Pranam Q3: Where Darwin went wrong is not answered but 4 lines were wasted. a SHORT TREATMENT KR IRS 6222
DARWIN ADOPTION IS not CORRECT 1 It is an extension of an argument first presented as "Why Pigs Don't Have Wings" Conceptually, it argued that the theory of natural selection contains an equivocation, as to whether selection acts upon individuals or on traits, and that to juxtapose both "depends on whether adaptationism <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptationism> is able to provide the required notion of ‘selection for’", and that adoptionism fails to meet this burden. The crucial test is whether one’s pet theory can distinguish between selection for trait A and selection for trait B when A and B are coextensive: were polar bears selected for being white or for matching their environment? Search me; and search any kind of adaptationism I’ve heard of. Nor am I holding my breath till one comes along. Fodor suggested that there is also an "*empirical issue*" involving phenotypic <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotype> "free-riders" (the evolutionary by-products that Gould and Leontien developed the 'spandrel' metaphor for). Feodor suggests that "serious alternatives to adaptationism have begun to emerge", and offers evolutionary developmental <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_development> theory ('evo-devo') as one such alternative. Stephen J. Gould <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_J._Gould> and Richard Lewontin <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Lewontin> had rendered a volume. 2 Dennett states that Feodor’s discussion of Gould and Leontien’s spandrel argument misrepresents that argument, stating "that far from suggesting an alternative to adaptationism, the very concept of a spandrel depends on there being adaptations". Feodor, in his reply letter, argues that Dennett owes an explanation. Blackburn writes that "His problem is fortunately quite easily solved [...] Two traits may be found together in nature, but one can play a causal role in producing a reproductive advantage, when the other does not." We can thus know that the trait that gives the advantage is the one being selected. Fodor replies that the problem is not merely about our knowledge of what is being selected, but the process of selection itself:* "how can the operation of selection distinguish traits that are coextensive in a creature's ecology?"* Blackburn writes back that Feodor’s question is irrelevant to the process of natural selection as actually formulated by biologists, *viz.* organisms with genes that enhance reproductive success are more likely to pass on genes to the next generation, and so the frequency of those genes increases. "Is this incoherent? Nothing Fodor says bears on that question." Feodor replies that the picture sketched by Blackburn is incomplete. Once the picture is made complete by adding in "the Darwin bit" - "that the white bears were selected ‘because of’ their improved camouflage, and that the white bears were ‘selected for’ their improved camouflage: i.e. that the improved camouflage ‘explains’ why the white bears survived and flourished," then the incoherence is clear. Fodor claims that the theory of natural selection does not entail the aforementioned selection-for explanation. "What’s ‘incoherent’ is to admit that the theory of natural selection can’t distinguish among locally coextensive properties while continuing to claim that natural selection explains why polar bears are white." 3 *Against Darwinism *JERRY F€ODOR <https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/action/doSearch?ContribAuthorStored=FODOR%2C+JERRY>; *What Darwin Got Wrong (Paperback) *By Jerry Feodor <https://www.indiebound.org/search/book?keys=author%3AFodor%2C%20Jerry>, Massimo Piattelli-Palmarini <https://www.indiebound.org/search/book?keys=author%3APiattelli-Palmarini%2C%20Massimo>; <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond_Natural_Selection> *Beyond Natural Selection is a 1991 book by Robert G. Wesson, published by MIT Press. Darwinian fairy tales by Stove. K R IRS 6222 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond_Natural_Selection>* * <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond_Natural_Selection>* * <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond_Natural_Selection>* On Sun, 6 Feb 2022 at 08:31, 'gopala krishnan' via iyer123 < [email protected]> wrote: > *CULTURAL QA 02-2022-06* > > *BEING A COMPILATION THERE MAY BE ERRORS* > > Q1 Does anyone have a vitamin B12 deficiency? > > A1 Lucia Garcia Worked at HospitalsJan 26 > > *Vitamin B12 is a water-soluble vitamin and one of 13 essential vitamins > for the body.