Respected Rajaram Sir, Every post of yours,elevates the standard of a post.The usually wonderful post of Sri Gopalakrishnan,here has been elevated to the realm of deep contemplation and insights.Hope the beauty of the posts will not be damaged by meaningless misunderstanding. YM
On Fri, Apr 29, 2022 at 10:38 AM Rajaram Krishnamurthy < [email protected]> wrote: > Pranam > Q10 Main Theories of Evolution > > So main theories of evolution are: > > (I) Lamarckism or Theory of Inheritance of Acquired characters. > > (II) Darwinism or Theory of Natural Selection. > > (III) Mutation theory of De Vries. > > (IV) Neo-Darwinism or Modern concept or Synthetic theory of evolution. > > I. Lamarckism: > > It is also called “Theory of inheritance of acquired characters” and was > proposed by a great French naturalist, Jean Baptiste de Lamarck (Fig. 7.34) > in 1809 A.D. in his famous book “Philosphic Zoologique”. This theory is > based on the comparison between the contemporary species of his time to > fossil records. > > Jean Baptiste de Lamarck > > His theory is based on the inheritance of acquired characters which are > defined as the changes (variations) developed in the body of an organism > from normal characters, in response to the changes in environment, or in > the functioning (use and disuse) of organs, in their own life time, to > fulfill their new needs. Thus Lamarck stressed on adaptation as means of > evolutionary modification. > > A. Postulates of Lamarckism: > > Lamarckism is based on following four postulates: > > 1. New needs: > > Every living organism is found in some kind of environment. The changes in > the environmental factors like light, temperature, medium, food, air etc. > or migration of animal lead to the origin of new needs in the living > organisms, especially animals. To fulfill these new needs, the living > organisms have to exert special efforts like the changes in habits or > behaviour. > > 2. Use and disuse of organs: > > > > The new habits involve the greater use of certain organs to meet new > needs, and the disuse or lesser use of certain other organs which are of no > use in new conditions. This use and disuse of organs greatly affect the > form, structure and functioning of the organs. > > Continuous and extra use of organs make them more efficient while the > continued disuse of some other organs lead to their degeneration and > ultimate disappearance. So, Lamarckism is also called “Theory of use and > disuse of organs.” > > So the organism acquires certain new characters due to direct or indirect > environmental effects during its own life span and are called Acquired or > adaptive characters. > > 3. Inheritance of acquired characters: > > Lamarck believed that acquired characters are inheritable and are > transmitted to the offsprings so that these are born fit to face the > changed environmental conditions and the chances of their survival are > increased. > > 4. Speciation: > > Lamarck believed that in every generation, new characters are acquired and > transmitted to next generation, so that new characters accumulate > generation after generation. After a number of generations, a new species > is formed. > > So according to Lamarck, an existing individual is the sum total of the > characters acquired by a number of previous generations and the speciation > is a gradual process. > > Summary of four postulates of Lamarckism: > > 1. Living organisms or their component parts tend to increase in size. > > 2. Production of new organ is resulted from a new need. > > 3. Continued use of an organ makes it more developed, while disuse of an > organ results in degeneration. > > > > 4. Acquired characters (or modifications) developed by individuals during > their own lifetime are inheritable and accumulate over a period of time > resulting a new species. > > B. Evidences in favour of Lamarckism: > > 1. Phylogenetic studies of horse, elephant and other animals show that all > these increase in their evolution from simple to complex forms. > > 2. Giraffe (Fig. 7.35) > > Development of present day long-necked and long fore-necked giraffe from > deer-like ancestor by the gradual elongation of neck and forelimbs in > response to deficiency of food on the barren ground in dry deserts of > Africa. These body parts were elongated so as to eat the leaves on the tree > branches. This is an example of effect of extra use and elongation of > certain organs. > > Stages in the Evolution of Present Day Giraffe > > 3. Snakes: > > Development of present day limbless snakes with long slender body from the > limbed ancestors due to continued disuse of limbs and stretching of their > body to suit their creeping mode of locomotion and fossorial mode of living > out of fear of larger and more powerful mammals. It is an example of disuse > and degeneration of certain organs. > > 4. Aquatic birds: > > Development of aquatic birds like ducks, geese etc. from their terrestrial > ancestors by the acquired characters like reduction of wings due to their > continued disuse, development