Pranam
Q2 Diabetes has been known for last 3500 years. Different cultures and
systems of medicine describe this disease in their own way. This article
gives an overview regarding historical aspects of diabetes mellitus. This
article also compiles the development in the field of diabetes mellitus in
chronological order. The term diabetes was coined by Aretaeus of
Cappadocia. It was derived from the Greek verb ''diabaínein'', itself
formed from the prefix ''dia''-, "across, apart," and the verb ''bainein'',
"to walk, stand." The verb ''diabeinein'' meant "to stride, walk, or stand
with legs as under"; hence, its derivative ''diabētēs'' meant "one that
straddles," or specifically "a compass, siphon." The sense "siphon" gave
rise to the use of ''diabētēs'' as the name for a disease involving the
discharge of excessive amounts of urine. Greek and Roman physicians used
the term ―diabetes‖ to refer to the conditions in which the cardinal
finding was large volume of urine. In Vedic medical treatises from ancient
India identified and classified it as madhumeha or honey urine. The ancient
Indians tested for diabetes by observing whether ants were attracted to a
person's urine, and called the ailment "sweet urine disease" (Madhumeha).
Also, the Indians noticed the relation of diabetes to heredity, obesity,
sedentary life and diet. They suggested the freshly harvested cereals and
bituminous preparations containing benzoates and silica as a remedy for
diabetes . The first time association of polyuria with a sweet-tasting
substance was reported in the Indian literature from the 5th-6th century BC
by Sushruta (a notable Indian physician) 3 . Type 1 and type 2 diabetes
were identified as separate conditions for the first time by the Indian
physicians Sushruta and Charaka in 500- 600 BC with type 1 associated with
youth and type 2 with being overweight4 . In course of time, two distinct
types of diabetes were recognized – One was diabetes mellitus in which
urine was tasted sweet and another was diabetes incipidus in which urine
was watery but not sweet. The word diabetes is generally used as a synonym
for diabetes mellitus.
2 The modern era in the history of diabetes started with the
rediscovery of Thomas Willis in 1675 of sweetness of urine of diabetic
patients . Willis, who was a physician at Guy‘s Hospital in London, United
Kingdom, stated unequivocally that the diabetic urine is "wonderfully sweet
as if it was imbued with honey or sugar". He added the Latin word mellitus,
literally meaning honey sweet to the Greek diabetes to describe the
disease. But Willis could not attribute this urine sweetness to presence of
sugar. Four years later, Frank classified the disease, on the basis of
presence of sugar-like substance into diabetes insipdus (tasteless urine)
and diabetes vera (sweet urine) . Further in 1775 diabetes was described
by Dobson and demonstrated by the presence of sugar in the urine . Von
Mering and Minkowski in 1889 discovered that pancreactomized dog becomes
diabetic in addition to developing digestive disturbances . The
nondigestive part of pancreas, islet cells, was thought to be responsible
for substance which prevented diabetes and was christened „insulin‟ by de
Mayer (1909), long before its extraction by Banting and Best in 19218 .
Hypoglycemic action of sulfonamide was discovered by Janben (1942) and
confirmed by Frank and Fuchs in 1959 . Since then many oral hypoglycemic
agents have been introduced in therapy.
Important Landmarks in History of Diabetes Mellitus:
1552 BC: Egyptian physician Hesy Ra of the 3 rd dynasty made the first
known mention of a rare disease – Diabetes { mentioned as a mystery}
600 BC : Sushruta described diabetes (Madhumeha) wrote the treatment first
time in India.
130–200 BC: Great Aretaeus, Greek physician was first to give diabetes its
proper name. { west is proud of diabetic name but not the madhumeha?}
131-201 AD: Galen and Avicenna provided description of disease.
1675: Dr. Thomas Willis adds the word ‗mellitus‘, Latin for ‗honey‘. {
EXACTLY AFTER 1000 YEARS BY THE WEST}
1776: Matthew Dobson, described presence of glucose in urine.
1848: Claude Bernard – first linking of diabetes and glycogen metabolism,
established the liver‘s role as a vital organ in diabetes.
1869: Paul Langerhans discovered the islet cells of pancreas.
1871: Apollinaire Bouchardat formulated individualized diet to treat the
condition.