* > > The main physiological function of vitamin B12 is to participate *in the > production of red blood cells, so that the body's hematopoietic function is > in a normal state*, preventing pernicious anemia, and preventing damage > to the brain nerves. > > Lack of vitamin B12 can cause megaloblastic anemia, mainly manifested as > symptoms of anemia such as fatigue, dizziness, paleness and so on. > > *Some people also experience neurological symptoms such as depression, > memory loss,* tingling in the hands and feet, loss of sensation, numbness > and muscle weakness. > > The body cannot synthesize vitamin B12 and needs to get it from food or > supplements. Adults only need 2.4 micrograms of vitamin B12 per day. > > If you consume too much vitamin B12, some of it will be stored in the > body, mainly in the liver. > > An adult can store 2 mg to 5 mg of vitamin B12, which can meet the body's > needs for several years. > > However, some surveys suggest that vitamin B12 deficiency is fairly > common, affecting between 1.5% and 15% of the general population. > > *Eating foods rich in vitaminB12 is an easy, effective way to supplement > vitaminB12.* > > The following are foods rich in vitamin B12:… > > My nore- Vegetables– Usually, most vegetables contain some amount of > Vitamin B12, but there are some Vitamin B12 foods for vegetarians that > contain a very high amount of Vitamin B12 namely- Spinach, Beetroot, > Potatoes, Mushrooms, alfalfa, and others.23-Nov-2020(*by google search*) > > Q2 Where do all those human cadvers in medical schools come > from? Have these people agreed to be dissected by medical students? > > MY note- Lengthy answer > > A2 Abraham Sukumar In medical service in India for more than > three decades Jan 25 > > When I joined the Madras Medical College, Madras (now Chennai), India in > 1950 *there was never any shortage of cadavers for anatomical study*. The > bodies were of people who had died with no claimants. *Unclaimed bodies > for short.* > > In those days study of anatomy, physiology and biochemistry was for the > first two years of the medical course. Students had to dissect every inch > of the human body. Guided by the three volumes of Cunningham’s Manual of > Practical Anatomy, no part of the body was left undissected. We even sawed > through the temporal bone to study the tiny ossicles of the inner ear. > > First-year students dissected the upper and lower limbs. I had a partner > to dissect one arm of the body allotted to us. Two of my classmates had the > other arm, two more one lower limb, and two more the other lower limb. In > the afternoon session, four second-year students did the head, neck, and > brain, and four other second years the thorax and the abdomen. > > *When my colleague and I started the dissection, the body was in pristine > condition*, untouched by any student’s scalpel. The body was that of a > male about 50 years old. He had a three- or four-day growth of beard and a > moustache. There were signs that he had worked on his moustache for one end > was pointed. He was not well nourished but not famished by any means. *To > our untrained eyes, there were no signs of disease.* > > How did he come to this plight? He was well enough to have had a shave > three or four days before his death, and self-respecting enough to twirl > his moustache. He had probably come to the city to seek a job when he fell > ill and died. He certainly did not come to any hospital for in that case > his address would be on record. He must have been ill in some rest house > when he died. The body would have come to the mortuary and with no > claimants, it was transferred to the department of anatomy as sanctioned by > the Anatomy Act. > > *Some villager with a wife and children gone to Madras to seek a job who > never returned*. That is the story. There is no way a poor village woman > could have searched for her missing husband. If he had committed a crime > the police would have done that but as a law-abiding citizen, he was not > entitled to help from that source. > > *We started dissecting. One of us read Cunningham while the other > dissected*. The next day our roles were reversed. With that dead man’s > help, I learned the anatomy of the upper limb. Next semester another > unknown man taught me the anatomy of the lower limb, and the next year > another the head, neck, and brain, and yet another the thorax and the > abdomen. When the dissection is over the body will be in tatters. We once > asked an attendant what happened to the body after the dissection is over. *He > gave a one-word answer. ‘Kuppai’*, he said the Tamil word for garbage. > None of us ever even in our dreams thanked the persons who had gifted their > bodies so that we could earn a decent living. This must be the utter limit > of ingratitude. > > It is almost three-quarters of a century since that event. There are many > changes*. Unclaimed bodies cannot be that freely available in Chennai > (hopefully) today.