of webs between their toes for wading > purposes. > > These changes were induced due to deficiency of food on land and severe > competition. It is an example of both extra use (skin between the toes) and > disuse (wings) of organs. > > 5. Flightless birds: > > Development of flightless birds like ostrich from flying ancestors due to > continued disuse of wings as these were found in well protected areas with > plenty of food. > > 6. Horse: > > The ancestors of modem horse (Equus caballus) used to live in the areas > with soft ground and were short legged with more number of functional > digits (e.g. 4 functional fingers and 3 functional toes in Dawn > horse-Eohippus). These gradually took to live in areas with dry ground. > This change in habit was accompanied by increase in length of legs and > decrease in functional digits for fast running over hard ground. > > C. Criticism of Lamarckism: > > A hard blow to Lamarckism came from a German biologist, August Weismann > who proposed the “Theory of continuity of germplasm” in 1892 A.D. This > theory states that environmental factors do affect only somatic cells and > not the germ cells. > > As the link between the generations is only through the germ cells and the > somatic cells are not transmitted to the next generation so the acquired > characters must be lost with the death of an organism so these should have > no role in evolution. He suggested that germplasm is with special particles > called “ids” which control the development of parental characters in > offsprings. > > Weismann mutilated the tails of mice for about 22 generations and allowed > them to breed, but tailless mice were never born. Pavlov, a Russian > physiologist, trained mice to come for food on hearing a bell. He reported > that this training is not inherited and was necessary in every generation. > Mendel’s laws of inheritance also object the postulate of inheritance of > acquired characters of Lamarckism. > > Similarly, boring of pinna of external ear and nose in Indian women; tight > waist, of European ladies circumcising (removal of prepuce) in certain > people; small sized feet of Chinese women etc are not transmitted from one > generation to another generator. > > Eyes which are being used continuously and constantly develop defects > instead of being improved. Similarly, heart size does not increase > generation after generation though it is used continuously. > > Presence of weak muscles in the son of a wrestler was also not explained > by Lamarck. Finally, there are a number of examples in which there is > reduction in the size of organs e.g. among Angiosperms, shrubs and herbs > have evolved from the trees. > > So, Lamarckism was rejected. > > D. Significance: > > 1. It was first comprehensive theory of biological evolution. > > 2. It stressed on adaptation to the environment as a primary product of > evolution. > > Neo-Lamarckism: > > Long forgotten Lamarckism has been revived as Neo-Lamarckism, in the light > of recent findings in the field of genetics which confirm that environment > does affect the form, structure; colour, size etc. and these characters are > inheritable. > > Main scientists who contributed in the evolution of Neo-Lamarckism are: > French Giard, American Cope, T.H. Morgan, Spencer, Packard, Bonner, Tower, > Naegali, Mc Dougal, etc. Term neo-Lamarckism was coined by Alphaeus S. > Packard. > > Neo-Lamarckism states: 1. Germ cells may be formed from the somatic cells > indicating similar nature of chromosomes and gene make up in two cell lines > e.g.(a) Regeneration in earthworms.(b) Vegetative propagation in plants > like Bryophyllum (with foliar buds).(c) A part of zygote (equipotential > egg) of human female can develop into a complete baby (Driesch). > > 2. Effect of environment on germ cells through the somatic cells e.g. > Heslop Harrison found that a pale variety of moth, Selenia bilunaria, when > fed on manganese coated food, a true breeding melanic variety of moth is > produced. > > 3. Effect of environment directly on germ cells. Tower exposed the young > ones of some potato beetles to temperature fluctuation and found that > though beetles remained unaffected with no somatic change but next > generation had marked changes in body colouration. > > Muller confirmed the mutagenic role of X-rays on Drosophila while C. > Auerbach et., al. confirmed the chemical mutagens (mustard gas vapours) > causing mutation in Drosophila melanogaster, so neo-Lamarckism proved: > > (a) Germ cells are not immune from the effects of the environment. > > (b) Germ cells can carry somatic changes to next progeny (Harrison’s > experiment). > > (c) Germ cells may be directly affected by the environmental factors > (Tower’s experiment). > > Difference between Lamarckism and Neo-Lamarckism > > xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx > xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx { Darwin not taken > heer} > > III. Mutation Theory of Evolution: > > The mutation theory of evolution was proposed by a Dutch