1912: Scott observed high blood sugar in pancreactomized rat.
1910: Sir Edward Albert Sharpey- Schafer named the harmone produced by
islets of langerhans as insulin from the latin for ― island ‖. Dec. ( but
treatment existed since 1300 years here}{Insulin came only after 1300 years
of treatment in India}.
1916: Dr. Joslin - purposed treatment of diabetes with diet and exercise.
1921-1922: Banting and Best published their first paper on “The internal
secretion of pancreas” demonstrating that insulin could abolish ketosis and
stimulate glycogen formation in the livers of diabetic dogs.
March 1922: Banting and Best published their paper on “Pancreatic extracts
in the treatment of diabetes mellitus”
January 1922: Leonard Thompson became first person to receive an injection
of insulin to treat diabetes.
May 30, 1922: Eli Lilly & Co. of Indianapolis and the University of
Toranto entered into a deal for mass production of insulin.
Oct. 25, 1923: Banting and Macleod are awarded the Nobel prize in
Physiology or Medicine. Banting shares his award with Best, while Macleod
shares his with Collip.
October 1923: Insulin was made commercially available in United States and
Canada.
1924: First Insulin syringe was manufactured.
1955: Amino acid sequence of insulin was discovered by biochemist Frederick
Sanger.
1958: First oral drug for diabetes – Sulfonylurea was discovered by Janbon
and Colleague.
1959: Sterne confirmed sugar lowering property of metformin.
1966: First pancreatic transplant done at university of Minnesota.
1971: Anton Hubert Clemens an engineer patented blood Glucometer. 1982:
First insulin analogue using recombinant DNA technology was produced by Eli
Lilly Pharmaceuticals.
1990: Pioglitazones were introduced.
1999: First successful islet transplant done at university of Alberta
hospital
2005: FDA approved first GLP 1 analogue Exenatide, later in
2010, FDA approved liraglutide for treatment of diabetes mellitus.
2006: First DPP - IV inhibitor sitagliptin was approved by FDA. 2009:
Bromocriptine was approved by FDA for treatment of diabetes mellitus.
Hence Diabetic is not that of finding by the west but by India and let
Kantha Balasubramaniam be told.
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
Q3 LG smart water purifier works better than all other brands; this is
my 9th brand being used and the erection and maintenance are brilliant from
LG.
xxxxxxxx
Q4 SAHARA: The Sahara is the largest hot desert in the world and the
third-largest desert overall, behind the cold deserts of *Antarctica*
<https://www.livescience.com/21677-antarctica-facts.html> and the *Arctic*
<https://www.livescience.com/arctic-circle.html>. The Sahara is one of the
harshest environments on Earth, covering 3.6 million square miles (9.4
million square kilometers), an area about the size of the United States
(including Alaska and Hawaii) and spanning nearly a third of the African
continent. The name of the desert comes from the Arabic word *ṣaḥrāʾ*,
which means "desert," *according to the Encyclopedia Britannica*
<https://www.britannica.com/place/Sahara-desert-Africa>. The Sahara is
bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Red Sea to the east, the
Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Sahel savanna to the south. The
enormous desert spans 10 countries (Algeria, Chad, Egypt, Libya, Mali,
Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Sudan and Tunisia) as well as the territory of
Western Sahara, a former Spanish colony that was annexed by Morocco in
1975, though control of the region is disputed by the Indigenous Saharawi
people, *the BBC reported* <https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14115273>
<https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14115273>in 2021. The Sahara desert
has a variety of land features, but it is most famous for the sand dune
fields that are often depicted in movies. The *dunes*
<https://www.livescience.com/3614-sand-dunes-grow-huge.html> can reach
almost 600 feet (183 meters) high, and they cover about 25% of the entire
desert, according to the Encyclopedia Britannica. Other topographical
features include mountains, plateaus, sand- and gravel-covered plains, salt
flats, basins and depressions. Emi Koussi, an extinct volcano in Chad, is
the highest point in the Sahara, reaching 11,204 feet (3,415 m) above sea
level, and the Qattara Depression in northwestern Egypt is the Sahara's
deepest point, at 436 feet (133 m) below sea level. Although water is
scarce across the entire region, the Sahara contains two permanent rivers
(the *Nile* <https://www.livescience.com/57023-nile-river-facts.html> and
the Niger), as well as at least 20 seasonal lakes and huge *aquifers*
<https://www.livescience.com/39625-aquifers.html>, which are the primary
sources of water for more than 90 major oases in the desert. Water
management authorities once thought that the aquifers in the Sahara were
"fossil aquifers" — water reserves that accumulated under different climate
and geological conditions in the distant past — and feared that these
resources would soon dry up due to overuse. However, a study published in
the journal *Geophysical Research Letters*
<https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/grl.50478> in
2013 discovered that the aquifers were still being fed via rain and runoff.