* In 1950 there were only two medical colleges in > Madras. Now there are many, but the need for cadavers would not be > proportionately increased. Students do only token dissection now. Dissected > specimens are used for the study. Anatomy has become a one-year course. > For the life of me, I am unable to understand how human anatomy can be > taught in one year. The great pleasure and privilege of medical studies, > namely dissecting every inch of the human body, is lost to the modern-day > medical student. > > *But anatomy departments do need cadavers.* Nowadays there is a new source. > Many high-minded persons donate their bodies for anatomical studies. A > cousin of mine donated his body for anatomy. When he passed away two years > ago the Anatomy Department of the Stanley Medical College, Chennai sent its > van to collect the body. A short while ago I asked his daughter what > happened after the dissection was over. She was not aware of what > instructions the donor had left for disposal of the remains. *It is > usually cremated or buried as per the wishes of the deceased.* > > Colleges in many southeast Asian countries have a more refined approach. > They call it the Silent Mentors Programme. The dissectors are told a brief > story of the body they are dissecting. The body is treated with reverence > due to the dead. *Once a year the staff and students assemble in the > dissecting theatre to thank the persons for allowing their bodies to be > used for the benefit of mankind.* > > *My note- Cadaver: A dead human body that may be used by physicians and > other scientists to study anatomy,* identify disease sites, determine > causes of death, and provide tissue to repair a defect in a living human > being. ... A dead body is usually a corpse in a mystery story. > > Q3 What are 3 different errors committed by the evolutionists > in the twentieth century in their attempts to prove that man evolved from > the apes? > > A3 Claire Jordan Degree in biology and folklore; programmer, > shop owner, secretary on newspaper17h > > There aren’t any - really, there aren’t. The only way evolution could not > be true is if *nothing* is true and the world is nothing but a simulation > (and even then, it would be a simulation which simulates evolution). Grow > up and stop embarrassing yourselves and your religion. *And humans aren’t > just descended from apes, humans *are* apes.* > > Q4 What are the top reasons to remodel your home? > > A4 Foster MacKenzie , B.A., B.E.D.S., B.Arch Architecture & > The Environment, Dalhousie University-Halifax (1979)Answered Tue > > *Why remodel your home?* > > *.1 to maintain it’s market value. Home quickly lose* their attraction to > potential buyers - curb appeal, colors, quality, layout - all contribute > to the desire of someone else to own your home when you decide it is time - > having to leave because of age / health, having to relocate, wanting to > move “up”, etc. > > 2 why wait until you are ready to sell / relocate to fix your place up. Do > it now so you can enjoy a modern and up to date environment as well. > > .3 to keep your place safe with upgrades > > .4 to reduce maintenance costs when things start to go wrong- replacing > old equipment and finishes now will save you repairs later. Repairs are a > lot more costly than re-modelling. > > .5 to increase the market value of your home - to maintain value with > other homes in the neighbourhood > > Q5 What happens if you stop eating sugar for 14 days? > > A5 Lucia Garcia Worked at Hospitals Wed > > *Sugar is a high-calorie food that provides energy to the body. 1 gram of > sugar contains 4 calories.* > > *The intake of too much sugar cannot be consumed in the body, it will be > converted into fat, which will lead to obesity, hypertension*, > hyperlipidemia and other cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. > > The American Medical Association surveyed 10,000 sugar-lovers for 15 years > and found that sugar-lovers had 2 to 3 times the risk of death from heart > disease than ordinary people. > > Excessive sugar can also increase the burden on the pancreatic islets, > affect pancreatic islets function, and increase the risk of diabetes and > fatty liver. > > In addition, clinical studies have shown that excess sugar is combined > with the the collagen and elastin fibers of the skin, resulting in a > glycation reaction. > > *Glycation reaction is one of the main causes of skin aging.