Pranam I used to say that the thought process based on scientific evaluations gets changed wrt the era, from then till now; the Q & A are rendering old thoughts the latest evaluations are rendered below, which are marked, from the authentic research papers in the SCIENCE: Q1 POWER FACTOR is the ratio between the useful (true) power (kW) to the total (apparent) power (kVA) consumed by an item of a.c. electrical equipment or a complete electrical installation. It is a measure of how efficiently electrical power is converted into useful work output. The ideal power factor is unity, or one.
Anything less than one means that extra power is required to achieve the actual task at hand. All current flow causes losses both in the supply and distribution system. A load with a power factor of 1.0 results in the most efficient loading of the supply. A load with a power factor of, say, 0.8, results in much higher losses in the supply system and a higher bill for the consumer. A comparatively small improvement in power factor can bring about a significant reduction in losses since losses are proportional to the square of the current. When the power factor is less than one the ‘missing’ power is known as reactive power which unfortunately is necessary to provide a magnetising field required by motors and other inductive loads to perform their desired functions. Reactive power can also be interpreted as wattless, magnetising or wasted power and it represents an extra burden on the electricity supply system and on the consumer’s bill. A poor power factor is usually the result of a significant phase difference between the voltage and current at the load terminals, or it can be due to a high harmonic content or a distorted current waveform. A poor power factor is generally the result of an inductive load such as an induction motor, a power transformer, a ballast in a luminaire, a welding set or an induction furnace. A distorted current waveform can be the result of a rectifier, an inverter, a variable speed drive, a switched mode power supply, discharge lighting or other electronic loads. A poor power factor due to inductive loads can be improved by the addition of power factor correction equipment, but a poor power factor due to a distorted current waveform requires a change in equipment design or the addition of harmonic filters. Some inverters are quoted as having a power factor of better than 0.95 when, in reality, the true power factor is between 0.5 and 0.75. The figure of 0.95 is based on the cosine of the angle between the voltage and current but does not take into account that the current waveform is discontinuous and therefore contributes to increased losses. An inductive load requires a magnetic field to operate and in creating such a magnetic field causes the current to be out of phase with the voltage (the current lags the voltage). Power factor correction is the process of compensating for the lagging current by creating a leading current by connecting capacitors to the supply. A sufficient capacitance is connected so that the power factor is adjusted to be as close to unity as possible. Power factor explained Consider a single-phase induction motor. If the motor presented a purely resistive load to the supply, the current flowing would be in-phase with the voltage. This is not the case. The motor has a magnet and the magnetizing current is not in phase with the voltage. The magnetizing current is the current that establishes the flux in the iron and, being out of phase, causes the shaft of the motor to rotate. The magnetizing current is independent of the load on the motor and will typically be between 20% and 60% of the rated full load current of the motor. The magnetizing current does not contribute to the work output of the motor. Consider a motor with a current draw of 10 Amps and a power factor of 0.75. The useful current is 7.5 A. The useful power from the motor is 230 ×7.5 = 1.725kW but the total power that has to be supplied is 230 × 10 =2.3 kVA. Without power factor correction, to achieve the required output of 1.725 kW (7.5 A) a power of 2.3 kVA (10 A) has to be supplied. A current of 10 A is flowing but only 7.5 A of that current is producing useful output. The power factor can be expressed in two ways: Power factor (pf) = Useful power (kW) divided by the total power (kVA), or Power factor (pf) = The cosine of the angle between useful power and total power= cos ø. Power factor correction is the term given to a technology that has been used since the turn of the 20th century to restore the power factor to as close to unity as is economically viable. This is normally achieved by the addition of capacitors to the electrical network which compensate for the reactive power demand of the inductive load and thus reduce the burden on the supply. There should be no effect on the operation of the equipment. To reduce losses in the distribution system, and to reduce the electricity bill, power factor correction, usually in the form of capacitors, is added to neutralize as much of the