Pranam Q2 CULTURE
1 "Culture encompasses religion, food, what we wear, how we wear it, our language <https://www.livescience.com/65108-brain-megabyte-storage-for-language.html>, marriage, music, what we believe is right or wrong, how we sit at the table, how we greet visitors, how we behave with loved ones and a million other things," Cristina De Rossi, an anthropologist at Barnet and Southgate College in London(opens in new tab) <https://www.barnetsouthgate.ac.uk/>, told Live Science. 2 An understanding of culture requires an understanding not only of language differences, but also differences in knowledge, perceptions, beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors.Culture (from the Latin *cultura* stemming from colere, meaning "to cultivate") generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic structures that give such activities significance and importance. Cultures can be "understood as systems of symbols and meanings that even their creators contest, that lack fixed boundaries, that are constantly in flux, and that interact and compete with one another." Culture can be defined as all the ways of life including arts, beliefs and institutions of a population that are passed down from generation to generation. Culture has been called "the way of life for an entire society." As such, it includes codes of manners, dress, language, religion, rituals, art. norms of behavior, such as law and morality, and systems of belief. 3 Humans acquire culture through the learning <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning> processes of enculturation <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enculturation> and socialization <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialization>, which is shown by the diversity of cultures across societies. A cultural norm <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_norm> codifies acceptable conduct in society; it serves as a guideline for behavior, dress, language, and demeanor in a situation, which serves as a template for expectations in a social group. Accepting only a monoculture <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoculturalism> in a social group can bear risks, just as a single species can wither in the face of environmental change, for lack of functional responses to the change. Thus in military culture, valor <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courage> is counted a typical behavior for an individual and duty, honor, and loyalty to the social group are counted as virtues or functional responses in the continuum of conflict <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuum_of_conflict>. In the practice of religion, analogous attributes can be identified in a social group. 4 The anthropological study of culture can be organized along two persistent and basic themes: *Diversity* and *Change*. An individual’s upbringing, and environment (or culture) is what makes them diverse from other cultures. It is the differences between all cultures and sub-cultures of the worlds regions. People’s need to adapt and transform to physical, biological and cultural forces to survive represents the second theme, *Change*. Culture generally changes for one of two reasons: selective transmission or to meet changing needs. This means that when a village or culture is met with new challenges for example a loss of a food source, they must change the way they live. This could mean almost anything to the culture, including possible forced redistribution of, or relocation from ancestral domains due to external and/or internal forces. And an anthropologist would look at that and study their ways to learn from them.Culture is: •*Learned* through active teaching, and passive habitus. •*Shared* meaning that it defines a group and meets common needs. •*Patterned* meaning that there is a recourse of similar ideas. Related cultural beliefs and practices show up repeatedly in different areas of social life. •*Adaptive* which helps individuals meet needs across variable environments. •*Symbolic* which means that there are simple and arbitrary signs that represent something else, something more. 5 Do you know that culture is capital and lower case? At its most basic level, the difference between Culture and culture is in the way they are defined. Culture with a capital C refers to the ability of the human species to absorb and imitate patterned and symbolic ideas that ultimately further their survival. Culture is a trait all humans have, whereas culture with a lower case c refers to a particular learned way of life and set of patterns an individual person has picked up, representing one variation amongst many different cultures. 