Pranam
Q1 Wolff's law, developed by the German anatomist and surgeon Julius
Wolff (1836–1902) in the 19th century, states that *bone in a healthy
animal will adapt to the loads under which it is placed*. Saṃyojaka
(संयोजक):—[=*saṃ-yojaka*] [from *saṃ-yuj*] mfn. joining together,
connecting, uniting.
ENVIRONMENT ( an adaptation is the history of growth) : Its meaning
and significanceHistory reveals that human race was once afraid of nature
and the natural forces. Human beings worshiped nature and considered
nature as superior to human race. Enormous increase in human
population raised the demand for development and increased the
consumption of various natural resources resulting in environmental
deterioration.The term environment describes the sum total of physical and
biotic conditions influencing the response of organisms. More
specifically, the sum of those portions of the hydrosphere,
lithosphere, and atmosphere into which life penetrates is the
biosphere. There are no characteristics of permanent inhabitants of
the atmosphere, although the air is traversed by many kinds of
animals and plant propagules. Of the hydrosphere, there are two
major bicycles, marine and freshwater, of the lithosphere there is one
land.A-habitat is a specific set of physical and chemical
conditions (for example, space, substratum, climate) that
surrounds a single species, a group of species or a large
community. The ultimate division of the biosphere is microhabitat,
the most intimately local and immediate set of conditions
surrounding an organism, the burrow of a rodent, for instance, or a
decaying log. Other individuals
4or species are considered as a part of the community to which the
organisms belong and not part of its habitat. The term biotope
defines a spatial or topographic unit with a characteristic set both of
physical and chemical conditions and of plant and animal life.In order
for organisms to exist they must respond or adjust to the
conditions of their environment. The first living organisms probably
evolved in the sea and must have possessed very generalised
adjustments to this relatively uniform and favourable
habitat. However, these early organisms inherent in them the
potential for expansion, as they later spread into other and more
rigorous habitats, particularly fresh water and land. As evolution
proceeded, organisms became more and more limited in the range of
their ability to respond as they became specialised in their adjustment to
particular habitants. This led to the great diversification of
species that we see at the present time, with each species
restricted to its particular microhabitat and place in the community.
Environment can be classified into 3 broad types) Biotic
(living) -The word biotic refers to having to do with living
organisms. Biotic elements refer to the biological component of
the ecosystem, consisting of population of plants, animals and
micro organisms in complex communities. The biotic factors
influencing an organisms, viruses and other parasitic organisms
cause diseases. There are all parts of an organism's biotic environment.
The biotic component of the ecosystem consists of 3 distinct groups
of organisms, the producers, consumers and decomposers. The producers are
those organisms capable of photosynthesis, production of
organic material solely from solar lift and carbon dioxide. This
organic material serves as a source of both energy and mineral
nutrients. Both are required by all living organisms. Examples
include both terrestrial and aquatic plants such as
phytoplankton. The consumers are organisms whose very survival
depends on the organic material manufactured by the producers. The
consumer represents animals of all sizes ranging from large predators to
small parasites, such as mosquitoes and flies. The nature
of the consumers dependence on the producers takes various forms.
Some consumers (herbivores such as rabbits) are directly
dependent on primary producers of for energy. Others (carnivores
such as tigers)depend indirectly on primary producers. The last
group of living organisms is the decomposers. These include micro-organisms
such as fungi, bacteria, yeast etc. as well as a diversity of worms,
insects and many other small animals. They all rely on dead
organisms for their existence and survival. In their efforts to
survive and obtain energy they decompose materials released by
plants and consumers to their original elements (C,O,H,N,S,P). This is
what keeps material cycling within the ecosystem. The biotic
community together with the physical environment forms are
interacting system called ecosystem.b) Abiotic -Abiotic factors*
include the flow of energy necessary to maintain any organism,
the physical factor that affect it and the supply of molecules
required for its life functions. Other physical factors include
climate, temperature, precipitation, including its types (rain, snow,
hill) around and seasonable distribution, types of soil present (sandy or
clay, dry or wet, fertile or infertile). All forms of life require atoms
such as carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus and molecules such as
water to construct and maintain themselves. The organisms
constantly obtain these materials from environment by eating food
or taking them us through the process of
photosynthesis.In the ecosystem, the abiotic (non-living) \components
perform 3 important functions: water and oxygen for organisms.
