Q9 "Why aren’t apes evolving into humans? <https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2016/06/27/dear-science-why-arent-apes-evolving-into-humans/?itid=lk_inline_manual_5> "
There's a simple answer: Humans did not evolve from chimpanzees or any of the other great apes that live today. We instead share a common ancestor that lived roughly 10 million years ago. Asking why modern chimps don't look more like humans is like asking why the children of your cousins don't look more like you than their parents. They're on an entirely different evolutionary path. In 2009, scientists discovered the partial skeleton of a creature called *Ardipithecus ramidus <http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/ardipithecus-ramidus> *in Eastern Africa. "Ardi," as she's known, had thumblike big toes she used for climbing like a chimp, but her hips were also adapted to allow her to walk on two legs. Then there's *Australopithecus afarensis* <http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/australopithecus-afarensis>, the species of Lucy: It combined the powerful lower jaws and long, strong arms of tree-climbing chimps with the small canines, larger brains and curved spines of bipedal humans. *Homo habilis* <http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/homo-habilis>, which lived roughly 2.4 million to 1.4 million years ago, had some of the primitive traits of the earliest hominins — a pronounced brow ridge, large teeth. But it also showed signs of traits we consider essentially modern — it was capable of handling stone tools and had a bulge in the area of the brain responsible for speech. The fossil record is not always as complete as we would like it to be. So much is up to chance — it's not easy to stay in one spot for millions of years, just waiting for the right keen-eyed paleontologist to come along. Animals disturb remains, bacteria break them down, floods may wash them away or earthquakes might shake them out of their geological context. But scientists have found more than enough evidence of transitional hominid forms to substantiate the story of human evolution.For humans, large brains, and the use of tools those brains enable, aided our survival during our evolution. But they are not inherently advantageous. Big brains require a lot of fuel; they also require big heads, which make giving birth dangerous and difficult. Hundreds of American women die in childbirth every year, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and that's even with the benefit of modern medicine. Traits like that evolve only under specific pressures. Every species other than *Homo sapiens*, it seems, is better off without them. Our present physical form is "the best evolution can offer" shows how thoroughly human hubris shapes our understanding of science. As we mentioned earlier, humans are not *the* culmination of 4.5 billion years of evolution. Life didn't begin 3.5 billion years ago with the goal of ending at something like us; we are just one tiny, imperfect branch of a vast family tree. Our species could continue to evolve and change for many millennia to come, but we could just as easily go extinct, as have 99 percent of all life forms that came before us. Evolution can happen so slowly you don't notice it, or so fast it takes your breath away. The kinds of changes that led to the emergence of *Homo sapiens *took millions of years. But we've also watched new species and new traits emerge right before our eyes. Sometimes, that's terrifying, such as when bacteria become antibiotic resistant in a matter of years. Other times, it's almost miraculous, such as when the tiny tomcod fish <http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/news/110301_pcbresistantcod> rapidly evolved to become tolerant of the toxins humans had been dumping in New York's Hudson River. Either way, it's an unstoppable process. Scientists' best guess is that life emerged from self-replicating strings of RNA that dwelled around hydrothermal vents in the deep sea or pools of chemically rich fluid <https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2016/04/26/the-buliding-blocks-of-life-werent-that-hard-to-put-together/?itid=lk_inline_manual_41>. Over millions of years, these microscopic precursors to life evolved the ability to build proteins. The ones that built the best proteins were best able to survive and reproduce — natural selection at work! — and eventually some of their RNA mutated into the familiar double helix of genetic information we know as DNA. Those genomes got longer and more complicated, encoding information for the most successful types of RNA and protein molecules, and about 3.5 billion years ago, the first single-celled creatures emerged — the start of life as we know it. A theory is the