6 In Samskritam, culture is termed as संस्कृति; Samskritham thus a language of samskrithi; learning a civilised language was and is the samskrithi-well executed. This shows that Culture arose from heer and not from Darwin or Kenya border. Vedic cult is essentially a spoken tradition, and sound is the primary means of spiritual expression. Speech is personified as Vak, a form of goddess Sarasvati. As the deity of scholarship and the arts, Sarasvati (right) symbolises the intimate relationship within Vedic cult, between culture and religion, which until recently were practically inseparable.There are 64 traditional arts, which comprise a wide variety of skills, crafts, and artistic activities including music, painting, sculpture, singing, cooking, architecture, creating colourful patterns, applying cosmetics, producing perfumes, flower arranging, and caring for trees. Their variety and the inclusion of practical crafts suggest art is an integral part of life, rather than a vocation aimed at pleasing the elite.These arts were part of the process of spiritual culture, of refining and uplifting the tastes, values, and sentiments of human society. The word for culture is Sanskriti, “refinement,” suggesting a means for extracting the spiritual essence of life (Brahman). “Sanskrit” similarly means “the most refined language.” 7 "Sanskrit is the biggest contributor to the rich cultural heritage of India. It is the unique and everlasting appeal of this language that the Vedas have been translated into 133 languages of the world,". Ramana Chary (Telengana cultural advisor) mentioned that westerners are very fond of Indian culture and they are adopting it for their sound health and peace. “Education and culture must go together, which means you should mix education with culture,”. The Adivasi population shaped the spiritual-cultural landscape of India without confining itself to the periphery of mainstream Hindu society. "The Mahabharata breathes the united soul of India and the individual souls of her people." The Mahabharata itself states that that which is not found in it cannot be found elsewhere. Two of the most popular prayers of the Hindus, the Vishnu Sahasranama (revealed by a dying Bhishma to Yudhisthira) and the Bhagavad Gita (enunciated by Krishna to a distraught Arjuna on the battlefield, on the very eve of the war), came down from Mahabharata. 8 If so, simply dividing within AP a notation irrelevant to the culture and based on a flimsy mind to think so. Culture is based on the “culture”, of every Individual, who is parted, even within the neighborhood, if so, what is divided by habits in between two families is not the culture. 3500 BCE showed it so. Divisions do not constitute the nature of humans that is decided by the Gunas, but the focussed thinking on what is the root is that CULTURE. KR IRS 8422 Q5 Darwin did it accidentally by jumping into a ship (smallerone) and rendered later something out of the flora and fauna ,got in the island, which is a very short distance from Home; this was developed into a theory by others later; and also found that it is use;ess; science curriculum in India holds it, but the west do not thrust much, we are running after Darwin with the lower level of knowhow. The circumnavigation of the globe would be the making of the 22-year-old Darwin <https://www.britannica.com/place/Darwin-Northern-Territory>. Five years of physical hardship and mental rigour, imprisoned within a ship’s walls, offset by wide-open opportunities in the Brazilian jungles and the Andes Mountains <https://www.britannica.com/place/Andes-Mountains>, were to give Darwin a new seriousness. As a gentleman naturalist, he could leave the ship for extended periods, pursuing his own interests. As a result, he spent only 18 months of the voyage aboard the ship. On the Cape Verde Islands <https://www.britannica.com/place/Cabo-Verde> (January 1832), the sailor saw bands of oyster <https://www.britannica.com/animal/oyster> shells running through local rocks, suggesting that Lyell was right in his geologic speculations and that the land was rising in places, falling in others. At Salvador de Bahia (now Salvador <https://www.britannica.com/place/Salvador-Brazil>), Brazil <https://www.britannica.com/place/Brazil>, the luxuriance of the rainforest <https://www.britannica.com/science/rainforest> left Darwin’s mind in “a chaos <https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/chaos> of delight.” But that mind, with its Wedgwood-abolitionist characteristics, was revolted by the local slavery <https://www.britannica.com/topic/slavery-sociology>. For Darwin, so often alone, the tropical forests <https://www.britannica.com/science/tropical-rainforest> seemed to compensate for human evils: months were spent in Rio de Janeiro <https://www.britannica.com/place/Rio-de-Janeiro-Brazil> amid