magnetizing current as possible. Capacitors contained in most power factor correction equipment draw current that leads the voltage, thus producing a leading power factor. If capacitors are connected to a circuit that operates at a nominally lagging power factor, the extent that the circuit lags is reduced proportionately. Typically the corrected power factor will be 0.92 to 0.95. Some power distributors offer incentives for operating with a power factor of better than 0.9, for example, and some penalize consumers with a poor power factor. There are many ways that this is metered but the net result is that in order to reduce wasted energy in the distribution system, the consumer is encouraged to apply power factor correction. Q6 Fungi and bacteria are not considered plants. Classification of them changed in the 20th century, when these organisms began to be classified as being outside the plant kingdom. Plants are multicellular organisms that typically produce their own food from inorganic matter by the process of photosynthesis and that have more or less rigid cell walls containing cellulose. Bacteria are not now classified as plants because there is no tissue differentiation. Fungi have no chlorophyll and don’t carry out photosynthesis, which is the main reason they are not now classified as plants. Fungus and bacteria each of them have a separate kingdom and it also separate from plant kingdom.The fungi as a kingdom Mycota ,the bacteria as a kingdom Bacteria. Please note, presence of chlorophyll is not a strict requirement for classification as a plant (see: Monotropa uniflora). KR IRS 16422 On Sat, 16 Apr 2022 at 08:22, 'gopala krishnan' via iyer123 < [email protected]> wrote: > *CULTURAL QA 04-2022-16* > > *BEING A COMPILATION THERE MAY BE ERRORS* > > *Q1 What is the role of power factor correction in energy > consumption?* > > A1 Krupa Shah , B.tech Bachelor of Technology in Electronics > and Communications Engineering, K J Somaiya Institute of Enginee…Answered > Thu > > *The purpose of power factor correction is to make the energy consumption > process easier*. PFC aids in the reduction of excessive electricity > bills. The load-carrying capabilities will be improved by improving the PFC > features. The demand charges for the power system will also be reduced as a > result of power factor correction. > > Here are 5 ways, how power factor correction helps in energy consumption > > Avoid Penalties cause due to high power factor > > The employment of high-load induction components for operational purposes > in any manufacturing unit increases reactive power, for which utility > companies charge a power factor penalty if it falls below the allowable > threshold for your home or business. > > As a result, the easiest way to save money is to install power factor > adjustment capacitors. The power factor penalty on utility bills can be > eliminated with these capacitors. It also aids in the reduction of your > energy use. > > Demand Charges Will Be Reduced > > The measured amount of KBA will be larger than the demand for KW if the > power factor is low. As a result, power firms will bill for demand measured > in KVA or KW. The demand charge will be reduced, and the electricity bill > will be reduced depending on energy use, by improving the power factor and > seeking correction. > > Enhance Load Carrying Potential > > You can ensure that inductive load-bearing circuits decrease excessive > current flow by integrating capacitors for PFC. Because of the higher power > factor, the circuit will be able to handle higher power loads. It will also > save money on the expense of expanding the distribution line to meet > increased capacity needs. > > You will save a lot of money on your energy bills in the long term if you > install power factor correction capacitors. > > Enhanced Voltage > > When the load has a poor power factor, it consumes a lot of current, which > raises the energy consumption and the bill. As the line current rises, the > voltage drop rises with it, causing voltage degradation in certain > equipment. You can expect a reduction in voltage drop and an increase in > equipment voltage if you seek the inclusion of passive power factor > correction filters. > > Improved Power Quality > > You can expect improved power quality at home and in the workplace by > using active power factor adjustment filters. Because the energy usage will > be more refined, you will pay less than you would have paid with low power > factors. It lowers kw/h power usage and eliminates unnecessary power > charges. > > These are just a few of the benefits of PFC in terms of paying the best > price for refined energy usage. If you are going to install power factor > correction in your home or business, you can contact Powermatrix for a > power factor correction capacitor. > > *Q2 Is "schnockered" a British word? If so, what does it mean?