On Mon, 14 Mar 2022 at 07:59, 'gopala krishnan' via iyer123 <
[email protected]> wrote:
> *CULTURAL QA 03-2022-14*
>
> *BEING A COMPILATION THERE MAY BE ERRORS*
>
> Q1 Should you always use second rinse on a washing machine?
>
> A1 Gopala Krishnan, former Assistant General Manager 1996-2004
> at Department of Telecom (1966-2004) Answered just now
>
> I am from Chennai, India. Full washing is completed in the washing cycle
> completed with end indication. *But clothes are not dry*. During summer
> we simply put the clothes on clothes line except thick bed sheets. Thick
> bed sheets are dried for 10 minutes spinning cycle. Clothes becomes lighter
> in weight and dried 75%. Then we place them on clothes line.
>
> *In winter all clothes are dried either in 10 or 15* minutes drying
> cycle. This is with respect to Top load and front load fully automatic
> washing machines .
>
> In semi automatic washing machine there is a rinse point. After washing
> they are rinsed and then transferred to rinse and dry position. Clothes
> become still more lighter in weight and dried 85%.
>
> *Only thing is always personal attention is required in semi- automatic
> machines*. We have to manually transfer the clothes for drying. It is
> more efficient. I have both machines in my home.
>
> Q2 What did people use before insulin was discovered?
>
> A2 Ken Saladin Emeritus professor of biology20h
>
> They didn’t really use anything—that is, *they knew nothing that would
> control type 1 diabetes.* They did, however, fall victim to innumerable
> quack treatments—the “oatmeal cure,” “potato cure,” and starvation diets of
> <700 calories/day in order “not to stress the system.” Most victims were
> children, and they lived miserable, painful, and short lives.
>
> *My note- Type 2 patients used to have wheat* porridge and ayurvedic
> medicine like Mehari dravam in my boyhood days. When I got affected with
> diabetics in 1997’s I was using tablet dionil prescribed to me.
>
> In India even when huma insulin got introduced, patients feared it. It was
> common diabetic patients had to ampute leg on severe condition of
> uncontrolled diabetics or had earlier death.
>
> Q3 How do I choose a water purifier in India?
>
> A3 LG India Lives in India Updated Fri
>
> As Various options of water purifiers are available in the market,
> consumers are often confused when it comes to buying a water purifier for
> their homes. It is an important decision as it involves ensuring the good
> health and well-being of our families.
>
> *Before selecting Which water purifier to Buy, the Below factors can be
> considered while making the purchase :*
>
> *1. Source of Water – Find the source of your tap* water and get it
> tested for hardness, salinity and TDS (Total Dissolved Solids) levels.
> Selection of Water purifier to be done basis the TDS levels of your Area.
>
> Municipality water TDS averages around 200ppm
>
> Ground water TDS ranges between 200 to 500ppm
>
> *Bore-well water TDS is usually more than 500ppm*
>
> *2. Purification technology – Depending on the* quality and source of
> water, you can choose from a range of water purifiers. RO (Reverse Osmosis)
> purification technology works best for water with higher TDS levels of more
> than 500ppm. RO technology filters heavy metals, particulates, minerals
> through selective permeable membranes and provides purified water. *If
> TDS is less than 200ppm, you can choose UV (Ultra-Violet) filtration
> technology* which can remove impurities while retaining key minerals.