* > > Therefore, a dietary pattern that does not eat any added sugars can be > very beneficial to your overall health. > > After 14 days of quitting added sugars, you will notice that your skin is > firmer, more elastic, is incredibly radiant and wrinkles are reduced > considerably. > > At the same time, your weight is slowly decreasing and body is also much > healthier. > > The main goal is to cut out all added sugar and foods high in added sugar > within 14 days, including bread, biscuits, cakes, candy, ice cream, > cookies, soda, sugar-sweetened coffee drinks and so on. > > *It is recommended to eat more nutritious, natural foods without added > sugar*. Natural sugars are found in foods such as vegetables, fruits, and > dairy products, > > Natural foods contain not only natural sugars, but also vitamins, dietary > fiber, minerals, and more. These substances slow down the rate at which > sugar enters the bloodstream and keep blood sugar stable. > > Sugar in natural foods does not pose any health risks. > > Q6 What fruits do not taste like the artificial flavors with > their names? > > Q6 EE Lifetime pop culture enthusiastJan 22 > > The biggest one for me is blueberry. > > As a kid, I loved blueberry-flavored candies and such. The first time I > tried something like blueberry cheesecake, though… > > Blech! (that was my reaction as a kid, at least). > > While the scent is sometimes - but not always - similar, the flavor was > nothing like it! > > *Side note: I have found as an adult I actually find fresh blueberries > quite delightful, and if I’m using blueberries in a food - like pancakes - > I far prefer fresh ones* to the saucy version you see on the cheesecake > above. I like my blueberries to be a little tart and firm, not > radioactively sweet. > > Q7 Why is Tamil Nadu the most famous/popular state in India, > even for foreigners? > > A7 Bhuvana Rameshwar Tamil culture and heritage Updated 1y > > Tamil nadu topped the list of number of tourists visiting the state for > the 5th time in a row for year ending 2019. I was surprised as I expected > Rajasthan or Kerala or Gujarat. But TN did it again. > > *How did this happen…probably the ease in travel to TN's various cities by > road, air and train. The* number of ancient temples, their architecture, > the holy trinity cities of Rameshwaram, Kanchipuram and Madurai valued > added to all tours. A visit to Srirangam, Kumbakonam, Thanjavur Chidambaram > is a must if you are an architecture admirer. > > We have 4 UNESCO world heritage sites namely > > Airavateshwar temple, Kumbakonam > > Brahadeshwar or Big temple, Thanjavur > > Gangai konda Cholapuram, Jayamkondam > > Monuments of Mammalapuram. Chennai. > > The last one was made more famous by our PM Modi after an informal meet > there with the Chinese Premier Xi in 2019. It is now flooded with tourists. > > Add to these the Ooty.. Metupalayam, Nilgiris mountain train, it is > declared a world heritage train.. > > The hill station of Ooty and Kodai are sought after in summers and > winters by our loyal tourists from Kerala, Karnataka, Telengana and Andhra > Pradesh. These people visit TN even on extended weekends as a default place > if nothing works. > > Our beaches add glory to all tours with a special mention of Mammalapuram > (mahabalipuram), *Cove Long, three Beaches in Chennai, Cuddalore and > Kanyakumari (tip of India)* > > *Add to these shopping for pure kanchipuram silk, gold jewels, granite > idols, cottons, shell crafts, beads, spices, sambar powder, tea and filter > coffee.* > > TN cities like Chennai and Coimbatore have large number of hospital > tourists or medical tourism who come from abroad and other Indian states > for health care in our various state of art, yet budget friendly > hospitals.TN tours, travel, stay, food, sightseeing shopping are budget > friendly. The state is also safe for tourists from India and abroad. > > *All the above QA are from Quora website on 05-02- 2022. * > > *Compiled **and posted by R. Gopala krishnan on 06-02-2022* > > > > -- > You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups > "iyer123" group. > To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an > email to [email protected]. > To view this discussion on the web visit > https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/iyer123/1290613685.181431.1644116492972%40mail.yahoo.com > <https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/iyer123/1290613685.181431.1644116492972%40mail.yahoo.com?utm_medium=email&utm_source=footer> > . > -- You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "Thatha_Patty" group. To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an email to [email protected]. To view this discussion on the web visit https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/thatha_patty/CAL5XZoqpsna2KBtCzA%3D580A2LyHgrqMHp%3DSPyVZmvT%3D1WFW5EA%40mail.gmail.com.