* > > > > A2 Claire Jordan Degree in biology and folklore; programmer, > shop owner, secretary on newspaper21h > > *No, the word you’re searching for is “snookered”. Snooker is a tabletop > ball game similar to pool or billiards. In the game, a snooker is a > difficult* position in which a player cannot directly aim the cue-ball at > any other ball but has to bounce it off the side cushions, and to snooker > an opponent is to put them in that position. By extension, therefore, to be > snookered is in general to be backed into a position you can’t easily get > out of, similar to but slightly less drastic than being check-mated. > > *Q3 What can we do with coconut wastes?* > > A3 Naman Jain Enthusiast and Avid Explorer Apr 7 > > *Coconuts are produced in 92 countries worldwide on about more than 10 > million hectares. Indonesia,* Philippines and India account for almost > 75% of world coconut production with Indonesia being the world’s largest > coconut producer. A coconut plantation is analogous to energy crop > plantations, however coconut plantations are a source of wide variety of > products, in addition to energy. The current world production of coconuts > has the potential to produce *electricity, heat, fiberboards, organic > fertilizer, animal feeds, fuel additives for cleaner emissions, > eco-friendly cutlery, health drinks, etc.* > > The coconut fruit yields 40 % coconut husks containing 30 % fiber, with > dust making up the rest. The chemical composition of coconut husks consists > of cellulose, lignin, pyroligneous acid, gas, charcoal, tar, tannin, and > potassium. Coconut dust has high lignin and cellulose content. > > *The use of coconut husks or waste are for the production of board > material and has a number of advantages:* > > The method is sustainable and environmentally friendly. The residual > material of the coconut is used in its entirety. It is a good alternative > to wood and helps to prevent deforestation. During production, glue and > chemical agents do not need to be added. Furthermore, the production is CO2 > neutral. > > It is inexpensive. The glue that has to be added when boards based on > wood fibre are made contributes to one third of the total production costs. > Glue is not required to process coconut husk into board material. It > can form an extra source of income for farmers in developing countries. > > The board material that is made from coconut husk can be used for all > kinds of applications, for example, in the construction sector, such as > wallboards, frames and similar. The material is intended for both local > consumers and for export, for example, the furniture industry. The study is > funded by the Common Fund for Commodities (CFC), a collaborative project > between 100 countries that supports and assists agricultural projects. > > *Q4 Why does Bengaluru look richer than Chennai?* > > A4 Naveen Subramanian Lived in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Wed > > *It's the same way of asking why London city doesn’t have skyscrapers as > Dubai*. Even after a few hundred years, I guess the people of London will > try to keep their aesthetic value unchanged. *That’s because London as a > city has a traditional value that’s closely knitted with European history > of planning and architecture.* Those aesthetic values can’t be recreated. > > *Now if you take Chennai - it’s not one designated city. It’s a > combination of 3 districts - Chennai, Kancheepuram, and Thiruvallur*. It > has expanded and will keep expanding. Bangalore is for the migrant > population - people flood to work and stay, leave the city which will be > replaced with a new set of migrants. People who stay in Bangalore for > generations are too low. > > *But Chennai is different - it was never meant to be planned for a migrant > population. On the other* hand, it’s a city of destination for migrants > from the South of TN. People flood to live here, settle down for > generations. People own properties here even if they don’t continue to live > here. > > You can see these types of typical houses in Mylapore that are more than > 100 years old > > And these, who are more than 50 years old > > And these ….These types of buildings are preserved for their aesthetic > value and are passed on across generations. > > *One of my friends spent almost 3 crores to renovate such type of his old > building.* Constructing a new building with modern architecture will cost > less cheap, but he chose not to. His family has a tradition that he wanted > to retain. *So spent double the cost just to retain its aesthetic value.