2nd, they act as a reservoir of the 6 most important elements for life,
carbon(C), hydrogen(H), Oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), Sulphur
(S) and phosphorus (P). These elements constitute 95% of
all living organisms. 3rd, the Earth contains only a fixed
amount of these elements. Thus continued functioning of the ecosystem
requires one thing at least. These elements have to be recycled
because they are critical to the welfare of the ecosystem as a
whole.c) Cultural -The stage of development that human beings
have attained in the path towards progress will determine their
culture as way of life. Human interaction with environment also
influences the ecosystem. People Of different cultures view their place
in society from different angles. Among the factors that can shape
their views are religious understandings, economic pressures and
fundamental knowledge of nature. Due to this diversity of
background different cultures put different values on the natural
world. But the general attitude has been one of development rather
than preservation.Technology Has been the key to human progress. Technology
has also increased the quantity of environmental degradation. Human
interaction with the environment has increased very fast of late. For
example, the green house effect is thought to result from energy
consumption, agricultural practices and climatic change. It is now
felt that we have entered an era characterised by global change
that arises from the interdependence between human development and their
environment. So self conscious and intelligent management
of the earth is one of the greatest challenges facing humanity
today. Humans also cause extinction in indirect ways. The building of dams
changes the character of rivers, making them less suitable for some species.
Hence Wolff's law is not new; atharva vedam and the Charaka smriti
speak a lot of adaptation to the environment, on the basis of which only
food, clothings and residences are designed . Bome can grow by itself. So
it takes the body according to its needs.
Q6 South India means the south direction; what is the big question
about it?. Valmiki Ramayanam uses the dakshina parvatha and lands and
rivers. KR IRS 13522
On Fri, 13 May 2022 at 08:40, 'gopala krishnan' via iyer123 <
[email protected]> wrote:
> *CULTURAL QA 05-2022-11*
>
> *BEING A COMPILATION THERE MAY BE ERRORS*
>
> Q1 Does Wolff’s law work in reverse? Does not putting stress to
> bones cause the bone to relapse to its original state?
>
> A1 Ken Saladin Textbook author and professor emeritus May 5
>
> *Wolff’s law works both ways*. It says that bone remodels itself in
> response to use or disuse. If a bone is subjected to increasing stress,
> osteoblasts deposit more bone, increasing its density and sometimes its
> outer dimensions in response. If a bone is subjected to reduced stress,
> osteoclasts dissolve more bone and its density decreases. *Neither one is
> a “reverse” operation of the law—it’s just a matter of continual
> remodelling in response to changing need.*
>
> Q2 Why is Europe investing heavily in trains?
>
> A2 Tomaž Vargazon Practicing atheistApr 20
>
> All means of travel have their niches. *For short trips you may take a
> car or a bus, but for longer trips you need something more comfortable.*
>
> *Trains fulfil a useful niche for trips too long to take a bus and too
> short to take a plane*. Planes are dirty and noisy but, crucially, have
> their own limitations that is not directly linked to travel: mandatory
> security checks prolong every plane trip by an hour or more, getting your
> luggage can add another hour and you can expect to lose a third hour going
> to and from the airport. While planes are significantly faster than
> trains, the entire trip, from your home to your destination, can be faster
> on a train simply because moving to and from the train is quicker and you
> arrive somewhere closer than is the case with the planes.
>
> In truth, aircraft only begin to edge out planes for trips longer than
> about 500 km. This is how 500 km looks like in Europe:
>
> This is how far a train could be the superior mode of travel from Vienna,
> Austria
>
> Of course geography comes into play as well. Rome is on the edge of the
> circle from Austria, but the Alps prevent an efficient route for now (two
> tunnels are under construction to recertify this), so a plane could be
> preffered. Not so much for Berlin or Warshaw though.
>
> Europe is densly populated enough for trains to make sense, so Europe is
> investing in trains. What a bunch of oddballs we are.