botanist, Hugo de > Vries (1848-1935 A.D.) (Fig. 7.38) in 1901 A.D. in his book entitled > “Species and Varieties, Their Origin by Mutation”. He worked on evening > primrose (Oenothera lamarckiana). > > Hugo de Vries > > A. Experiment: > > Hugo de Vries cultured O. lamarckiana in botanical gardens at Amsterdam. > The plants were, allowed to self pollinate and next generation was > obtained. The plants of next generation were again subjected to self > pollination to obtain second generation. Process was repeated for a number > of generations. > > B. Observations: > > Majority of plants of first generation were found to be like the parental > type and showed only minor variations but 837 out of 54,343 members were > found to be very different in characters like flower size, shape and > arrangement of buds, size of seeds etc. These markedly different plants > were called primary or elementary species. > > A few plants of second generation were found to be still more different. > Finally, a new type, much longer than the original type, called O. gigas, > was produced. He also found the numerical chromosomal changes in the > variants (e.g. with chromosome numbers 16, 20, 22, 24, 28 and 30) upto 30 > (Normal diploid number is 14). > > > > C. Conclusion: > > 1. The evolution is a discontinuous process and occurs by mutations (L. > mutate = to change; sudden and inheritable large differences from the > normal and are not connected to normal by intermediate forms). Individuals > with mutations are called mutants. > > 2. Elementary species are produced in large number to increase chances of > selection by nature. > > 3. Mutations are recurring so that the same mutants appear again and > again. This increases the chances of their selection by nature. > > 4. Mutations occur in all directions so may cause gain or loss of any > character. > > 5. Mutability is fundamentally different from fluctuations (small and > directional changes). > > So according to mutation theory, evolution is a discontinuous and jerky > process in which there is a jump from one species to another so that new > species arises from pre-existing species in a single generation > (macrogenesis or saltation) and not a gradual process as proposed by > Lamarck and Darwin. > > D. Evidences in favour of Mutation theory: > > 1. Appearance of a short-legged sheep variety, Ancon sheep (Fig. 7.39), > from long-legged parents in a single generation in 1791 A.D. It was first > noticed in a ram (male sheep) by an American farmer, Seth Wright. > > Appearance of Short Leggard Ancon Sheep Mutant > > 2. Appearance of polled Hereford cattle from horned parents in a single > generation in 1889. > > 3. De Vries observations have been experimentally confirmed by McDougal > and Shull in America and Gates in England. > > 4. Mutation theory can explain the origin of new varieties or species by a > single gene mutation e.g. Cicer gigas, Nuval orange. Red sunflower, > hairless cats, double- toed cats, etc. > > 5. It can explain the inheritance of vestigial and over-specialized organs. > > > > 6. It can explain progressive as well as retrogressive evolution. > > E. Evidences against Mutation theory: > > 1. It is not able to explain the phenomena of mimicry and protective > colouration. > > 2. Rate of mutation is very low, i.e. one per million or one per several > million genes. > > 3. Oenothera lamarckiana is a hybrid plant and contains anamolous type of > chromosome behaviour. > > 4. Chromosomal numerical changes as reported by de Vries are unstable. > > 5. Mutations are incapable of introducing new genes and alleles into a > gene pool. > > xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx > > IV. Neo-Darwinism or Modern Concept or Synthetic Theory of Evolution: > > The detailed studies of Lamarckism, Darwinism and Mutation theory of > evolution showed that no single theory is fully satisfactory. Neo-Darwinism > is a modified version of theory of Natural Selection and is a sort of > reconciliation between Darwin’s and de Vries theories. > > Modern or synthetic theory of evolution was designated by Huxley (1942). > It emphasises the importance of populations as the units of evolution and > the central role of natural selection as the most important mechanism of > evolution. > > The scientists who contributed to the outcome of Neo-Darwinism were: J.S. > Huxley, R.A. Fischer and J.B.S. Haldane of England; and S. Wright, Ford, > H.J. Muller and T. Dobzhansky of America. > > A. Postulates of Neo-Darwinism: > > 1. Genetic Variability: > > Variability is an opposing force to heredity and is essential for > evolution as the variations form the raw material for evolution. The > studies showed that the units of both heredity and mutations are genes > which are located in a linear manner on the chromosomes. > > > > Various sources of genetic variability in a gene pool are: > > (i) Mutations: > > These are sudden, large and inheritable changes in the genetic material. > On the basis of amount of genetic material involved, mutations are of three > types: > > (a) Chromosomal aberrations: > > These include the morphological changes in the chromosomes without > affecting the number of chromosomes. These result changes either in the > number of genes (deletion and duplication) or in the position of genes > (inversion). > > These are of four types: > > 1. Deletion (Deficiency) involves the loss of a gene block from the > chromosome and may be terminal or intercalary. > > 2. Duplication involves the presence of some genes more than once, called > the repeat. It may be tandem or reverse duplication. > > 3. Translocation involves transfer of a gene block from one chromosome to > a non-homologous chromosome and may be simple or reciprocal type. > > 4. Inversion involves the rotation of an intercalary gene block through > 180° and may be paracentric or pericentric. > > (b) Numerical chromosomal mutations: > > These include changes in the number of chromosomes. These may be euploidy > (gain or loss of one or more genomes) or aneuploidy (gain or loss of one or > two chromosomes). Euploidy may be haploidy or polyploidy. > > Among polyploidy, tetraploidy is most common. Polyploidy provides greater > genetic material for mutations and variability. In haploids, recessive > genes express in the same generation. > > Aneuploidy may be hypoploidy or hyperploidyl Hypoploidy may be monosomy > (loss of one chromosome) or nullisomy (loss of two chromosomes). > Hyperploidy may be trisomy (gain of one chromosome) or tetrasomy (gain of > two chromosomes). > > > > (c) Gene mutations (Point mutations): > > These are invisible changes in chemical nature (DNA) of a gene and are of > three types: > > 1. Deletion involves loss of one or more nucleotide pairs. > > 2. Addition involves gain of one or more nucleotide pairs. > > 3. Substitution involves replacement of one or more nucleotide pairs by > other base pairs. These may be transition or transversion type. > > These changes in DNA cause the changes in the sequence of amino acids so > changing the nature of proteins and the phenotype. > > (ii) Recombination of genes: > > Thousands of new combinations of genes are produced due to crossing over, > chance arrangement of bivalents at the equator during metaphase – I and > chance fusion of gametes during fertilization. > > (iii) Hybridization: > > It involves the interbreeding of two genetically different individuals to > produce ‘hybrids’. > > (iv) Physical mutagens (e.g. radiations, temperature etc.) and chemical > mutagens (e.g. nitrous acid, colchicine, nitrogen mustard etc.). > > (v) Genetic drift: > > It is the elimination of the genes of some original characteristics of a > species by extreme reduction in a population due to epidemics or migration > or Sewell Wright effect. > > The chances of variations are also increased by non-random mating. > > 2. Natural Selection: > > Natural selection of Neo- Darwinism differs from that of Darwinism that it > does not operate through “survival of the fittest” but operates through > differential reproduction and comparative reproductive success. > > Differential reproduction states that those members, which are best > adapted to the environment, reproduce at a higher rate and produce more > offsprings than those which are less adapted. So these contribute > proportionately greater percentage of genes to the gene pool of next > generation while less adapted individuals produce fewer offsprings. > > If the differential reproduction continues for a number of generations, > then the genes of those individuals which produce more offsprings will > become predominant in the gene pool of the population as shown in Fig. 7.40. > > Spread of Genetic Variability by Differential Reproduction > > Due to sexual communication, there is free flow of genes so that the > genetic variability which appears in certain individuals, gradually spreads > from one deme to another deme, from deme to population and then on > neighbouring sister populations and finally on most of the members of a > species. So natural selection causes progressive changes in gene > frequencies, ‘i.e. the frequency of some genes increases while the > frequency of some other genes decreases. > > Which individuals produce more offsprings? > > (i) Mostly those individuals which are best adapted to the environment. > > (ii) Whose sum of the positive selection pressure due to useful genetic > variability is more than the sum of negative selection pressure due to > harmful genetic variability? > > (iii) Which have better chances of sexual selection due to development of > some bright coloured spots on their body e.g. in many male birds and fish. > > (iv) Those who are able to overcome the physical and biological > environmental factors to successfully reach the sexual maturity. > > So natural selection of Neo-Darwinism acts as a creative force and > operates through comparative reproductive success. Accumulation of a number > of such variations leads to the origin of a new species. > > 3. Reproductive isolation: > > Any factor which reduces the chances