that shimmering tropical splendour, full of “gaily-coloured” flatworms <https://www.britannica.com/animal/flatworm>, and the collector himself became “red-hot with Spiders.” But nature had its own evils, and Darwin always remembered with a shudder the parasitic ichneumon <https://www.britannica.com/animal/ichneumon> wasp, which stored caterpillars <https://www.britannica.com/science/caterpillar> to be eaten alive by its grubs. He would later consider that evidence against the beneficent design of nature. The HMS Beagle resting on the sands near Rio Santa Cruz, Patagonia, South America. The vessel was commanded by British naval officer and scientist Robert Fitzroy and carried a crew, which included British naturalist Charles Darwin, on a survey mission that circumnavigated the world between 1831 and 1836.Then in Valdivia <https://www.britannica.com/place/Valdivia-Chile>, Chile, on February 20, as he lay on a forest <https://www.britannica.com/science/forest> floor, the ground shook: the violence of the earthquake <https://www.britannica.com/science/earthquake-geology> and ensuing tidal wave <https://www.britannica.com/science/tsunami> was enough to destroy the great city of Concepción <https://www.britannica.com/place/Concepcion-Chile>, whose rubble Darwin walked through. But what intrigued him was the seemingly insignificant: the local mussel <https://www.britannica.com/animal/mussel> beds, all dead, were now lying above high tide. The land had risen: Lyell <https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-Lyell>, taking the uniformitarian <https://www.britannica.com/science/uniformitarianism> position, had argued that geologic formations were the result of steady cumulative <https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cumulative> forces of the sort we see today. And Darwin had seen them. The continent was thrusting itself up, a few feet at a time. He imagined the eons it had taken to raise the fossilized trees <https://www.britannica.com/plant/tree> in sandstone <https://www.britannica.com/science/sandstone> (once seashore mud) to 7,000 feet (2,100 metres), where he found them. Darwin began thinking in terms of deep time. San Salvador (Santiago) Island, in the Galapagos Islands, where Charles Darwin studied wildlife in 1835, became an interpreted within a limited samples around that part of the G;obe, as an Universal theory of evolution, which was refuted by many written in many books, buit constituted a thinking process. With his voyage over and with a £400 annual allowance from his father, Darwin <https://www.britannica.com/place/Darwin-Northern-Territory> now settled down among the urban gentry as a gentleman geologist. He befriended Lyell, and he discussed the rising Chilean coastline as a new fellow of the Geological Society in January 1837 (he was secretary of the society by 1838). Darwin became well known through his diary’s publication as *Journal of Researches into the Geology and Natural History of the Various Countries Visited by H.M.S. Beagle <https://www.britannica.com/topic/Journal-of-Researches-into-the-Geology-and-Natural-History-of-the-Various-Countries-Visited-by-HMS-Beagle>* (1839). With a £1,000 Treasury grant, obtained through the Cambridge <https://www.britannica.com/place/Cambridge-England> network, he employed the best experts and published their descriptions of his specimens in his *Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle* (1838–43). Darwin’s star had risen, and he was now lionized in London. {Theory of evolution of Darwin as reported in Britanicca}. DNA is different to Darwin as well as the DNA was known by different names in the ancient civilisation but science world claimed it as their discovery,let it be. kr irs 8422 On Thu, 7 Apr 2022 at 20:06, 'gopala krishnan' via iyer123 < [email protected]> wrote: > *CULTURAL QA 04-2022-05* > > *BEING A COMPILATION THERE MAY BE ERRORS* > > *Q1 Is a stroke a sign of a heart attack?* > > A1 Ken Saladin Textbook author and professor emeritus Tue > > *There are some similarities between them, but neither one of them is a > sign of the other.* > > No, a stroke is brain damage caused by a sudden loss of blood flow. It can > result from either a blood clot blocking a cerebral artery or by an artery > of the brain rupturing. Either way, *brain tissue downstream from that > point dies from lack of blood flow.* > > “Heart attack’ usually means myocardial infarction (MI), which is *death > of heart muscle caused by loss of blood flow.* Usually this is due to a > blood clot blocking a coronary artery, so heart muscle downstream from the > blockage dies. This can cause failure of the pumping action of the heart. > > *Hypertension and atherosclerosis of the arteries are two common causes of > both of these.