually outperforms
> debt and fixed income. But market-linked investments are not guaranteed.
> Imagine that *the pensioner has invested for last 20 years in NPS and
> just at the time of retirement, the market crashes*. This would cause a
> tremendous loss to the pensioner. Of course, the government makes the
> investment in a mix of Debt + Equity (much like Hybrid/Balance funds) and
> not all is lost.
>
> *The NPS scheme has been in effect for over a decade, and so far has
> delivered 8% to 10% annualised returns*. Currently, there is a cap in the
> range of 75% to 50% on equity exposure for the National Pension Scheme. For
> government employees, this cap is 50%. In the range prescribe, the equity
> portion will reduce by 2.5% each year beginning from the year in which the
> investor turns 50 years of age. However, for an investor of the age 60
> years and above, the cap is fixed at 50%. This stabilizes the risk-return
> equation in the interest of investors, which means the corpus is somewhat
> safe from the equity market volatility.
>
> *But behind all this financial jargon, what does it really mean to the
> person investing in NPS? **The* bottom line is that the investor can get
> more pension from NPS than from earlier old pension scheme.
>
> Q8 What exactly was the Dark Ages?
>
> A8 Claire Jordan Degree in biology and folklore; programmer,
> shop owner, secretary on newspaper Jan 20
>
> *A period of several centuries following the fall of the Roman Empire
> during which secular literacy was low*, so we don’t have many written
> accounts, other than by monks, to “illuminate” the period. It wasn’t
> especially “dark” otherwise, aside from a few decades around the 6th C
> which were literally dark due to a huge volcanic eruption in Iceland.
>
> Q9 Why were covered bridges built?
>
> A9 Bob deWitt Art History Professor, Utah Valley University Thu
>
> That’s a good question when you think about it; *it seems like it would
> be to protect the traveler from rain or snow when traveling the road*.
> But if that’s the purpose, why not just save the expense, engineering, and
> labor since the amount of time a traveler would be under the protection of
> a covered bridge would be minuscule compared to the rest of the time on the
> road. So, that’s not the answer.
>
> Since bridges—especially ones built years ago—were made of wood due to the
> cost of cast iron or steel (assuming those materials were even available), the
> basic purpose for covering a bridge with a roof is to protect the wood from
> rain and snow. Wood that is exposed to the elements deteriorates quickly.
> Thus, wooden bridges with exposed wooden superstructures are vulnerable to
> rot. So, covering the bridges with roofing protects them from the weather
> so they will last longer. Bridge engineers claim that uncovered wooden
> bridges have a 20-year lifespan; but a covered wooden bridge can last up to
> a 100 years.
>
> Also, one of the factors in engineering a bridge of any kind is the ‘load’
> that the road surface will carry. *If a bridge is uncovered, then the
> weight of snow must be taken into consideration*, and that can be
> considerable. If the bridge road surface is protected with a roof from
> which snow can slide, then the load is greatly reduced and the engineering
> can be less substantial.Finally, since bridges—like freeway overpasses—are
> vulnerable to icing since they are suspended (over a river), the roof can
> mostly eliminate the icing that would otherwise accumulate on the bridge
> road surface.
>
> Q10 Is it true that snakes smell through their tongue?
>
> A10 Ken Saladin Former professor of histology (microscopic
> anatomy)Fri
>
> Snakes can smell airborne scents through the nose, but that aspect of
> their olfactory sense is minor. *They primarily use the tongue*. They
> gather scent molecules from the air or ground on the tongue, but then to
> smell it, insert the forks of the tongue into a sensory structure in the
> roof of the mouth called the vomeronasal (Jacobsen’s) organ (VNO). That’s
> what has the odorant receptor smells and generates the signal to the brain.
> One
> might say the tongue just gathers the scent and the VNO smells it, although
> more accurately, it’s the brain the smells things; the VNO just generates
> the signals for the brain to interpret, just as our nose does.
>
> Many other animals from lizards to rodents and cats also have a VNO.
> Humans have a vestigial, nonfunctional one.
>
> Q11 What is the role and effect of synaptic inhibition?
>
> A11 Ken Saladin Author, Anatomy & Physiology—The Unity of Form
> and Function Wed
>
> Suppose you’ve been cooking on an electric stove, you turned off the
> burner just a minute or two ago, and it’s still hot. *You accidentally
> touch that surface and you draw back quickly to escape being seriously
> burned—the classic withdrawal reflex.*
>
> Then you brew a cup of hot tea, put it to your lips, and take a sip of tea
> even hotter than that slowly cooling burner was. *Yet you don’t pull
> back, because you knew from experience it was going to be pretty hot but
> wouldn’t injure you.*
>
> Why didn’t the reflex kick in and slop your hot tea all over you? Because
> somewhere along your reflex pathway, one or more synapses were inhibited
> and the withdrawal reflex didn’t occur. Some neuron or neural pool in the
> CNS was getting excitatory input, signals from heat-sensitive nerve
> endings in your lips that were saying, figuratively, “Hot! Danger!” But it
> was also receiving inhibitory input originating in some memory region of
> your cerebral cortex saying, “Safe! Don’t pull back!”
>
> Synapses exist to make decisions. Decisions are based on such proportions
> of excitatory to inhibitory synaptic effects. Each interneuron or motor
> neuron is like a little cellular democracy, “taking a vote” from the
> neurons that feed into it. “Should I fire?” Some of the input neurons cast
> Yes notes and some cast No votes. The majority vote wins.It’s a little more
> complex than that. Unlike human voters, input neurons can vote weakly or
> vote intensely. “Yeah, I guess so” or “Oh hell yeah!” But this is the
> essence of it.
>
> The spinal gating of pain signals is another example of the value of
> synaptic inhibition:
>
> *All the above QA are from Quora website on 30-01- 2022. *
>
> *Compiled and posted by R. Gopala krishnan on 31-01-2022*
>
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