>
> Q3 Why does Bengaluru look richer than Chennai?
>
> A3 Deepa Shankar Lives in Bengaluru, Karnataka, India Apr 15
>
> Because the city of Bangalore IS richer than Chennai is. IT has taken the
> Bangalore’s GDP on a galloping run. With IT, you have a huge influx of
> migrants. And these migrants demand high rise buildings, malls and fancy
> cars. Ergo, Bangalore has a lot of these. *To several people, these look
> ‘rich’.*
>
> Local Tamils and Kannadigas from both the cities are exactly the same.
> Wherever they are! They are content with vadai/vade, idli, dose/dosai,
> veshti/panche, Indian music, film weekends, mango pickles and cotton
> sarees. I clicked this picture (below) today while passing one of my
> favourite landmarks in Chennai. Nalli has swankier buildings today but we
> still end up going to this old building. The snobbish Mylapore woman will
> not cross the Mount Road and set foot in this part of town, btw.
>
> This is the crowd I identify with in either city: I love taking a bus to
> Seshadripuram, shopping in Sivananda Stores and coming back in an auto/Uber.
>
> In Chennai, I can spend aeons in Mylapore maada veedhi, shop in Co-Optex,
> spend evenings in the beach and come back in a bus or share auto. It it
> sounds mundane to you, you belong to the high rise glitz and glamour parts
> of Bangalore. If my idea of fun appeals to you, you belong to all of
> Chennai or the old parts of Bengaluru. Don’t judge me, I like my Scotch
> neat while wearing a Cooptex classic. The husband man is all about
> microbreweries and obviously likes that in Bangalore.
>
> However hard I try ( may be I don’t try hard enough), I look like the
> quintessential middle class whether I am buying spinach from the streets or
> sitting in business class airplane seats. I am the personification of
> Chennai. I see the same in London, the city I currently live in. People
> detest anything new. They refuse to raze down old houses, still have
> fireplaces and wait for it, 4 bedroom houses with ONE bathroom. Sounds very
> familiar to the Chennai-ite? Bangalore has had to extend and make way for
> its huge influx of people and their demands. *The Chennai tenant will not
> pay a 50k rent for a 3BHK in some remote corner of the city.* The
> Bengaluru tenant will do that. Below is a pic of the community I stayed in
> until I was in Bangalore.
>
> This is my Chennai home:
>
> You can see the contrast, right? Mosaic in a home that’s supposedly ‘well
> to do’ is found only in some places… old Bangalore and Chennai are part of
> this ‘elite’ list.
>
> Q4 I have read and seen wildly conflicting versions from no pain
> ever to pain at almost every stage. At what point does a fetus actually
> feel pain while being aborted? Does chemical abortion cause pain?
>
> A4 Claire Jordan Degree in biology and folklore; programmer, shop
> owner, secretary on newspaper11h
>
> *Certainly not much before 20 weeks, and some sources say not before 26
> weeks. Much earlier than* 20 weeks and the nervous system is just not
> plumbed in enough.
>
> I’ve been thinking about an analogy for this. The zygote, the very early
> embryo, is definitely not a person - it’s a *recipe* for making a person.
> It gradually gets more person-ish as it grows. By about 26 weeks, if not
> before, it’s *somebody*, it’s conscious and can have experiences.
>
> You can extend the recipe metaphor and think of it like baking a cake.
> When you make the cake you pour all your ingredients in and mix them, but
> at that point it’s not a cake, just a bowl of ingredients. If you take it
> out of the oven after five minutes it’s still a bowl of ingredients. But
> there comes a point when it’s still in the oven but you can say it’s a
> cake, even if it’s not finished yet and it’s an underdone cake.
>
> Q5 In India 1kg peanuts cost us around 80/- and it takes 3 kgs of
> peanuts to extract 1 liter of ground oil but they sell at 100/- how do they
> get profit?
>
> A5 Siva Kumar Bachoti Former Software Quality Assurance Manager
> Sun
>
> Shelled peanuts i.e. seeds, sell at a retail price of Rs. 129/- per kg as
> on today.