* > > Q2 How are Telangana and Andhra Pradesh culturally different? > > A2 Saket Reddy Studies IIITDM at Kancheepuram) (Expected 2024)Mon > > *Andhra Pradesh and Telangana are culturally different, but one thing to > remember is that not whole Andhra Pradesh/Telangana is again the > same/unified, the diversity exists even in these states internally*. > > Like: > > The culture of Srikakulam of Andhra is different from the culture of > Kurnool of Andhra. > > The culture of Nizamabad of Telangana is different from the culture of > Palamuru of Telangana. > > The culture of Palamuru of Telangana and Kurnool of Andhra are little > similar when Kurnool of Andhra is compared to Rajamundry of Andhra. > > *The culture doesn’t depend on the State, it depends on the: Geography. > Migration access. Dynasties ruled. etc.*So, it is difficult to > compare such things. > > *Ok, some things are there to compare like:* > > Traditions and Festivals: > > In the majority of parts of AP, *Sankranti* is celebrated as the biggest > festival, while in Telangana, Sankranti is also a big festival but the > Dussehra-Batukamma festival is considered the biggest festival. > > In the majority of *Andhra weddings, Non-Veg is not served in weddings, > while in Telangana, it is served.* > > In Andhra, along with Cross cousin marriages, Uncle-Niece weddings are > also high, In Telangana, cross-cousin marriages are more compared to > Uncle-Niece marriages. > > *Wedding rituals are almost same but Telangana has an extra 1–2 unique > rituals like Mailapolu, bonam, etc.* > > Andhra people avoid Non Veg for Dussehra and Sankranti while in Telangana > there are no such restrictions. ( Not for Bhogi, Batukamma, etc. days ) > > Telangana people celebrate Pettaramasa festival ( Worshipping Ancestors > and offering them food. ) while this festival is not that much present in > AP. > > *Telangana's folk worshipping is more famous than AP' folk rituals, > because the TS govt. promotes them.* > > In Andhra, the new Son-in-law will be invited to his wife’s native place > on Sankranti, while in the majority of parts of Telangana it is done on > Diwali. > > *In Andhra, touching the younger sister’s feet is not recommended, while > it is the culture of Telangana.* You have to touch the feet of your > younger sister too on Dussehra if you are from Telangana. > > In Telangana, Diwali Harathi is there, while it is absent in Andhra. All > the women in your house give Harathi to you on this day. > > *The majority of Andhrites cannot speak Hindi, coming to Telangana, In > Hyderabad, people can speak or at least understand Hindi*. While the > scenario is the same in other parts of Telangana like AP. > > The Guntur - Nellore - Rayalaseema belt and Telangana eat more spicy foods. > > Coastal Andhraites consume more sea-based foods while in Telangana, mutton > meat is more preferred. > > And there are some differences in caste system. > > The Majority of Andhra weddings now happens at night time, while in > Telangana they happen in the daytime. > > Religion: > > Andhras worship native folk deities like Poleramma, Gangamma, > Muttiyalamma, Mathamma, etc. While in Telangana, people worship native folk > deities like Pedamma, Pochamma, Mathamma, Yelamma, Maisamma, Malanna, etc. > > *Majority folk gods of Telangana are common to North Karnataka and South > Maharashtra*. When these regions were under common rule, these > philosophies took birth, but North Karnataka and South Maharashtra have > similar worshipping rituals, Joginis, etc . while Telangana has unique > rituals like Patnam, Bonam, Kolupu, Vodi Biyyam, etc. ( It is like Gods are > same but worshipping methods are different. ) > > Some goddesses are common to AP and TS like Yelamma (Few parts of AP), > Mathamma (Few parts of TS), Ankamma, Bangaramma, etc. > > Food: > > Coastal Andhra food is more rice-based food, while Western Telangana (+ > Rayalaseema of AP) food was once Sorghum-based food. And rice-based foods > like Ariselu, Panduga Pindi vantalu like Appalu, Murukulu, Sakinalu, etc. > are considered traditional/special food in the whole Telugu Land. > > Areas like Western Telangana, and Rayalaseema had less rice production in > the past, so back in those days, in these regions, people used to store the > rice for making these traditional foods at festivals. > > These Rice-based Pindi vantalu are prepared on:Sankranti > Dussehra-BatukammaPettaramaasa > > Weddings Puberty functions etc. in Telangana. > > I think the same is followed in Andhra as well. > > Batukamma - Bonam festivals are celebrated in Telangana, while in AP they > are not celebrated except for a few border regions in the Godavari-Krishna > belt. > > Attire: > > Now coming to attire, it will again be a big answer > > The attire changes from region to region, caste to caste in Telugu Land. > Wait, men almost have the same attire, the attire of women is different. > The majority of upper castes and some backward castes of Telangana and AP > have a common attire. Like this: > > *Note: Now this attire is worn by all castes on festivals, and we all > consider them our traditional attire.