* > > The new urban and semi-urban areas of Chennai will have multi-story > buildings that are meant to facilitate migrating middle-class population. > The native Chennai - mostly the north and central Chennai - is very must > traditional and aesthetic. It’s because of these people. who live here, > hasn't moved out. They continued to live here across generations > > Now with regards to Bangalore - ofcourse it’s a city with a history of > traditional culture and architecture. *However, since IT boom in 2000, > the Karnataka* State Govt intends to promote it as a city that competes > with NY and Sydney both in terms of economy and livelihood. The govt wants > Bangalore to be identified as “IT hub” of India. The city did undergo major > transformation as it scaled up in terms of economy. > > Here the key is “ Transformation” - the city transformed quicker while > it’s traditional buildings exists paralelly. > > *Bangalore as a city has a necessity to look richer and modern. It is its > USP. The entire tech economy* of Bangalore is dependent on its modern > city planning and architecture. The city attracts international clients and > skills sets. The multi-cultural nightlife of Bangalore is a product of its > multicultural city planning. The city’s economy has to compete with NY and > Sydney. They need to come up with city attractions to lure international > clientele. > > *Chennai doesn’t have such commitments. There is* no major transformation > out of investor’s expectations. It’s a city of its own. It’s an identity of > its own. The city’s economy is more domesticated and self-sustainable. The > city planning is subjected to local demands and needs. > > Answering the original question - Why does Bengaluru look richer than > Chennai? > > *The key is “transformation” , a city undergoes* transformation when the > govt decides to transform it. Karnataka state govt banked on tech economy > of Bangalore, and did stir major transformations. While Chennai has been a > manufacturing hub outside the city limit - hence the city expanded in terms > of geographic areas but did not undergo westernization of transformation > within the city on it’s own. > > *Bangalore City planning is a product of investor's demand.Chennai City > planning is a product of local demand.* > > Edit — Bangalore has traditionally asthetic architecture too. But the > Karnataka govt is interested to promote Bangalore more as an IT hub than a > traditional city. My answer is to address the mindset of outside world that > compares Bangalore City culture with that of chennai. It's not intended to > offend the interest of native banglore residents. Thanks.(pictures not > added) > > *Q5 What are four appliances using the most energy per day, and > what do you do about it?* > > A5 Gopala Krishnan, former Assistant General Manager 1996-2004 > at Department of Telecom (1966-2004)Answered just now > > I am from Chennai, India. Now it is summer. First appliance coming in the > list of energy consumption is *Air-condition units* used during day and > night. Second one is *bore-well motor and sump motor* operated during > morning and evening. Perhaps third can be the 65 watts fans used. Fourth > one is the fridges two numbers in most homes especially in Kerala. > > *Q6 Why are bacteria classified under plants?* > > A6 Ken Saladin Former professor of histology (microscopic > anatomy)Updated 1h > > I was taught in my childhood that everything could be classified *as > “animal, vegetable, or mineral.”* The great pioneering taxonomist > Linnaeus first proposed these three categories in 1735 (Regnum Animale, > Regnum Vegetabile and Regnum Lapideum), and then subdivided each of those > into kingdoms and smaller categories. My mother played a game with me in > which she’d name objects at random and I’d have to say which “kingdom” it > belonged to. > > *Of all of these, bacteria certainly weren’t minerals and they didn’t seem > like animals, so they were dumped into the Plantae by default*. I think > protozoans were put in the Plantae if they were green and Animalia if they > were not. Mushrooms and other fungi, too, were classified as plants, but > not any longer. It was a classification based on ignorance, not knowledge. > Scientists at the time did the best they could with what little they had in > the way of observational tools. > > And now that we have molecular and genetic tools of unprecedented > sophistication, and knowledge beyond science’s prior imagination, the > classification system I learned in high school and college and passed on to > my own students in the 1970s and ‘80s—kingdom, phylum, class, order, > family, genus, species—is all topsy-turvy with clades and strange new names > I’m glad, in retirement, I don’t have to teach. > > UPDATE: I am puzzled by why the question was changed after I answered it > from the original “Why were…” to “Why are….” If it had been written that > way originally, my answer probably would have begin, “They’re NOT.” It’s > strange how some people become more committed to wrong ideas after they get > correct information > > *Q7 Is there any place in world where there is no gravity?