of interbreeding between the related > groups of living organisms is called an isolating mechanism. Reproductive > isolation is must so as to allow the accumulation of variations leading to > speciation by preventing hybridization. > > In the absence of reproductive isolation, these variants freely > interbreed which lead to intermixing of their genotypes, dilution of their > peculiarities and disappearance of differences between them. So, > reproductive isolation helps in evolutionary divergence. KR IRS 29422 > > > > On Fri, 29 Apr 2022 at 04:59, 'gopala krishnan' via iyer123 < > [email protected]> wrote: > >> *CULTURAL QA 04-2022-29* >> >> *BEING A COMPILATION THERE MAY BE ERRORS* >> >> Q1 Can I close the windows and doors of the air conditioner >> room of my house with paper so that it cools down quickly? >> >> A1 Gopala Krishnan , former Assistant General Manager >> 1996-2004 at Department of Telecom (1966-2004)Answered just now >> >> You may close all doors and windows *except one window panel partially >> opened. I*f any problem occurs in the AC unit, there will be no >> suffocation. There are problems by pasting even transparent paper in the >> window panes. If anything occur in the room, from outside nothing will be >> visible. *The slightly quicker cooling effect is there b*y putting >> stickers, but just like *stickers are banned in vehicles, any banning >> can be in window panes also. Hotels it is banned I know.* >> >> Q2 What is the 'Diamond Crossing' in Nagpur? >> >> A2 Steven World Geo Politics. Apr 23 >> >> Diamond crossing is the junction in Nagpur where a particular *diamond >> shape ( square type) railway tracks intersects each other* one from >> North to South other from is East to West of India. >> >> This diamond is considered as centre point of india. >> >> Q3 Why do lawyers charge so much per hour? >> >> A3 Steven Haddock LL.B. degree, 25 years in litigation, >> administrative law, collections, bankrupty and professional regulationTue >> >> Law practices carry an immense amount of overhead - expenses you can’t >> avoid even if you’re doing next to no work. >> >> Do you have a trust account? You better not let your spouse do your books >> unless you want a visit from the regulatory authority. You have to have >> someone trained to reconcile trust accounts, plus specialized accounting >> software. This isn’t a job for Quickbooks. >> >> *You will need office space to meet with clients and keep records, of >> which there are strict rules what* you have to keep and how long you >> have to keep them. A box in your garage won’t cut it. >> >> *There are annual fees for the bar and for insurance.* The lawyer I >> worked with joked that the increase in his fees one year was larger than >> what professional engineers pay for the entire year. >> >> *You will need access to legal research facilities, which charge a lot. >> Thompson Rogers/Reuters* bought LEXIS for a reason - it’s extremely >> profitable. *You may also need staff, computers, scanners, photocopiers, >> and you have outside contractors* whose fees you can’t always charge to >> your clients. >> >> *Oh, and speaking of clients, sometimes they don’t pay those fees.* >> >> Q4 Who pays for dinner after a funeral? >> >> A4 Bhuvana Rameshwar married for three decades Tue >> >> If there are local people attending a funeral they leave immediately *without >> a good bye*. Walking away quietly after the funeral ceremony is common >> in India. They may however come over after bathing. >> >> This is the custom among Hindu Indians. But if the funeral is in a far >> away town or city people stay back, bathe and are served simple food *usually >> bought from restaurants.* >> >> *Usually the brother /elder sister of the dead person, the inlaw’s family >> or the parents of the son in law or daughter in law help out with these >> expenses as a norm.* This is also the most they can in a funeral house. >> If nobody sometimes friends too pool in to help especially if the adult >> children are not earning or are not married with inlaws. >> >> Q5 Is Powdered laundry detergent work better than liquids? >> >> A5 Gopala Krishnan, former Assistant General Manager >> 1996-2004 at Department of Telecom (1966-2004)Answered just now >> >> Detergent as Liquids is a late comer. Even when automatic washing >> machines appeared in India, there were only detergent powders. *Detergent >> liquids can quickly work on clothes*. It’s absorbing time to water is >> less. Even for daily washing we can see the effect before our eyes. Take >> half bucket of water and add 2 teaspoons of detergent liquid. Mix with hand >> . *Add one or two soiled clothes like dhoti ,towel etc.