body of evidence used to describe something that can never be completely tested. Our understanding of the way gravity works is described in theories, too <https://www.quora.com/Why-is-gravity-still-technically-just-a-theory> — and that's a phenomenon we witness about as often as the incredible results of natural selection seen on our own bodies. KR IRS 7322 On Mon, 7 Mar 2022 at 08:53, 'gopala krishnan' via Thatha_Patty < [email protected]> wrote: > *CULTURAL QA 03-2022-07* > > *BEING A COMPILATION THERE MAY BE ERRORS* > > Q1 Do you really need to elevate the drain hose of the washing > machine? Why do manufacturers say so? > > A1 Gopala Krishnan, former Assistant General Manager 1996-2004 > at Department of Telecom (1966-2004) Answered just now > > I am having a Samsung front load washing machine. The exhaust drain from > the machine is at the top and the company engineer desired the pipe > connector for water drain of the home raised about one feet. Only later I > understood it was to prevent drain water entering the machine. I am having > a semi-automatic washing machine of Videocon make, in it also the drain > flexible pipe is connected as slope. > > 2ND ANSWER-John Harris , 50 yrs. Advanced Life Experience Answered Apr > 15, 2020 > > *Elevating the drain hose is a preventative measure. It’s meant as a > barrier to prevent dirty water from coming into the washer from the drain > line*. If your drain line is clogged and backs up or the city drain is > clogged and backs up, that incoming dirty water will be stopped where your > drain hose hooks into the drain line. That’s why the washer drain hose > comes up so high. > > PS Same scenario for your dishwasher. That’s the purpose of the air gap > on your kitchen sink. > > Q2 Why is walking and exercise needed in old age? > > A2 Paul Denlinger Lives in Huntington Beach, CA Feb 14 > > *The easiest way to maintain health is through normal healthy physical > activity.* > > Walking is the most basic physical activity which our ancestors did, as > it was necessary to walk in order to find food before the development of > commercial agriculture. For this reason, our genes optimized our physiology > for walking because we were scavengers who needed to walk in order to find > food. This food usually meant fruit and vegetables, and occasional meat > which met our essential nourishment needs before the introduction of > processed foods in modern times. > > The introduction of commercial processed foods in the past century has > been a double-edged sword: while it has enabled the growth of large urban > centers and made our lives more convenient, our genes have not had the time > to adapt to this new lifestyle. This over-reliance on processed foods has > led to a more sedentary lifestyle and the proliferation of such diseases as > diabetes, heart disease and cancer, just to mention a few. In short, our > genetic makeup has not had the time to adapt to this change in our > lifestyle and social roles. > > *The easiest exercise which can help us avoid these illnesses, or to stave > them off as long as possible, is by walking.* The neat thing about > walking is that if done on a regular basis, we treat it not as an exercise, > but as a healthy habit which we incorporate into our daily lives. Through > the proper combination of diet and walking, a person can fight off the > extra calories which lead to a decline in health. > > *All this is because our bodies have background regulatory mechanisms > which work in order to* insure that we have the proper inputs to maintain > our weight at a healthy set point. In effect, it acts like a thermostat for > a building. Unlike a thermostat, it requires two inputs: diet and exercise. > > Since every individual’s body is different, it takes time to find out what > are the right diet and exercise inputs which work best for that individual. > Unfortunately most people do not have the patience to work on these inputs > to find out which works best for that person. Part of the reason for this > is because most people who are overweight do not have the patience to learn > how to listen to their own bodies and find out what works for them. As a > result, they work on yo-yo diets which guarantee quick results in return > for money. Or, they have a doctor who only has 20 minutes to see them once > or twice a year. As a result, they fall into unhealthy diet and exercise > habits which leave them unhealthy, and frequently incapacitated in their > senior years. In short, their impatience and unwillingness to study how > their own body works, kills them early when they could have led more > productive lives with longer years if they just learned some basics about > diet and exercise. > > *When people enter their senior years, one of the first signs of old age > is weakness in balance, bone fragility and poor stamina. Loss of balance, > poor* stamina and coordination are especially deadly to seniors. The > easiest way to avoid bone fragility is to walk regularly. *This is > because if we walk regularly, our bodies will prioritize delivering calcium > to the bones so that they do not become fragile*. Being sedentary for > long periods leads to earlier death because as we get old, the body is > dealing with depleting resources and delivers less calcium to the bones > because they are used less frequently. Naturally, the sense of balance also > diminishes and degrades for people who do not walk, so when they do walk, > they frequently fall, causing serious injury. In short, not walking results > in a serious cascade of events which eventually result in death. > > The good thing about frequent walking before becoming a senior is that if > it becomes a habit, the individual does not think of walking as an > exercise. Most modern people think of exercise as a kind of torture process > they need to undergo in order to maintain a minimum standard of health. Who > likes torture? This is why so many people avoid exercise, become overweight > and get diabetes, which is now prevalent in all developed economies. > > The best solution, of course, is to develop walking into a normal habit so > that the individual just thinks of it as a habit, not an exercise. > Through normal exercise by walking, the body’s thermostat is set to a > comfortable setting so that the body degradation process which comes with > old age becomes much more manageable. > > Good health is an individual choice, and if people develop the right > habits, they can keep good health much longer than they would if they just > stick to bad habits. > > Q3 Are humans genetically programmed to prefer being around > humans of similar skin tone or facial features as them? > > A3 Claire Jordan Degree in biology and folklore; programmer, > shop owner, secretary on newspaperFri > > *A little bit.* We tend to imprint on our early care-givers, and for most > people that will be their genetic parents, who will look somewhat like > themselves. However, it won’t necessarily be their ethnic type that makes > the most impression - it could be their laugh, their physical build, the > way they wear their hair, their accent…. > > Q4 How do I store cement bags at a construction site? > > A4 Ultra Tech Cement India’s No 1 Cement. Updated Sep 9 > > *Cement is hygroscopic in nature and therefore can easily absorb moisture > from the air and hence it requires protection from dampness and humidity* > as it can rapidly lose strength and form lumps. > > Damage to cement due to incorrect storage is considerable and hence > necessitates selection of appropriate godown and proper care for storage. > > *Cement Godown at Site:* > > In most construction projects godowns are constructed at site for storage > of a few days’ requirement of cement. Even though such godowns are > temporary in nature, they must conform to the following requirement. > > · The walls must be plastered and made damp proof.· The roof must be given > an appropriate water proofing treatment.· *For further protection, cement > bags should be stacked at least 10-20 cms clear above the floor by > providing wooden battens and planking arrangement*. For saving timber > concrete may be used. > > · If any windows are provided, these should be less in number and small in > size and normally kept tightly closed to prevent entry of atmospheric > moisture from outside. > > *· A newly constructed godown should not be used for storage of cement > unless its interior is thoroughly dry.* > > Temporary Storage of Cement Bags at Site: > > Sometimes cement requirement of a day or two may have to be stored at site > in the open. In such cases you have to keep the following points in mind > > *· Cement bags should be laid on a dry platform made of wooden planks > resting over brick-*masonry, dry sand aggregates raised above 15 cms > above the ground level.· The stack must be kept fully covered with > tarpaulin or polythene sheet and protected against atmospheric moisture.· > The covering sheets must overlap each other property.· Temporary storage or > open storage should not be adopted in wet weather. > > Proper Method of Stacking of Cement Bags : > > The arrangement should be such that it is convenient both for stacking and > removal of cement bags and it also leaves adequate space for movement and > inspection of bags for counting purposes etc. > > · No cement bags should be stacked in contact with the wall.· A clear > space of at least 30 cms should be left between the wall and the stack· At > least 50 cms free space should be available between cement bag and roof· > Cement bags should be placed closely together in the stack to reduce > circulation of air as much as possible.