* > > Previously, like all other Indian states, some Backward and oppressed > castes have different attires. I will show those beautiful attires. The > attires also had some rules, like in Telangana they weren’t allowed to > cover their legs from the knees. > > *I will mention only Old women because, today's Generations no longer wear > them, everyone almost shifted to the attires shown in the above pictures.* > > In the Srikakulam belt, you will find such attire in Old women. (Kappulu, > Venukagundaram drape ) > > In Srikakulam and Kalingandhra/ Northern Coastal Andhra belt. > > In Western Adilabad and Nizamabad Belt or Simply Northwest Telangana, you > will find such attires in Old women: (Kaccha Drape/ 9 Yards drape with > unique jewelry/ ear rings and Necklaces) > > In Karimnagar - Warangal & Eastern parts of Nalgonda and Adilabad, you > will find this attire in Old women. (Kaccha drape/ 9 Yards drape with > jewelry similar to other Telugu regions.) > > That vertical border at the lower back is called Kaccha/Gochi. And the > drape is called kaccha Drape. > > In Southern Telangana(Medak, RR, Hyderabad, Palamuru, Western Nalgonda > districts) and Khammam belt, you will find Nivi style drape. (Normal Saree > Drape without Kaccha drape and jewelry similar to other Mainland telugu > parts.) > > In Northern Rayalaseema and Westernmost Telangana border regions, you will > find women with black thread Mangalasutram/ThaaLi like Karnataka women, and > even Muslims wear Black wedding chain. > > Central Coastal Andhra has a unique Kaccha drape: > > Some Golla (Yadava) and Reddy subcaste women had right side Pallu. ( > Having Kaccha depends on the region, Northern parts have Kaccha while > Southern don't have. ) > > Right side Pallu Woman: > > Men, almost wear similar attire, upper and few BC caste Men wear Pancha > like this: > > While, oppressed castes weren't allowed to cover their legs beyond knees > or their working conditions caused this evolution. ( I believe the first > reason to be true, Caste discrimination was definitely prevalent back then.) > > *Hyderabad Muslims have different attire from Telugu Muslims and Non - > Telugu rural Muslims.* Hyderabad women wear Salwar Kameez/Khada Dupatta > too unlike other Muslims. > > Women wear Langavoni/Half Saree and Pattu Langa on whole Telugu Land. > > Topography: > > Coastal Districts > > In Coastal Andhra ( Specificallly North and Central ) is known for its > greenary with coconut trees 🌴, rice crops, Plain lands, Palm trees, Back > waters at konaseema etc. > > Eastern and Right Northern Telangana: > > Eastern Telangana is also green with Rice crops, Palm Trees, Plateaus/Ups > and Downs etc. > > Note: Warangal - Nalgonda - Karminagar belt is famous for Palm trees 🌴. > > Northern most Telangana: > > It is situated by dense forests, beautiful waterfalls, definitely more > greenary. > > Right Western & Central Telangana > > Its topography is midway between Eastern Telangana and Extreme Southern > Telangana. > > Not much paddy as in eastern Telangana, Majority Industries, Factories are > located here, less Palm trees, we can say this region is less greener than > the above regions. > > Southern most Telangana. > > This region is drought prone area with less greenary. > > Many Agriculture sector people from this region migrate to other parts due > to this drought condition. > > Palamuru Valsalu: ( Palamuru Migrations) > > Rayalaseena region except Chittore and parts of Kadapa regions have > similar conditions. > > Southern Coastal - Chittore belt are also midway between Greenary and > drought like Central Telangana, some areas like Ongole have more droughts. > > Urbanization: > > The Kalinga region of AP is a little less Urbanized. While the central > Coastal has more Urbanization with cities/Municipal corporations like > Vijayawada, Rajamundry, Guntur and many towns. > > While Rayalaseema also has less Urbanization. > > Coming to Telangana, even here Northern part is more Urbanized with big > cities/ Muncipal Corporations like Warangal, Nizamabad, Khammam, > Ramagundam, etc. with many Towns. > > And Central/South Central Telangana has the largest city and many other > Corporation cities are located just surrounding Hyderabad city, anyday we > can expect them merging with Greater Hyderabad city then Southern Telangana > lacks a Corporation city. > > If forest regions are removed still, Northern Telangana has very