>
> Oil grade peanut wholesale price : around 80/- per kg.
>
> *You can assume, any oil extracting company gets it much cheaper, let it
> be 50/- per kg (farm price).*
>
> The oil yield is around 44%.That mean, the net cost after extraction is
> 112 /- per kg. If you add overheads, may be it comes to 120 bucks per kg
> oil.
>
> Groundnut cake, leftover from oil extraction. Sold at around 50/- per kg.
> (used as fertilizer and animal feed).
>
> Marked retail price: 235/- a liter
>
> Note, it is 910 grams ONLY, works out to 259/- per Kg.
>
> I wonder who is selling you at 100 bucks. May be you can buy it wholesale,
> retail it and make hell lot of money.
>
> Q6 Why do South Indians regard only the southernmost four states
> as part of South India?
>
> A6 Srikanth V Studied at Wharton Executive Education (Graduated
> 2010) Sun
>
> It is the North Indians who consider the four states as South Indian
> states whereas people of these four states consider the four states as any
> other state of India and do not distinguish between north and south. Since
> the four states speak four different languages ( each of the languages
> centuries old and culturally rich) and most of the people up north do not
> even know. One of my colleagues from UP, a well educated person, said all
> four states of South are insignificant as far as Indians (he calls people
> up north as Indians and people down south as South Indians) are concerned.
> It will surprise us when we see the name plates in restaurants in North
> write the delicacies as Chinese, Thai, Indian, South Indian, etc. I was
> never irritated but only pitied their ignorance. *Over the last 3
> decades, people have come to realise the significance of Southern States.
> When I went to North in 80s, the literate as well as the illiterate people
> used to taunt on our accented Hindi*. I used to immediately switch over
> to English because we had options of our mother tongue and the global
> language but they were always restricted by their wrong notion that Hindi
> is our national language and I always told them that Hindi is also one of
> our national languages. So, to sum it up, it is the northeners who defined
> which are to be called as South Indian states as they have the right to
> define it appears
>
> Q7 What are the requirements regarding the electricity department
> when we are installing an air conditioner for the first time?
>
> A7 Gopala Krishnan , former Assistant General Manager 1996-2004
> at Department of Telecom (1966-2004) Answered just now
>
> The electric supply single phase or three phase is provided depend on the
> WIRED LOAD. So most builders discuss with house owner AC requirements and
> provide socket provision for AC units. If it is single phase and proposed
> to install AC units. EB will provide 3 phase supply for the wired load. If
> cutout provided in the post, the required type of fuse wire and wires from
> line are provided. If power cable is provided to home, required gauge of
> fuse wires are provided. in the cutouts after meter. If it is in flats,
> wiring may not be there for more AC points, wiring has to be done, suitable
> circuit breakers has to be provided for the added load. In big flats , a
> lot of transformers would have installed already to cater to the heavy
> loads win in the premises.
>
> Q8 If your hands come into contact with liquid mercury, how long
> do you have to wash them to remove it completely?
>
> A8 Mathew P. Vanderburg Updated Sun
>
> *Mercury is practically insoluble in water, and soaps and detergents do
> little to help*. Mercury cleaning is done with powders, which have a
> large surface area and encourage mercury to stick to them.
>
> If you are in a laboratory or other industry that works with mercury, you
> should be aware of standard procedures for dealing with splashes.
>
> If for some reason you have enough mercury to get a splash at home, you
> can wipe it down with a rag and then use *some flour or icing sugar to
> clean your hands, rub this powder all over the skin that has come into
> contact with the metal .* Then you can rinse off the powder and wash with
> soap.
>
> People of my generation played with mercury at school. Now I know this is
> dangerous, but it was 60 years ago and I'm still here. As I mentioned, I
> know now that it was somewhat irresponsible, but it was before the current
> paranoia about the pollutants and toxins that surround us.
>
> *All the above QA are from Quora website on 12-05- 2022. *
>
> *Quora answers need not be 100% correct answers .*
>
> *Compiled **and posted by R. Gopala krishnan on 13-05-2022*
>
>
>
>
>
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