· Stack pile of size 3 to 4 meters > in each direction· A minimum gap of 75 cms between adjoining piles to be > maintained. > > · If the stack is more than 10 bags high, arrange the bags in header and > stretcher fashion, to achieve interlocking between them and lessen the > danger of toppling over > > · Cement bags should not be stacked more than 15 bags high to avoid > lumping or 'warehouse pack' under pressure, Roll the bags once or twice for > breaking the lumps > > *· For extra safety during rainy season, the stacks of cement bags should > be enclosed completely in tarpaulin or polythene sheets (at least 700 gauge* > thick). Care should be taken to ensure that the polythene sheets is not > damaged any time while in use. > > Q5 How does Sweden, a country of almost 10 million people, > innovate and create so many things for the world? > > A5 Staffan Sandström Lives in Stockholm, Sweden Updated Feb 24 > > Several factors. *Education is a major part*. We don’t waste talent by > denying anyone education due to gender, skin colour or economy. > > 2ND ANSWER-Profile photo for Mattias Gyllenvarg Mattias Gyllenvarg· Feb 22 > > How does Sweden, a country of almost 10 million people, innovate and > create so many things for the world? > > *Education, education and education. All* educations are within the reach > of anyone who has the capacity receive them. You will only pay for books > and living and receive a small stipend. Doctor? Lawyer? Rocket scientist? > If you can handle it, you have the opportunity.… Doctor? Lawyer? Rocket > scientist? If you can handle it, you have the opportunity. > > *Another factor would also be that technological education have a long > history in Sweden.* Christopher Polhem tried to jump-start the industrial > revolution in the 17th century and one way was to start a facility for the > training of engineers in 1697. Then called laboratorium mechanicum and now > known as the Royal Institute of Technology. > > Part of Polhem’s “mechanical alphabet”. How to convert a circular motion > to one going back and forth. > > Another issue that many seem to overlook is that many Swedes emigrated to > North America in the 19th century and some came home and many wrote letters > home. *This gave people access to new ideas and technologies.* > > Q6 Is Indian railways changing for better? > > A6 Kumar Sourav Singh I used to have 3 irctc accounts. Feb 21 > > Yes, It is.I frequently travel by rail for last 15 years and making > reservations for my whole family since years. So , I am a bit updated and > interested about developments in Indian Railways. I also find some Railway > decisions very inconvenient but Here I want to share an important incident. > > This Saturday ,my friend was at Hajipur travelling to NDLS. He asked me to > come for a small catch-up. I went there, he told me something that enraged > me. *A ticket booking clerk at Unreserved counter had duped a poor and > less educated passenger by sending a flushed PNR ticket msg with his name > saying that this is confirmed ticket. *Also he gave him a platform ticket > so that the passenger board the train without any problem. My friend took > this matter to TT and got his money refunded and they wrote the matter on a > complaint register. > > I tried to meet the Railway clerk so that I could have a good conversation > with him but he was not there. I asked his name from the adjacent counter > and then I came back. My friend's train came and he also went. One thing > kept troubling me that what would have happened to that poor passenger if > my friend was not there. How many people had suffered because of that > morally dead person. So I did this, least expecting any action. > > Q7 How do you know when a lithium battery is fully charged? > > A7 Micah Stevens, Battery Design Engineer Answered Thu > > *All lithium batteries have a voltage range. This differs between > different types though. The voltage* of the battery is how you determine > how charged it is. This is called the OCV or “Open Circuit Voltage”. This > basically means a measurement when it’s not being used in a circuit. > > You must measure the voltage when it’s been sitting, not being used for a > few minutes, because if you measure it while it’s being used, there is a > voltage response to being used, and this will change the OCV voltage. > > You then look to see if the voltage is at or very near the maximum voltage > that battery recommends. > > For example, a 18650 lithium ion NMC battery cell has a maximum voltage of > 4.2 volts, so after letting one sit for a while, if it measures near this > 4.2 volts, then you can assume it’s fully charged. (some manufacturers will > only charge to 90% of the capacity