>
> *3. Storage capacity – Analyze your family’s daily* water consumption to
> understand the required capacity of your water purifier. *In places where
> there are frequent electricity fluctuations, purifiers with high water
> storage work well.*
>
> For 2-4 members we recommend a storage capacity of 5-8 litres
>
> For 4-6 members we recommend a storage capacity of 8-10 litres
>
> For more than 6 members, a storage capacity of 10 litres is recommended
>
> 4. Stainless steel Storage Tank – As we all Know Steel is Pure and is
> Used in our Homes for ages, *Prefer water purifier with Stainless steel
> storage Tank, which is suitable for all weather*,
>
> All the water purifiers of LG comes with 8 Litres Dual protection Airtight
> stainless steel storage tank with 10 Years warranty. There is 94.4% less
> E Coli Growth in 24 Hrs in stainless steel tank as compared with
> conventional Plastic Tank.
>
> 5. IN Tank UV – Water purifier Having In Tank UV can be preferred, as it
> restricts secondary Contamination, LG Water Purifier comes with IN Tank UV
> which automatically treats stored water for 75 Minutes every 6 Hrs so that
> water remains Pure.
>
> *6. Maintenance – Maintaining the water purifier is* the most imp factor
> to be considered, go for a Brand that gives automated call for servicing so
> that you don’t need to worry. LG provides Automated calls to its customers
> for Maintenance, LG provides True Maintenance Package to the customers who
> Buy LG Water Purifier
>
> *. They change Out sedi Filters 3 times a year and LG use Advanced
> Mechanism to clean the water* purifier by Using Digital sterilization
> Kit, which cleans water Pipes, Faucet and Tank digitally without manual
> touch using any harmful chemicals. This true Maintenance comes free for a
> period of one year so that customers can enjoy peace of mind.
>
> *My note- The QA is in no-way recommending LG* Products. *Water tank in
> stainless steel is a new information to me. *
>
> In earlier products one had to store in a fibre container . The RO water
> came through a tube and we had to keep it inside the container to collect RO
> water. On those days paper filters were stored and used. Now they are use
> and throw. Older systems were open type and small pvc pipes connecting
> units were clumsy. Now they are compact.
>
> Q4 Is it true that in the Sahara desert there were many human
> civilizations that are now lost to history?
>
> A4 Matt Riggsby MA Archaeological Studies, Boston University
> Feb 27
>
> That’s a rather overdramatic way of stating it, but it’s true to a
> limited extent.
>
> The Sahara has grown and shrunk several times since humanity appeared
> 300,000 years ago. In that time, countless human societies, mostly
> hunter-gatherers and early agriculturalists (any group of people is a
> society; a civilization is a society with particular characteristics), have
> occupied that region. *As with most of the world through most of
> prehistory, our knowledge of societies of the time is limited.* So there
> are societies in the region which is now the Sahara of which we know little
> or nothing, but there’s nothing particularly special about the Sahara in
> that regard. That’s true of just about anywhere.
>
> And that “the Sahara grew and shrank” thing has carried through into
> historical times and the period of civilization, which is to say societies
> characterized by social complexity and the presence of cities. Notably,
> we now and again find the remains of villages and even full-blown cities in
> areas which were once much better watered but have now been absorbed by the
> growing desert. While they’re pretty much all associated with societies
> similar to other societies we know about in the region, we haven’t
> necessarily had foreknowlege of those specific cities.
>
> *So, then, there’s definitely stuff in the Sahara we didn’t already know
> about*, but it’s all from particular kinds of societies which we would
> expect not to know about.
>
> Q5 How much truth is there in the rather curious legend that
> claims that our medieval ancestors drank wine and beer to avoid consuming
> water, often polluted by sewage produced by cities and domestic animals?
>
> A5 Matt Riggsby MA Archaeological Studies, Boston University
> Fri
>
> Little or none. *We know from Medieval sources that people could find
> sources of good water, could tell the difference between good and bad,
> could collect rainwater which was known to be good*, could bring good
> water in by the barrel (Venice had to do this, since it was surrounded by
> salt water), and so on. Population densities were generally low enough that
> water in the countryside wasn’t particularly contaminated, and even in
> cities it wasn’t necessarily bad.
>
> *So far as I can tell, the idea that people in the Middle Ages drank
> alcohol because the water wasn’t safe is a myth* dating to the 19th
> century, which was a time of a lot of bad history. *People did like to
> drink beer and wine, but for the same reasons people drink beer and wine
> today: they like the taste and they like the effects it has on them. *But
> safety isn’t on the list.