much high > number of Towns than Southern Telangana. > > Towns: > > But *overall Telangana is a little more Urbanized state than AP* due to > very high population in the Hyderabad city. > > Telangana Urban Population % = 39% > > Andhra Urban Population % = 33.49% > > 27% of Telangana population is from the Hyderabad city only. > > Genetics: > > Overall, the Northern Telangana people and Central Coastal people seem > more steppe shifted than other Telugu regions. > > Importantly dialects are different.Unity in Diversity. > > Q3 What are the differences between a mule, jackass, and donkey? > I know they are related, though have an interesting connection to each > other, and the horse as well. > > A3 Claire JordanDegree in biology and folklore; programmer, shop > owner, secretary on newspaper7h > > *A jack or jackass is a male donkey* (the female is a jenny). A mule is a > cross between a jack and a mare (female horse), and a hinny is a cross > between a jenny and a stallion. Hinnies often turn out a little smaller > than mules because of usually having a smaller mother, although horse-sized > donkeys do exist - and also if the jenny dam isn’t very large the sire > needs to be a pony, not a horse, to avoid birth problems caused by a > too-large foal. > > *Mules are in between horse and donkey in size and shape.* They look > mostly like a horse, but with shorter legs and longer ears, and they are > very strong, hardy and intelligent. > > Q4 How much detergent should I use in my 6.5kg (14lbs) front > loading washing machine to get my cloths cleaned which were of a normal day > usage? > > A4 Venkateswara Swamy Swarna, former Scientist, Metallurgist, > Quality / NDT Manager at Department of Atomic Energy, India > (1967-2008)Answered Oct 7, 2020 > > *Most of the detergents come with measuring scoops and the washing machine > also comes with recommendations for the quantity of the detergent powder*. > But for daily used clothes that are washed daily, one can use about half or > even less detergent. > > In fact, once a week, running the machine with a half load and without any > detergent is a good idea… > > *2ND ANSWER-Don Powell, Been doing my own for over 20 yearsAnswered Sep 7, > 2016* > > *A very small amount. A very small amount.* > > Even if you run a full size, or whatever the largest size load your > machine takes, you can use the amount of detergent recommended for a small > load. > > *Unless your clothes are very dirty or stinky you don’t really need much > detergent to get them clean.* > > I have a tendency to get my clothes fairly dirty doing yard work and > things like that and with the summer heat they can be a bit funky from all > the sweat they soak up. > > The detergent pods I use recommend 2 pods for a full size load of laundry > in the washing machine I have but I only use one. With one pod and washing > my clothes in cold water they still come out fresh and clean each time. > Most people use way more detergent than they need to get their clothes > clean. > > Q5 How was Charles Darwin able to discover evolution when he > would not have known about DNA or genetics in his time? > > A5 Ken Saladin Former professor of histology (microscopic > anatomy)Updated Sun > > *You don’t need DNA or genetics to see evolution happening, and the clear > evidence of it having happened for a long, long time before us*. From the > way your question reads, it doesn’t seem like you’ve ever read On the > Origin of Species, or you would have already known the answer. > > DNA and genetics, along with paleontology and experimental biology, just > give us deeper insights into the tempo, mechanisms, and patterns of > evolution. > > *And by the way, Charles Darwin didn’t discover evolution.* Others before > him already knew that it occurs. What Darwin achieved was the first > scientifically defensible explanation of how it works. > > *All the above QA are from Quora website on 07-04- 2022. **Quora > answers need not be 100% correct answers * > > *Compiled **and posted by R. Gopala krishnan on 07-04-2022* > > > > -- > You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups > "iyer123" group. > To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an > email to [email protected]. > To view this discussion on the web visit > https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/iyer123/1925103086.2005703.1649342192242%40mail.yahoo.com > <https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/iyer123/1925103086.2005703.1649342192242%40mail.yahoo.com?utm_medium=email&utm_source=footer> > . > -- You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "Thatha_Patty" group. To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an email to [email protected]. 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