* > > A7 Rohit Virmani Knows English Apr 10 > > *There are some places on this planet where gravity does not work. Here is > a list of 5 such places:* > > -1- The golden rock, Myanmar: > > After looking at the rock, one can have a feeling that it can fall down > anytime but it has been sitting like this for more than 2500 years. > > -2- Reverse waterfall in England(Hayfield in Derbyshire Peak District) > > It sounds unbelievable but it is true that there a waterfall which flows > in reverse manner which means from down to up. The river Kinder flows > downward to a certain point and then it starts flowing upwards. > > -3- Oregon Vortex, the house of mysteries: > > There is a broom over here which never lies down irrespective of the > manner in which it is kept and balls roll even on the flat surfaces. Many > people have used special devices to find out the reason of strange > occurrences but nobody has succeeded till date. > > -4- Hoover dam, Nevada > > Built on the border on two American states- Nevada and Arizona. It is an > arch shaped dam which is constructed on the Black Canyon of the Colorado > river and it is 726.4 ft. tall. In order to see whether gravity works over > there or not, a person needs to carry out a simple experiment. When the > water from the bottle is dropped in the dam, instead of flowing downwards, > the water flows upwards > > -5- Reverse waterfall in India: > > There is a reverse waterfall in India as well and it is just 3 hrs from > Mumbai. This waterfall is in Naneghat which is pretty close to Junnar, > Pune, and the reason behind water flowing upwards is the strong wind which > forces water to flow in the upward direction. > > *Q8 How do you clean the dust out of your laptop?* > > A8 Gopala Krishnan, former Assistant General Manager 1996-2004 > at Department of Telecom (1966-2004) Answered just now > > I am from Chennai, India. It is summer and dust falling is more. One of > the things that can be done is- make it a habit *to work in computer in > an air-conditioned room . This can reduce dust on laptop more than 50%.* > > 2nd one is to clean the key board and display with a soft cloth. This will > also reduce dust to 40%. A small percentage of dust must go inside key > board. This cannot be removed. Best possible is to keep the laptop closed > while not working. > > One can clean the outside of laptop with a good cloth, if needed with a > slightly wet cloth. Key board is cleaned in service centres after applying > a cleaning liquid. This also can be tried. > > *After a few years , key board with all cleaning appear old and display > become dim, say after 5–6 years*. It is high time to purchase a new > laptop. Save your data to an external memory before disposing old computer*. > Replacement of key board and LED display may rarely improve the appearance*. > As far as possible avoid using Laptop in non air-conditioned room. Computer > for home use is available around Rs 35000–00 in Chennai shops. *Those > using Laptops and conversant with it’s working are generally affordable to > purchase a new one- A general statement.* > > *Q9 How much unit does a washing machine consume in 1 hour of > usage?* > > A9 Veronica Graunwolf , former World Traveller/Butcher, Baker, > Candlestick Maker (1966-2018) Answered Jun 14, 2019 > > I assume you mean watts of electricity per minute/hour. That depends on > your machine and its options. Different makes use different amounts. *Your > machine or users manual should be able to tell you that.* > > 2ND ANSWER -Yajna Fuel, studied Chemical Engineering & Enery at Hadas > High School (1978) Answered Jun 14, 2019 > > Self help is good.Set timing for 1hr,switch off all other appliances.Get > out, lock the door and take readings on your electric meter. You will get > 2o odd values, conclude, integrate, subdivide the data as per your > convenience, comfort etc > > *Q10 Are our bodies literally under constant attack from bacteria?* > > A10 Ken Saladin Former professor of histology (microscopic > anatomy)1h > > * I would not say “attack.” They are seldom pathogenic (disease-causing) > and many are beneficial, even necessary to our health.* > > Nevertheless, they are always there—on the skin, in the hair, in the air > we inhale, in what we eat and drink. Our skin oils and perspiration (even > the perspiration we’re not aware of) have a mild acidity and antibacterial > proteins that keep the bacteria under control. Our mucous membranes in > the respiratory and digestive tract also are loaded with antibacterial > agents as well, and relatively few species of bacteria can survive the > stomach acid. A few kinds, of course, do—hence the human problems with > botulism, salmonella, and peptic ulcer. > > Bacteria of our large intestine are mostly benign (harmless) or even > “friendly forces.” > > *All the above QA are from Quora website on 15-04- 2022. **Quora > answers need not be 100% correct answers * > > *Compiled **and posted by R. Gopala krishnan on 15-04-2022* > > > > -- > You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups > "iyer123" group. > To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an > email to [email protected]. > To view this discussion on the web visit > https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/iyer123/910769442.169645.1650077474938%40mail.yahoo.com > <https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/iyer123/910769442.169645.1650077474938%40mail.yahoo.com?utm_medium=email&utm_source=footer> > . > -- You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "Thatha_Patty" group. 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