* After one >> minute just take out the clothes. You can find light brown( dirty water) in >> the bucket. If you squeeze more dirt if there will go quickly. Wash the >> clothes again in fresh water. Find the appearance of clothes >> >> Q6 What leads to ice formation in my air conditioner? How can >> I prevent it? >> >> A6 Ravi Raj, Air conditioning Answered Oct 24, 2015 >> >> Fan problems. *The evaporator unit’s fan is responsible for keeping the >> coils above the freezing point so that the condensation on the coils cannot >> freeze. A faulty fan* that spins to slowly or not at all allows the >> coils to drop in temperature so that the buildup of condensation freezes. >> >> Debris. Any sort of debris in the evaporator unit can restrict air flow >> to the coils, resulting in the same problem as occurs with a faulty fan. >> >> Low coolant level. If the level of freon is low, the coils will be at a >> temperature much lower than is normal. The excess condensation builds up >> and forms into ice. >> >> *I will suggest you to contact a technician , he can pinpoint the exact >> reason.* >> >> Q7 Why is Japan one of the most developed countries yet it >> does not have any minerals including oil? >> >> A7 Susanna Viljanen Works at Aalto University Updated Apr 4 >> >> You basically answered your own question. *When there are no natural >> resources, the only resource are human resources. The same applies to >> Scandinavia.* >> >> Abundant natural resources have never made one single nation rich and >> prosperous - only its ruling class. This is known as the resource curse >> >> . Countries rich in natural resources tend to be rotten and corrupt. >> *Conversely, >> those which are poor in natural resources tend to be rich and wealthy >> because all permanent wealth is created by human labour and knowhow*. >> >> Q8 What does a raw banana need to be yellow? >> >> A8 Ken SaladinTextbook author and professor emeritus Apr 23 >> >> When a fruit is immature, in many cases it’s green. Frugivorous >> (fruit-eating) animals know that as a sign that it will not be very >> appetizing, it may even be bitter or repugnant to eat, and it will not give >> a good nutritional reward for eating it. *As their seeds mature, fruits >> change to colors more attractive to frugivores—red, yellow, blue, etc.—*and >> they load up with nutritional rewards, especially sugars that will be >> agreeable to the tongue and energy-rich to the body. *The yellow color >> comes from pigments common in vegetables, the carotenoids, which show >> through as the fruit ripens and its green chlorophyll degrades enough for >> the yellow to show through.* >> >> You could think of a banana’s yellow color as an “I’m ready and I’m >> yummy” signal, an enticement to eat it. Yet in the case of bananas, you >> must realize *that wild bananas are nothing like the highly selected, >> cultivated, large yellow bananas we get from the grocery store now*. >> Indeed these bananas are seedless and propagated only asexually, so there >> is no seed-dispersal benefit for the banana to be eaten. So we might >> just as well think of the carotenoid-rich yellow as a trait that >> horticulturists have bred into bananas for marketing purposes—that state >> between green and brown when the banana is tastiest. >> >> Here are some wild-type bananas—not exactly your grocer’s >> plantation-grown Chiquitas. >> >> Q9 What difficulties does a person face if they have never >> married in their entire life? >> >> A9 D D Rishi Former IRS | Advocate | LL. M.,Ph.D. (Law) | Mar >> 24 >> >> I know a lot many people who did not get married. I think the major >> problem they face is that when they are 60+ and not in good health, they >> feel the need for a companion which they did not feel earlier. When you >> are ill and lonely at home, life can be tough. I don't think there is any >> major issue apart from loneliness, particularly at advanced age. >> >> *My note- I know of a person remained bachelor* and stayed in a lodge. >> Once he got retired the lodge people desired he should vacate the room. He >> did not bothered of his relatives while in service, but he was forced to >> move to his home. >> >> Q10 Is Darwin the first person to find theory of evolution? >> >> A10 Claire Jordan Degree in biology and folklore; programmer, >> shop owner, secretary on newspaper Sun >> >> *No. Evolution itself had been recognised for thousands of years*, and >> as for the theory that it worked mainly by natural selection Darwin wasn’t >> even the first. *19th C Briton to come up with it, but the third.* But >> he wrote the first comprehensive book on it. >> >> *The first, at least in the 19th C, was Patrick Matthew,* *a Scottish >> agriculturist* who wrote about natural selection in a book on commercial >> forestry in 1831, but thought it so self-evident that he just dashed off a >> few paragraphs on it in an appendix. >> >> *Then there was Alfred Russell Wallace, who* independently came up with >> the idea of natural selection and researched it at the same time as Darwin, >> and a paper of his on the subject was co-published with some of Darwin’s >> writings in 1858, but then Darwin published a full book on it the following >> year. >> >> *All the above QA are from Quora website on 28-04- 2022. * >> >> *Quora answers need not be 100% correct answers * >> >> *Compiled **and posted by R. 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