or so to extend the lifetime of the > battery, so keep that in mind.) > > Remember, other lithium batteries have different voltages, and a battery > module with multiple cells in it, will have a higher voltage than just a > single cell as a rule. > > Make sure you have accurate documentation for your cell, or you won’t get > a good answer! > > Q8 How do you move a heavy washing machine? > > A8 Andrew Lygra, English TeacherAnswered Thu > > *This does really depend on how far you have to move it, you don’t give > any details. If it is a short* distance, certain shops sell sliding > mechanisms you can jiggle the machine onto and then slide it, then there > are carrying slings and straps that can be used, a trolley or a contractor > that is used to moving this type of thing, explore the possibilities, > brainstorm and a solution will arise. > > 2ND ANSWER-Michael Ogreenc Answered Thu > > *How far? Within a room or to another house? You can rent an appliance > dolly. With help, you might* be able to both lift it. If it’s going to > another house, many of the machines built for first floor use has a more > suspension system which needs to be locked, or reinstalling the shipping > hardware. If you don’t, major damage is highly likely to occur. > > Q9 In evolution, we studied that ape transformed to human. If > that is true, does such still happen in the jungle today? > > A9 Claire Jordan Degree in biology and folklore; programmer, > shop owner, secretary on newspaper Thu > > Kind-of. Some troupes of chimps are showing signs of entering their own > version of the early Stone Age, and *we’ve observed orangutans using > tools they acquired from humans, and also manufacturing their own medicines*. > But the conditions which caused the ancestors of humans to become fully > bipedal do not currently exist. > > Q10 Are there any records of humans being attacked by wild foxes? > > A10 Claire Jordan Degree in biology and folklore; programmer, > shop owner, secretary on newspaper Feb 27 > > *Here in the UK, where we have a lot of urban foxes, there have been two > cases - so far as I know, the only two cases in history - of children being > quite* badly bitten by a fox. In both cases the bite was on the hand or > arm, so they probably tried to pat the fox and it freaked out. > > Q11 How does a wife's relationship with her husband change after > decades of married life? > > A11 Gopalkrishna Vishwanath Never dated any one and yet happily > married. Feb 25 > > I am five years older than my wife.I am also educationally more qualified > than my wife. > > While she is a graduate, (B.Sc), I am a B.E (Hons), ME(Structures).*So in > the initial years of our married life, she was a bit overawed by me.* > > But that advantage was short-lived. Slowly it reduced and it changed to > equality and *nowadays, the scales have tilted*. She is no longer > impressed by my academic and professional achievements and successes. *After > many years of marriage, a husband is no longer a hero to his wife.* > > Q12 When a woman prefers a man to be taller than her, does she > subconsciously want to be protected, and does not want an equal power > balance in the relationship? Wouldn't this be inegalitarian? > > A12 Claire Jordan Degree in biology and folklore; programmer, > shop owner, secretary on newspaper Thu > > This is probably a dying trend which derives from the time when ballroom > dancing was common, and the man was expected to lead the dance and steer > the woman backwards. It looks a bit odd if the man has to keep standing on > tiptoe to see where they’re going. > > Speaking personally, the love of my life was 4′4″ and could walk under my > outstretched arm without ducking (much), and my dad was only 1½” taller > than my mother. > > *All the above QA are from Quora website on 06-03- 2022. **Quora > answers need not be 100% correct answers * > > *Compiled **and posted by R. Gopala krishnan on 07-03-2022* > > -- > You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups > "Thatha_Patty" group. > To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an > email to [email protected]. > To view this discussion on the web visit > https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/thatha_patty/1415764303.318951.1646623399460%40mail.yahoo.com > <https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/thatha_patty/1415764303.318951.1646623399460%40mail.yahoo.com?utm_medium=email&utm_source=footer> > . > -- You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "Thatha_Patty" group. To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an email to [email protected]. To view this discussion on the web visit https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/thatha_patty/CAL5XZoo1vV1z0XDe4Jx3fcyMQ0sCOHsWU6S7JVK09Czw1HeRMQ%40mail.gmail.com.