>
> Q6 Scientists can only explain that what is seen in a
> near-death experience is just a hallucination because the brain is deprived
> of oxygen. So can scientists explain where a person's consciousness goes
> after complete death?
>
> A6 Ken Saladin Former professor of histology (microscopic
> anatomy)Mar 6
>
> Yes, easily. The consciousness dissolves at death, like a fog rising off
> the land in the morning, and then is no more. *You question is comparable
> to asking “What happens to your dream when you start to wake up?”* *You
> know how it just dissolves into a less and less detailed memory, and
> minutes to an hour later you may remember little or nothing of it at all?*
> That’s where I feel all consciousness goes as one is dying. Nothing left—no
> more than there was before you were conceived. Consciousness is a
> subjective impression of biochemical reactions that are no longer occurring
> after the brain dies. That may seem sad, but I feel it would be a horror
> beyond all nightmares to be conscious for eternity. If I had to choose
> between eternal consciousness or oblivion, I’d choose oblivion.
>
> Q7 Which branch should I choose for a PG residency after an
> MBBS if I want a stress-free life, no emergency and night duties with less
> toxicity?
>
> A7 Ajaypal Singh Thind Anaesthesia PG resident from Kalpana
> Chawla Government Medical College (Expected 2023)Thu
>
> *First option is non clinical branches* , but in non clinical branches ur
> pay scale is less ( 60 k to 1 lakh), plus u may have to move to other city
> for job
>
> *Radiology, dermatology are other 2 branches , u* will get good pay scale
> in these branches, but for these branches if you are going for government
> seat then u should be in top 5000 ( MD/DNB) , or for private u have to pay
> between 1 to 2 crores
>
> *In radiology u may have to do night duty as there may be some emergencies
> cases like head injury* etc, in case of derma there are only 2–3
> emeribgencies like Steven Johnson syndrome etc ( during ur PG time u may
> have to do night duty in both the branches)
>
> *For all the clinical branches , specially during ur post graduation u
> have to do night duty,* emergency duty, but after completion of ur post
> graduation this scenario changes. For eg u can run a clinic from 9 to 5 ,
> for anaesthesia u can do 9 to 5 pm job only for operation theatre ( because
> ICU part is hectic, operation theatre part is not very hectic, u can sit
> after giving spinal, general anaesthesia), u can join medical colleges
> where most of the night duty and emergencies are handled by 2nd or 3 Rd
> year PG, *Not all night duties are hectic, sometime there is only one
> case and u can sleep for 5–7 hours easily, plus u will have off next day*
>
> Q8 Why did early humans decide to wear clothes, especially
> ones that didn’t live in cold climates?
>
> A8 Matt Riggsby BA Anthropology, U.C. Berkeley Wed
>
> It’s a good question. We’ve got a few different threads of evidence
> indicating that humans—that is, *Homo sapiens—were habitually wearing
> clothes over 150,000 years ago*. And since our ancestors were all in
> Africa at the time, a place not known for a chilly climate even in during
> the depths of the Ice Ages, the question of why has to look beyond
> insulation.
>
> While it’s plausible that people may have worn clothing from time to time
> for protection from the environment but against particularly harsh sun,
> insects, or blowing sand, that doesn’t account for wearing clothes
> frequently. One plausible answer, though, is to look good. Humans the world
> over groom and adorn themselves in a variety of different styles. We wear
> ornaments, we style our hair, we get tattoos and piercings and patterned
> scars, and so on. *Lacking clear environmental pressures, social reasons
> for adopting clothing see entirely likely.*
>
> *Q9 What should parents tell their daughter openly during
> marriage?*
>
> Q9 MARRIED LIFE - Lets Talk Facts answered by Ak Reviews Mar 6
>
> Parents should be honest with their daughter and tell her that marriage
> is a work of balancing. They should also tell her that they (Husband, Wife)
> will have to make compromises and that they will need to be patient.
> Lastly, they should remind her that it's not an ordinary relationship,
> marriage is a lifelong commitment.
>
> Q10 If you are asked to choose between Chutney and Sambhar along
> with Idli, what would you choose?
>
> A10 Meghana S Lives in India (2001–present)Mar 8
>
> I'm one of those rare species, who first soaks idli completely in sambaar
> and then dip it in chutney and eat it. It is the best, trust me😋
>
> First I'll pour sambaar all over the idli, let it soak, then take a piece
> of it, dips it in chutney and eat. That's my ideal style to eat at home.
>
> But, if I have to choose only one, then I'll choose chutney. Because, I
> feel tomato-toordaal sambaar prepared along with idlis isn't spicy enough
> to rely on.For some reason we aren't very used to eating dose or idli with
> sambaar, we prefer chutney itself. So, I think it has grown with me :-)
>
> While searching for this image on Google, *I found too many photos with
> idli-Drumsticks sambaar, is it a famous combination or something*? I
> don't know if it is just me, I've never seen or had drumsticks sambaar with
> anything other than rice and mudde. Please tell me is it a thing?
>
> *My note- For me the selection depends on the quality and taste of chutney
> and sambar. If* excellent coconut chutney, I prefer it. If sambar is more
> tasty and chutney contain pottikadalai, I prefer only sambar.
>
> Q11 Why are dhabas more famous than hotels in India?
>
> A11 Sahil Phatangare Prince of Quora Feb 27
>
> Both the incidence are of this month only. I was traveling for the whole
> day, during afternoon I stopped at a place for lunch. Both the time, I
> ordered the same food misal pav.
>
> Misal Pav is a spicy curry made from legumes, served with bread and topped
> with farsan, sev, onions and coriander.
>
> *First scenario:- At Dhaba.*
>
> It cost me 50 rupees, plus the spicy gravy was unlimited you can see the
> bucket next to plates.
>
> *Second scenario:- at a popular restaurant.*
>
> It cost me 70 rupees, the presentation wasn't that good and taste I will
> say it was ok. Not always Dhabas food is better than hotels. It's a case
> study of regional fast food.
>
> Like if you order traditional food or fast food at Dhabas it will be more
> flavourful and tasty as compared to hotels.
>
> *Dhabas are cost-effective as compared to hotels.* Plus they are
> located near highways or important joints. Whereas hotels are situated far
> inside the city. If you have one bread left, and that time curry is
> finished. At dhabas, you can request like please bring curry in some
> quantity. *At hotels, you would force to order a full dish.*
>
> Last but not the least, Dhabas have their own uniqueness. From sitting
> arrangement to the food they serve. *Although in the context of hygiene
> and health reasons, hotels would only lose to home-cooked food.~boss baby*
> *🤠*
>
> Q12 Why is a mongoose the most potent against even the most
> dangerous of snakes?
>
> A12 Barret Joseph Bird Australian. Proud servant of feline
> overlords. Updated Fri
>
> They’re extremely quick, and agile dodgers. Mongooses are also pretty
> strong for their size. This, along with their endurance means a mongoose
> can circle around a cobra for quite some time, taking numerous swipes until
> one of them lands. They’re smart, too, and they deliberately bait out
> attacks from the snake.
>
> *It can take a while, but once a mongoose has position, they break the
> snake’s neck rather efficiently*. *Cobras are quite intelligent*, more so
> than all other snakes. They adapt to the mongoose’s tactics, *but the
> circling and dodging eventually causes them to make mistakes.*
>
> The mongoose’s acrobatic fitness gives them the advantage. They can wear
> the cobra down, if they have to.
>
> Here are some action shots, for you.
>
> *Edit: Some honourable mentions from the comment* section: Mike Long has
> pointed out that mongooses are unaffected by the neurotoxic component of
> cobra venom, giving them a huge defence boost. Shaun Heather noticed that
> shot 2 and 3 are the same mongoose, in the same pose, flipped and shaded in
> photoshop. Apologies for that one. I’m not certain which photo is the real
> one, so here’s another photo to make up for the fake:
>
> Edit #2 Thank you for the views, upvotes, and the most enjoyable comment
> section I’ve seen in a while. I thought I’d add a more friendly cobra and
> mammal shot. These puppies fell into a well, and the cobra appears to be
> guarding them by preventing them from walking to the other side of the
> well, where they are at risk of drowning. Not all Goodboys have fur.
>
> *All the above QA are from Quora website on 13-03- 2022. **Quora
> answers need not be 100% correct answers *
>
> *Compiled **and posted by R. Gopala krishnan on14-03-2022*
>
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